Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Philippine History Reviewer 2 PDF Free
Philippine History Reviewer 2 PDF Free
1
Insulares – Spaniards born in the Phil. Governor general Carlos Maria De la Torre
in 1869 – put into practice the liberal principles
Peninsulares / Espanoles – Spaniards born
of revolutionists in Spain.
in spain, working and residing in our country.
1. Abolished censorship of press
Mestizos / indios – the rest / natives 2. Abolished flogging as punishment
3. Solved agrarian unrest
2 events foreshadowed the developing
consciousness of the masses: He is the best governor general the
1. Tagalong publication of Florante and Philippines has ever had.
Laura by Francisco Baltazar/ Rafael de Izquierdo – appointed gov.gen in
Balagtas. – There was reference for the 1871. “With a cross in one hand and a sword in
1st time to the country as oppressed and the other”
in need of freedom.
2. Revolt by Apolinario dela Cruz or Regular priests – belonged to the religious
“Hermano Pule” in tayabas in 1841. orders like Dominican, recollects, Augustinians
and Franciscans.
Confradia – disguised as aimed to revive the
ancient catalonan teachings w/in the Catholic Secular priests – not members of any
Church. religious order
Hermano Pule – so popular they called him Friar – curates – member of religious orders
the kings of the Tagalogs. that occupied parishes.
4
Katipunan Assembly – composed of the Candido Iban & Francisco del Castillo – who
members of the supreme council and the won Php 1,000 in a lottery and gave katipunan
presidents of the municipal and popular the money to buy the printing press.
councils.
Printing press was purchased for Php 400
Secret chamber
Ulpiano Fernandez & Faustino Duque – 2
- Composed of Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto experienced printers managed the press.
and Pio Valenzuela
- Sentenced the members who exposed Kalayaan – name of the newspaper suggested
the secrets of the Katipunan by Dr. Pio Valenzuela
Gregoria De Jesus – bonifacio’s wife who Bonifacio – a leading thinker of the revolution
helped Benita to make the flag. of 1896
Katungkulang gagawin ng mga anak ng Chapter 11 – the revolution of 1896
bayan / Duties of the sons of the people –
guide of the katipuneros in leading a highly Department of war – Php 6,500,000
moral life that bonifacio prepared.
For Public Works – Php 628,752.46
Kartilla – 13 teachings by Emilio
Father Mariano Gil – parish curate of tondo
Jacinto Women members of katipunan: and was the one who had earlier warned
Spanish officials about the existence of a
1. Josefa Rizal
2. Gregoria De Jesus secret society.
3. Marina Dizon Teodoro Patino – the whistle blower of the
4. Angelica Lopez Rizal
5. Gregoria De jesus katipunan and told it to her sister, the latter told
5
the madre portera of the orphanage that advise The Tejeros Convention (March 22, 1897) –
teodoro to tell it to father marinano gil agreed to form a new government.
Diario de Manila printing shop – where they Daniel Tirona – member of Madgalo and sain
found receipts and evidence pointing to the that Jose del Rosario was more qualified than
existence of a secret society bonifacio.
Francisco L. Roxas – an insulares was asked The result of the election in the tejeros
to support the society but resisted to help convention is null and void.
them.
Acto de Tejeros (Minutes of Tejeros) /
Sitio Pugadlawin – a huge meeting was held Tejeros Resolution – it indicated the reasons
at the yard of Juan A. Ramos, son of Melchora for ejecting the result mainly the fraud
Aquino / Tandang Sora the “Mother of the committed by the magdalo people
Katipunan”.
Naik Military Agreement – another
Cry of the Pugadlawin – Aug. 23 – where government would be established
they tear they cedulas and shouted “long live
Colonel Agapito Bonzon – headed the party
the Philippines! Long live the Katipunan”.
to contact bonifacio.
First 8 provinces rose in arms: (gov.gen
General Pio del Pilar & General Mariano
Ramon Blanco issued a decree – under martial
Noriel – persuaded Aguinaldo to withdraw the
law)
commutation letter for the reason that can’t be
1. Cavite divided at such time of war.
2. Manila
3. Laguna May 10, 1897 – major lazaro macapagal
4. Batangas broght them to Mount Tala and executed
5. Bulacan
6. Pampanga Gov. Gen. Camilo de Polavieja – succeeded
7. Tarlac Gov. Gen Ramon Blanco grew tired of fighting
8. Nueva Ecija and asked to be relieved.
Those who would surrender w/in 48 hours will Gov. Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera – the
not be tried by military court. successor of Camilo de polavieja and took
Rizal’s Execution – Dec. 30, 1896 personal charge at the military campaign
Biak na Bato Republic – established by
Emilio Aguinaldo – young mayor of the town
Aguinaldo
of Kawit (“Heneral Miong”) and defeated
general Ernesto de Aguirre on Sept. 5, 1896 Felix Ferrer & Isabelo Artacho – copied word
for word the Cuban Constitution of Jimaguaya
2 factions of Katipunan in Cavite:
except one article.
1. Magdiwang – Mariano Alvarez –
Pedro A. Paterno – offered himself as
favored the retention of katipunan
2. Magdalo – Baldomero Aguinaldo – mediator to gov. gen primo de rivera.
favored a change in the katipunan Truce of Biak na Bato:
structure.
6
1st document – November 18, 1897
Philippine History
Prelims
Basic Concepts
Basic Facts of the Philippines
Filipinos
Pre-Colonial Philippines
The Coming of the Spaniards
The Rise of Filipino Nationalism
Midterms
Reform and Revolutionary Movement
Two Phases of the Philippine Revolution
The Coming of the Americans
Japan and World War II
Liberation
Pre-Final
Post-Colonial Philippines
The Administration of the First 5 Presidents
Philippines under Martial Law
EDSA Revolution I
Philippines after EDSA I
I.Basic Concepts
History
A narrative (written, visual, oral or a combination of all three) about past events that
has meaning to a certain group of people in a given time and place.
Kasaysayan
“SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY” (A story
with meaning) Without both (story and
meaning) then there is NO true history.
Importance of History
If we find meaning in history, then it will gain the power to change our lives;
Making people see their past, gives them a sense of being Filipinos;
History gives us a way of looking at the world and dealing with it and its problems.
Culture
The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the
members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are
transmitted from generation to generation through learning.
A way of life which involves everything.
It includes all the social practices that bond a group of people together and
distinguish them from others. Could never remain static, it is constantly
changing.
Geography
Literally means, “Earth’s description”
The science, which treats of the world and its inhabitants.
A description of the earth, or a portion of the earth, including its structure,
features, products, political divisions and the people by whom it is inhabited.
II.Philippines
Basic Facts
The Pearl of the Orient Seas
Most ethnically diverse country in Asia
One of the two predominantly Christian
countries in Asia An ARCHIPELAGO
located in SOUTH EAST ASIA
Situated along the “PACIFIC
RING OF FIRE” Made up of
approximately 7,107 islands.
3 main island groups:
LUZON (Regions I to V,
NCR and CAR) VISAYAS
(Regions VI to VIII)
MINDANAO (Regions IX to
XIII and ARMM) Capital:
MANILA
Largest City: Quezon City (population); Davao City (area)
National Language: FILIPINO
Currency: Philippine Peso
Staple Food: Rice
National Anthem: LUPANG HINIRANG
Motto: “Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Maka-Kalikasan, Maka-Bansa”
3. Geographical Trivia
The Philippines has the world’s longest discontinuous coastline.
Manila Bay is the Finest Bay in Asia.
San Juanico Strait is the World’s Narrowest Strait.
The Philippine Deep is believed to be the deepest area in the world.
Banaue Rice Terraces is one of the Eight Wonders of the Modern World.
Mount Mayon has a Nearly Perfect Cone Shape similar to Mt. Fuji of Japan.
Mt. Apo is the highest mountain in the Philippines.
Cagayan River is the longest river of the Philippines.
Laguna de Bay is the largest lake.
Taal Volcano could be considered as the World’s smallest volcano.
The Name “Philippines”
MA-YI (The Land of Gold)
MANIOLAS (Claudius Ptolemy)
ARCHIPELAGO OF ST. LAZARUS (Ferdinand Magellan)
LAS PHELIPINAS (Ruy Lopez de Villalobos)
FILIPINAS (Spanish Era)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (American Era)
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES (1946)
Origin of the Philippines
PANGAEA (Land Bridges)
Bottom of the Sea
Volcanic Eruptions
Social Classes
Lines drawn between classes were not hard; any member of the social classes could go
up or down the social ladder depending upon the attendant circumstances.
Nobles (Maharlika)
Consists of the chiefs and their families
Wielded tremendous influence in the barangay
Enjoyed rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of society
Freemen (Timawa)
Includes the dependents who had earned their freedom
Dependents (Alipin)
Acquired his low status by:
Inheritance;
By captivity in war;
By failing to pay his debts;
By purchase; or
By committing a crime for which he was duly sentenced
Gradations among dependents:
Full dependent – the son or daughter of dependent parents
Half-dependent – the son or daughter of parents, one of whom was full
dependent and the other a freeman
Quarter-dependent – the son or daughter of parents, one of whom was a half
dependent and the other a freeman.
5. Types of Dependents:
Aliping Namamahay
Had his own family and house
Served his master during planting and
harcest seasons Rowed for the master
Helped in the construction of the
master’s house Served the visitors of
the master
Aliping Sagigilid
Had no property of his
own Lived with his
master
Could not marry without the master’s consent
V Pre-Colonial Communities
. A. Igorot
People of the Mountains
(Cordilleras) Headhunters
Mine
rs
Caña
o
Cabunian; Ancestral
Worship Mummification
3. Pintados
Tattooed warriors
(Batuk) Panay
Decorative Dentistry: Sangka and
Pusad Skull Moulding
4. Buranuns
Sul
u
Isla
m
-1380: Mudum
-1390: Raja Baginda
-1450: Abu Bakr ~
Paramisuli -Serif
Kabungsuan
Traders
-Orang Dampuans (Men from Champa)
-Banjarmasins (Men from
Banjar) -Chinese
(Sung/Ming)
Wedding
Ceremony -
Betrothal
-Dowry
-Wedding Festival
MINISTRY OF COLONIES
(Consejo de las Indias)
GOBERNADOR - GENERAL
ALCALDE-MAYOR CORREGIDORES
GOBERNADORCILLO
CABEZA DE BARANGAY
King of Spain – the supreme ruler and law maker of all Spanish possessions
Ministry of Colonies – governs all Spanish possessions; oversees the colonies of
the Spanish empire. Gobernador-General – the spokesman and representative of
the King in the Philippines.
Functions of the Gobernador-General:
The Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy;
The President of the Real Audiencia (Supreme Court);
The Vice-Real Patron;
The source of Civil Power.
Alcalde Mayor – heads the PACIFIED
provinces Corregidores – heads the
UNPACIFIED provinces
Functions of the Alcalde Mayor and Corregidores:
Judge;
Inspector of Encomiendas;
Chief of Police;
Tribute Collector;
Vice-Regal Patron;
Captain-General of the Province
Gobernadorcillo - the highest position that a Filipino could attain
also referred to as the Little Governor
Qualifications to be a Gobernadorcillo:
Any Filipino or Chinese Mestizo;
at least 25 years old;
Literate in Oral or Written Spanish;
Had been a Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years.
Duties of the Gobernadorcillo:
Preparation of the Padron (tribute list);
Recruitment and Distribution of Men for draft labor, communal public work and the
quinto;
Postal Clerk;
Judge in civil suits involving P44.00 or less.
Cabeza de Barangay – heads the barrio government
Responsibilities of the Cabeza de Barangay:
Tax and Distributions Collector for the gobernadorcillo;
Responsible for the peace and order in his own barrio;
Recruited Polistas for communal public works.
Visita (Specific and General) and Residencia - Judicial Review; checks
the abuses of government officials
4. Amalgamation of the Church and State
5. Economic System
- buwis (tribute) ~ cedula personal (1885)
Tax Exemptions:
Descendants of the Filipino chiefly class who participated during the
pacification campaigns of early conquistadores
Laborers in the arsenal/ artillery yard of Cavite
Mediquillos (Filipinos with medical experience but no title)
Vaccinators
College and University students of Sto. Tomas, San Jose, San Juan de Letran
and San Carlos of Cebu
bandala
polo y servicio personal
polista: male; 16-60 y/o; 60 days (15
days: 1885) falla
encomienda (royal and private)
encomendero
Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
9. Social Transformation
Language
Compadrazgo (ritual co-parenthood)
10. Educational Transformation
“Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child”
compulsory education
11. Filipinos Not Totally Hispanized
VIII. From Indio to Filipino: The Rise of Filipino Nationalism
3. Categories of Revolts
Personal Motives:
Political led by former Datus
Religious led by Babaylans
Resistance to oppressive Spanish-introduced economic as well as religious institutions
Mindanao Resisitance
Moro Wars (1718-1762; 1850-1878)
4. Failure of Revolts
Insular Makeup of the Philippines
No Sense of National Unity
Communication Gap (No Lingua Franca)
Inferior Weapons/ Lack of Weapons
C.Filipino Nationalism: Accelerators
1. The Philippines in World Commerce
2. Rise of Class Media
3. European Liberalism and Carlos Maria de la Torre
4. Racial Discrimination
5. Regular-Secular Conflicts ~ Cavite Mutiny
IX. The Reform Movement
a. Filipino Middle Class
Rose to a position of power in the Filipino Community
Spanish authorities looked down upon them
The “natives”, on the other hand, looked at them with suspicion
They were looking for a place in the sun
B. Assimilation accomplished in a peaceful manner
C. Nature of the Reform Movement
The reformists (propagandists) believed in the power of words and not of the
sword to achieve their purpose
There was NO clamor for independence; the reformists believed that the
Filipinos would be better off if they were to become Spanish Citizens.
As Spanish Citizens:
1. Representation in the Spanish Cortes: Filipinos could propose and participate
in the approval of laws beneficial to the country.
2. Immunity from abuses
3. Freedom from paying unreasonable taxes.
D. The Great Reformists
Only a few of the sons of the wealthy Filipinos that went to Spain joined the
Propaganda Movement
They were those who were concerned of their country
Graciano Lopez-Jaena
The GREAT ORATOR
Wrote FRAY BOTOD which deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a
friar named Botod
Founded the La Solidaridad (Sol)
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar
The Political Analyst of the Filipino Colony
in Spain Founded the Diariong Tagalog
Dec. 1889, he took over the editorship of the Sol and became the moving spirit
behind the Reform Movement
Dr. Jose Rizal
National Hero
Wrote his first poem at age 8
Wrote two great novels: Noli
and Fili Died as a martyr in
Bagumbayan
E. La Solidaridad
The Official Organ of the Reform Movement
The paper was dedicated to:
Expose the conditions in the Philippines;
Defend the Filipinos against malicious and slanderous attacks of the hired writers
of the friars; and
Publish studies about the Philippines and the Filipinos
In writing for the Sol, the Reformists used pen names for obvious reasons:
1. JOSE RIZAL: Dimas Alang; Laong Laan
2. MARIANO PONCE: Tikbalang; Naning; Kalipulako
3. ANTONIO LUNA: Taga-ilog
4. MH del PILAR: Plaridel
5. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN: Jomapa
Accomplishments of the Sol:
It represented the ideals of the Filipino
Reformist Group; It exposed the evils in the
Philippine Society;
It belied the claim that Filipinos had no civilization before the coming of Spaniards.
F. Hispano-Filipino Association
Composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who favored the granting of reforms in the colony.
To make the propaganda work effective, the society was divided
into 3 sections: The POLITICAL Section under M.H. del Pilar
The LITERARY Section under
Mariano Ponce The SPORTS Section
under Tomas Arejola
They believed that the reforms needed in the
Philippines were: The compulsory teaching of
Spanish in all schools;
The suppression of inhuman punishment in all jails and
tribunals of justice; The establishment of a civil registrar and
the register of deeds;
The abolition of unfair taxes;
The establishment of secondary schools in the archipelago;
Reforms in UST in order to raise it to the rank of the
universities in Spain; The establishment of agricultural
banks;
The initiation of reforms in the public
administration; and The construction of good
roads and railways.
G. La Liga Filipina
A civic society founded by Rizal
Aims:
To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and
homogenous body; Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and
commerce; Study and application of reforms.
At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to
organize chapters in various districts of Manila.
A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the society.
The reformist leaders found out that most of the councils were no longer willing
to send funds to the Madrid propagandists
This was because they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms was
futile.
The Liga membership split into two groups:
Cuerpo de Compromisarios:
-the conservatives which pledged to continue supporting the La Solidaridad
-It lasted only for a few months for its members, though patriotic, were
passive and too conservative to make the society an effective medium of
the Propaganda.
Katipunan
-A secret society of radicals led by Bonifacio
-Organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.
H. Causes of the Failure of the Reform Movement
Spain was too pre-occupied with its own internal problems to give a thought to
the Colonial Problem.
The Friars were too powerful even in Spain. The Sol was counteracted by the
influential and powerful newspaper of the friars, the LA POLITICA DE ESPAÑA EN
FILIPINAS
The movement has no sufficient means to carry out their aims;
The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies.
Although the Reform Movement was a failure in the achievement of its goals, it was still a success
for its failure led to the founding of the Revolutionary Katipunan with separatist aims.
X. The Revolutionary Movement
A. The Failure of the Reform Movement
Evident when Rizal was banished to Dapitan in 1892
However, the movement continued for 4 more years until the masses led by
Bonifacio were forced to revolt against the Spaniards.
B. The Founding of the Katipunan
July 7, 1892: Azcarraga Street, Tondo (now Claro M. Recto Ave.)
Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato
Arellano and a few others decided to form an association called: KATAASTAASAN,
KAGALANGGALANG NA
KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient blood
compact, and signed their membership papers with their own blood.
C. Katipunan Objectives
Three Fundamental Objectives of Katipunan:
POLITICAL Objective: Consisted of working for the SEPARATION of
Philippines from Spain.
MORAL Objective: revolved around the teaching of good manners,
hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism, religious fanaticism and
weakness of character.
CIVIC Objective: revolved around the principle of self-help and the
defense of the poor and the oppressed.
D. Membership
It was agreed to win members to the society by means of the TRIANGLE METHOD.
This system was eventually changed on Oct. 1892 because the method was slow and
clumsy.
It was agreed upon that any member of the society could take in as many as
members he could get.
Under this new method, the number of members increased.
E. Kinds of Membership
When the Katipunan had sufficiently expanded to include more than a hundred new
members in
the ranks, Bonifacio thought it convenient to divide the members into THREE GRADES.
Grade One: Katipon
- Wore a BLACK HOOD during meetings of the society.
- The hood had a triangle of white ribbon inside of which were the letters
Z.Ll.B. – the Katipunan letters for A ng B (Anak ng Bayan)
- Password: ANAK NG BAYAN
Grade Two: Kawal
- Wore a GREEN HOOD with a triangle consisting of white lines. At the
angles of the triangle were the letters Z.Ll.B.
- Suspended from the neck of the Kawal was a green ribbon with a medal at
the end, with the ancient Tagalog letter K in the middle of the medal.
Beneath the K was a crossed sword and a flag.
- Password: GOMBURZA
Grade Three: Bayani
- Wore a RED MASK and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage
and hope.
- The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with 3K’s
arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle.
- At the latter’s base were the letters Z.Ll.B.
- Password: RIZAL
The Katipon could graduate to the Kawal class if he had brought in several
members into the society.
The Kawal can become a Bayani upon election to become an officer of the society.
For the members to recognize each other in the street, the society adopted
countersigns.
A member meeting another member places the palm of his right hand on his
chest. As he pass the other member, he close his hand, bringing the index finger and
thumb together.
F. Katipunan Codes
The Katipuneros faced many dangers, so that precautions had to be taken to
keep the society secret.
To maintain the secrets of their communication, Bonifacio made a system of
writing that would make it difficult for the Spanish authorities to decode.
G. The Flags of the Katipunan
With the Katipunan now well organized, Bonifacio turned his attention to the
symbol of its authority.
Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, made a flag.
OFFICIAL FLAG of the KATIPUNAN
Owing to the lack of uniformity in the design and the use of the flag, some generals of
the
revolution adopted their own design.
BONIFACIO’s FLAG
Bonifac
H. Andres io
The Father of the Katipunan
“Supremo” of the Katipunan
Founder and Organizer of the Katipunan
the eldest among six children- four boys and two girls.
came from a poor family in Tondo
his father (Santiago)is a pure Filipino, while her mother (Catalina) is a mestiza
with a Filipino-Chinese-Spanish descent
Supported his siblings when his parents died of tuberculosis
Jobs:
He had a beautiful penmanship and talent to make attractive posters for clothing
companies.
He helped his siblings continue to make rattan walking canes and paper fans in
the evening. He also wove hats.
He accepted odd jobs from different companies.
Great Dresser: He always wore an open coat and matched it with a necktie and black
hat.
He wasn’t a barbaric individual who put up an arms struggle because of his
violent nature as what some textbooks perceive.
had a scanty education
highly intelligent
He completed only what we call grade four. But he was far from being uneducated.
He was a voracious reader. He read hundreds of foreign novels, books about the
French revolution, politics, law, and religion.
He was fluent enough in Spanish to translate Jose Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios in Tagalog.
He also wrote the heart-stirring poem, Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
Humble: he knew his limitations and recognized the worth of others
Ruthless: When the society’s existence was at stake, he never hesitated to take
drastic action against anybody whom he thought would defeat the purposes for which
the Katipunan was founded.
He may have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle class, but he
succeeded where they failed.
Without him, it is extremely doubtful whether the Phil. Revolution could have been a
reality.
During his time, everybody seemed in despair and were not doing anything about it.
Had Two Wives
MONICA
- Andres’ first wife
- Died of Leprosy
GREGORIA DE JESUS
- Andres’ second wife
- From Caloocan
- LAKAMBINI of the Katipunan.
- Aka Ka Oriang
- Married Andres after a few months of courtship.
- She also came from a poor family.
- She had to stop studying just to be able to help her parents take care of her
younger siblings.
- She wove and sewed textiles in their house to gain additional income.
- Like her husband, she was also tough.
- She became a member of the women’s chapter of the group.
- She was entrusted with the crucial role of custodian of documents, a tasked
she heroically accomplished.
- Knowledge of succeeding Filipino generations about Katipunan is credited to
her
- She risked her life even at a time when she was pregnant.
I. Emilio Jacinto
BRAINS of the KATIPUNAN
Joined the society at age of 18, becoming the youngest member of the Katipunan.
He became Bonifacio’s trusted friend and adviser.
He gave up his Law studies and joined the Katipunan
His intelligence was of great use to the Katipunan.
He wrote the Kartilla: the primer of the Katipunan where rules and regulations are
contained.
He edited Ang Kalayaan: Katipunan's newspaper where eople are informed
about the aims and activities of the association.
As an editor of Kalayaan, he used Marcelo H. del Pilar as his pen name.
Emilio's greatest poem was A La Patria, inspired by Rizal's Mi
Ultimo Adios. It was signed "Dimas-Ilaw", his other pen name.
Emilio Jacinto was wounded critically during one of the battles in Majayjay, Laguna.
This led to his death on April 16, 1899 at the young age of 24.
J. Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan
Membership was limited only to the wives, daughters and sisters of the male members
This is to ensure that no women of dubious character could penetrate the deep
secrets of the society
Duties:
To take in new members, male or female.
See to it that the meetings of the male members were not disturbed by surprise
raids of the authorities.
Pass and keep important documents of the association
B.Aguinaldo
-While in Hong Kong, he deposited the P400,000 given to him in 2 Hong Kong Banks.
Only the interest was withdrawn and used for the expenses of the exiles.
-After the Battle of Manila Bay, he felt that there was an opportunity to oust the Spaniards
from the Philippines.
-But there was a division in the ranks of the exiles, for ISABELO ARTACHO wanted the
P400,000 to be divided among them and sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Supreme
Court.
-To avoid appearing in court, Aguinaldo, accompanied by Gregorio del Pilar and J.
Leyba, secretly left for Singapore.
C. Aguinaldo and E. Spencer Pratt
- Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to take his lot to the Americans:
“You need not have any worry about America. The American Congress and President
have just made a solemn declaration disclaiming any desire to possess Cuba and
promising to leave the country to the Cubans after having driven away the Spaniards
and pacified the county. Cuba is at our door, while the Philippines is 10,000 miles away!
D. Aguinaldo Returns
- Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite with the war materials he had brought from Hong
Kong.
- The Renewal of the Struggle began after he issued a proclamation urging the
people to rally once more to the Filipino flag in the struggle against the Spaniards.
- His return was demoralizing for the Spaniards.
E. The Siege of Manila
Intramuros (Walled City)
– The place where thousands of Spaniards have sought refuge.
– Aguinaldo and his men besiege the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy
within its walls.
– They surrounded the city and cut off the city’s food and water supply. This made
the people in the city, Spaniards, Filipinos and aliens, suffer from hunger and thirst.
– It was only a matter of weeks before the Spanish authorities would surrender to
Aguinaldo.
– Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Augustin honorable surrender but he refused for in
Spanish code of honor, the word surrender was non-existent.
– With this refusal, Aguinaldo and his men continued the siege.
F. The Spanish-American Secret Agreement
George Dewey, thought that the surrender of Manila could be affected without the use of
arms.
He started negotiations with Augustin, through the Belgian consul, Andre,
regarding the surrender of Manila.
But when the Peninsular Government heard of Augustin’s plan for surrender, he
was relieved as governor and was replaced by General FERMIN JAUDENES.
Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the Spanish position was hopeless and to
save face, he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of honor, a MOCK BATTLE should
happen after which, the Spanish forces would surrender.
It was stipulated that Filipino rebels should be excluded and should not be
allowed to enter the city
G. The Mock Battle of Manila
There was a short display of fireworks on the side of the enemies.
The Spaniards hoisted the white flag of surrender.
This signaled the “fall” of Manila and the end of the Spanish Colonial Period.
H. Malolos Republic
First Philippine Republic
The First Republic in Asia
June 12, 1898: Declaration of Independence
Malolos Congress
Malolos Constitution
I. Treaty of Paris
December 10, 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed.
It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to United States.
In return, Spain would receive $20,000,000 from the US as payment for the
improvement made in the colony.
US also agreed to give Spaniards the right to ship commodities to the
Philippines for a period of 10 years.
This signaled the start of American Colonization in the Philippines.
C. Limits to Filipinization
Confinement to the Elite
Qualifications for Elections
1. able to read and write
2. must be property owners
3. government employees during the Spanish period
Economic Limitations
Treaty of Paris (1899-1909)
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act
(1913) Tydings-McDuffie Law
(1934)
D. Democracy Filipino Style
B. Independence Missions
OS-ROX Mission (1931-1933)
Succeeded in securing the passage of an independence bill (Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Act)
Ten year COMMONWEALTH government