Cloud computing, fog computing, and edge computing

Introduction
Cloud
Most businesses are familiar with cloud computing since it’s now the golden
standard in most industries. Put simply, cloud computing stands for storing and
accessing data and programs over the internet, rather than on your computer’s
hard drive. For it to be considered ‘cloud computing’, you need to access your
data or your programs over the internet, or have that data synced with other
information over the web.
Cloud computing allows organisation to significantly exceed the normal
available storage, without having to host extra servers on site. Data can also be
collected from multiple sites and devices, accessible anytime, anywhere.
Fog and edge computing push both data and intelligence to analytic platforms
that are situated either on, or close to where the data originated from. This
helps to reduce latency cost and increase user experience. However, there are
key differences between the two.

Fog
Fog computing – a term created by Cisco – refers to extending cloud
computing to the edge of an enterprise’s network. It pushes intelligence down
to the local area network (LAN) level of network architecture, processing data
in a fog node or IoT gateway. Simply put, it involves moving your computers
closer to the sensors they are talking to.
One example of fog computing would be with trains. As part of the rise in the
Industrial Internet of Things, trains and tracks are being equipped with a new
generation of gadgets and sensors, with trains acting as the central hub for all
the data gathered from these sensors. The issue is that because trains move so
fast, it’s difficult to maintain a connection with the cloud. By installing some fog
computing nodes in the locomotive, you bypass this issue.
However, fog computing’s architecture relies on many links in a communication
chain to move data from the physical world of our assets into the digital world
of information technology. Each of these links is a potential point of failure.

Edge
Edge computing can be defined as the processing of sensor data away from the
centralised nodes and close to the logical edge of the network, toward
individual sources of data. It effectively pushes the computational functions to
the edge of the network. In other words, rather than pumping all the data back
up to the cloud for analysis and action, this process takes place much closer to
the data’s source.
Edge computing triages the data locally, reducing the backhaul traffic to the
central repository. It simplifies fog’s communication chain and reduces potential
points of failure.
Edge devices can be anything with sufficient compute capacity and capability
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such as routers, switches and even the IoT sensors collecting the data.

Literature Review
. The research paper "Fog Computing: A Platform for Internet of Things
and Analytics" by N. Beraldi, A. Corradi, and M. Meo provides an
overview of fog computing and its potential applications in the Internet
of Things (IoT) and analytics. The authors argue that fog computing
offers several advantages over traditional cloud computing, including
reduced latency, improved security, and the ability to handle massive
amounts of data generated by IoT devices. The paper provides a
detailed overview of the architecture and key components of fog
computing, and discusses its potential impact on IoT and analytics
applications. The authors also highlight some of the challenges that
need to be addressed in order to fully realize the benefits of fog
computing, such as scalability, interoperability, and security. Overall,
this research paper provides valuable insights into the potential of fog
computing as a platform for IoT and analytics applications.
. The research paper "A Survey on Edge Computing: Architecture,
Applications, and Future Trends" by X. Liu, J. Chen, L. Huang, and J.
Wu provides a comprehensive overview of edge computing. The
authors describe the architecture of edge computing and its key
components, such as edge nodes, gateways, and cloud platforms.
They also discuss various applications of edge computing, including
IoT, 5G networks, and big data processing. The authors provide a
thorough examination of the future trends in edge computing,
including new technologies, business models, and emerging
standards. They also highlight some of the challenges facing edge
computing, such as security, scalability, and resource management.
The authors conclude by providing recommendations for future
research in this field. Overall, this research paper provides a
comprehensive overview of edge computing, its applications, and
future trends, and offers valuable insights into the challenges and
opportunities facing this growing technology.
. The research paper "The Impact of Cloud Computing on IT
Operations" by P. Mell and T. Grance provides an analysis of the
impact of cloud computing on IT operations. The authors examine the
benefits of cloud computing, such as increased efficiency and lower
costs, and discuss the challenges that organizations face when
adopting cloud computing, such as security and regulatory
compliance. The authors also provide a comprehensive overview of
cloud computing architecture and the various deployment models
available. The paper concludes by discussing the future of cloud
computing and its potential impact on IT operations. Overall, this
research paper provides valuable insights into the impact of cloud
 computing on IT operations and offers a comprehensive overview of
cloud computing architecture and deployment models.
. The research paper "The Future of Cloud Computing: An Information-
Centric View" by L. M. Vaquero, L. Rodero-Merino, J. Caceres, and M.
Lindner provides an analysis of the future of cloud computing from an
information-centric perspective. The authors argue that the future of
cloud computing will be dominated by information-centric models,
where data is the central element. They discuss the challenges and
opportunities of this approach, including data security and privacy,
resource allocation, and inter-cloud interoperability. The authors also
provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of cloud
computing and the key trends and technologies shaping its future. The
paper concludes by discussing the implications of an information-
centric approach for the future of cloud computing and its impact on
businesses and consumers. Overall, this research paper provides
valuable insights into the future of cloud computing from an
information-centric perspective and offers a comprehensive overview
of the current state of the field and key trends and technologies
shaping its future.
. The research paper "The Rise of Edge Computing" by L. Vaquero, L.
Rodero-Merino, and J. Caceres provides an analysis of the rise of
edge computing as a new paradigm in distributed computing. The
authors argue that edge computing is emerging as a solution to the
limitations of traditional cloud computing, particularly in terms of
latency, bandwidth, and security. They discuss the architecture and
key components of edge computing and provide a comprehensive
overview of the various applications, including IoT, 5G networks, and
big data processing. The authors also examine the challenges and
opportunities of edge computing, including security, scalability, and
interoperability. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of
edge computing for the future of distributed computing and its impact
on businesses and consumers. Overall, this research paper provides
valuable insights into the rise of edge computing as a new paradigm in
distributed computing and offers a comprehensive overview of the
architecture, applications, and challenges of this emerging technology.
. The research paper "Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges" by Y.
Liu, X. Liu, L. Huang, J. Chen, and J. Wu provides an overview of edge
computing and its vision and challenges. The authors argue that edge
computing is emerging as a promising solution to the limitations of
traditional cloud computing, particularly in terms of latency,
bandwidth, and security. They provide a comprehensive overview of
the architecture and key components of edge computing and discuss
various applications, including IoT, 5G networks, and big data
processing. The authors also examine the challenges facing edge
computing, such as security, scalability, and interoperability, and
 provide recommendations for addressing these challenges. The paper
concludes by discussing the future of edge computing and its
potential impact on businesses and consumers. Overall, this research
paper provides valuable insights into edge computing, its vision and
challenges, and offers a comprehensive overview of the architecture,
applications, and future of this emerging technology.
. The research paper "Fog Computing in Internet of Things: A Survey"
by M. Ali, K. Shuaib, T. Taleb, and A. Qassim provides a comprehensive
overview of fog computing in the context of the Internet of Things
(IoT). The authors argue that fog computing is emerging as a
promising solution to the limitations of traditional cloud computing and
IoT, particularly in terms of latency, bandwidth, and security. They
provide a detailed survey of the key concepts and architecture of fog
computing and discuss various applications, including IoT, smart
cities, and industrial IoT. The authors also examine the challenges
facing fog computing, such as security, scalability, and interoperability,
and provide recommendations for addressing these challenges. The
paper concludes by discussing the future of fog computing in IoT and
its potential impact on businesses and consumers. Overall, this
research paper provides valuable insights into fog computing in the
context of IoT and offers a comprehensive overview of the key
concepts, architecture, applications, and challenges of this emerging
technology.
. The research paper "The Security Implications of Cloud Computing"
by V. Paxson and S. Floyd provides an analysis of the security
implications of cloud computing. The authors argue that cloud
computing presents new security challenges and risks, particularly in
terms of data privacy, integrity, and confidentiality. They provide a
comprehensive overview of the security threats and challenges facing
cloud computing and discuss various security measures and
techniques, including encryption, access control, and network
security. The authors also examine the security implications of cloud
computing for businesses and consumers and provide
recommendations for securing cloud computing environments. The
paper concludes by discussing the future of cloud computing security
and the need for continued research and development to address
emerging security challenges. Overall, this research paper provides
valuable insights into the security implications of cloud computing and
offers a comprehensive overview of the security threats and
challenges facing this technology and the measures and techniques
for securing cloud computing environments.
. The research paper "Cloud Computing: An Overview" by R. Buyya, C.
S. Yeo, and S. Venugopal provides a comprehensive overview of cloud
computing. The authors define cloud computing as a model for
delivering IT services over the Internet and argue that it represents a
.

paradigm shift in the delivery of IT services. They provide a detailed

overview of the key components and architecture of cloud computing
and discuss various applications, including SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS. The
authors also examine the challenges facing cloud computing, such as
security, scalability, and interoperability, and provide
recommendations for addressing these challenges. The paper
concludes by discussing the future of cloud computing and its
potential impact on businesses and consumers. Overall, this research
paper provides valuable insights into cloud computing and offers a
comprehensive overview of the key components, architecture,
applications, and challenges of this technology.
. The research paper "An Overview of Fog Computing: Features,
Taxonomy, and Survey" by M. Meo, M. Sciancalepore, A. Corradi, and
A. Beraldi provides a comprehensive overview of fog computing. The
authors define fog computing as a decentralized computing paradigm
that brings computation and data storage closer to the edge of the
network. They provide a detailed overview of the key features and
architecture of fog computing and discuss various applications,
including IoT, smart cities, and industrial IoT. The authors also provide
a taxonomy of fog computing and examine the challenges facing this
technology, such as security, scalability, and interoperability. The
paper concludes with a survey of the current state of fog computing
and its potential impact on businesses and consumers. Overall, this
research paper provides valuable insights into fog computing and
offers a comprehensive overview of the key features, architecture,
applications, and challenges of this emerging technology.
. The research paper "Edge Computing for 5G Networks: Opportunities
and Challenges" by L. Chen, X. Liu, J. Chen, and J. Wu provides an
analysis of the opportunities and challenges of edge computing for 5G
networks. The authors argue that edge computing will play a critical
role in 5G networks and provide a detailed overview of the architecture
and key features of edge computing for 5G. They also discuss various
applications of edge computing for 5G, including autonomous
vehicles, industrial IoT, and smart cities. The authors examine the
challenges facing edge computing for 5G, such as security, latency,
and scalability, and provide recommendations for addressing these
challenges. The paper concludes by discussing the future of edge
computing for 5G and its potential impact on businesses and
consumers. Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into
edge computing for 5G and offers a comprehensive overview of the
architecture, applications, and challenges of this technology for 5G
networks.
. The research paper "A Comprehensive Survey on Fog Computing:
Architecture, Key Technologies, and Open Issues" by Y. Zhang, X. Li,
C. Wang, and J. Li provides a comprehensive overview of fog
.

computing. The authors define fog computing as a decentralized

computing paradigm that brings computation and data storage closer
to the edge of the network and provide a detailed overview of its
architecture and key technologies. They discuss various applications
of fog computing, including IoT, smart cities, and industrial IoT, and
examine the challenges facing this technology, such as security,
scalability, and interoperability. The authors also provide a survey of
the current state of fog computing and its potential impact on
businesses and consumers. The paper concludes by discussing the
open issues and future directions of fog computing research. Overall,
this research paper provides valuable insights into fog computing and
offers a comprehensive overview of the architecture, key
technologies, and open issues of this emerging technology.
. The research paper "Green Cloud Computing: A Survey" by R. Buyya,
J. Broberg, and A. Goscinski provides a survey of the current state of
green cloud computing. The authors define green cloud computing as
the practice of designing, developing, and operating cloud computing
systems with an emphasis on reducing the environmental impact of
computing. They provide a comprehensive overview of the current
state of green cloud computing, including its architecture, key
technologies, and applications. The authors examine the various
strategies for reducing the environmental impact of cloud computing,
such as energy-efficient hardware and software design, virtualization,
and data center management. They also discuss the challenges facing
green cloud computing, such as cost, scalability, and interoperability,
and provide recommendations for addressing these challenges. The
paper concludes by discussing the future of green cloud computing
and its potential impact on businesses and consumers. Overall, this
research paper provides valuable insights into green cloud computing
and offers a comprehensive overview of the architecture, key
technologies, and challenges of this emerging technology.
. The research paper "Cloud Computing for Healthcare: A Review of the
Literature" by N. Jain, S. Tiwari, and R. Agrawal provides a review of
the use of cloud computing in healthcare. The authors examine the
various benefits of cloud computing for healthcare, such as improved
data security, increased efficiency, and reduced costs. They also
discuss the challenges facing cloud computing in healthcare, such as
data privacy, security, and regulatory compliance. The authors provide
a comprehensive overview of the current state of cloud computing in
healthcare, including its architecture, key technologies, and
applications. They also provide a survey of the existing literature on
cloud computing in healthcare and examine the potential impact of
cloud computing on healthcare delivery. The paper concludes by
discussing the future of cloud computing in healthcare and its
potential impact on the healthcare industry. Overall, this research
 paper provides valuable insights into the use of cloud computing in
healthcare and offers a comprehensive overview of the architecture,
key technologies, and challenges of this emerging technology in the
healthcare industry.
. The research paper "A Survey of Cloud Computing Adoption in Small
and Medium Enterprises" by N. Jain, S. Tiwari, and R. Agrawal
provides a survey of cloud computing adoption among small and
medium enterprises (SMEs). The authors examine the various benefits
of cloud computing for SMEs, such as reduced costs, improved
efficiency, and increased competitiveness. They also discuss the
challenges facing SMEs in adopting cloud computing, such as data
security, privacy, and regulatory compliance. The authors provide a
comprehensive overview of the current state of cloud computing
adoption among SMEs, including the reasons for adoption, the types
of services used, and the perceived benefits and challenges. They
also provide a survey of the existing literature on cloud computing
adoption in SMEs and examine the potential impact of cloud
computing on SME competitiveness. The paper concludes by
discussing the future of cloud computing in SMEs and its potential
impact on the SME industry. Overall, this research paper provides
valuable insights into the adoption of cloud computing in SMEs and
offers a comprehensive overview of the reasons for adoption, key
services used, and challenges faced by SMEs in adopting this
emerging technology.
. The research paper "Edge Computing for the Internet of Things: A
Survey" by X. Liu, J. Chen, L. Huang, and J. Wu provides a
comprehensive overview of edge computing in the context of the
Internet of Things (IoT). The authors describe the key features of edge
computing and explain how it differs from traditional cloud computing
and fog computing. They also provide a survey of the current state of
edge computing in IoT, including the types of applications, deployment
models, and key technologies. The authors also examine the
challenges facing edge computing in IoT, such as data privacy and
security, and the impact of edge computing on network architecture
and performance. The paper concludes by discussing the future of
edge computing in IoT and its potential impact on the IoT industry.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into edge
computing in IoT and offers a comprehensive overview of the key
features, applications, and challenges of this emerging technology.
. The research paper "Cloud Computing for Big Data Processing: A
Survey" by X. Liu, J. Chen, L. Huang, and J. Wu provides a
comprehensive overview of cloud computing for big data processing.
The authors discuss the challenges of big data processing, including
the large volume, velocity, and variety of data, and how cloud
computing can be used to address these challenges. They survey the
 various cloud computing models, including public clouds, private
clouds, and hybrid clouds, and their suitability for big data processing.
The authors also provide an overview of the key technologies for big
data processing in the cloud, such as distributed systems, data
storage, and data analysis. They also examine the security and privacy
implications of using cloud computing for big data processing. The
paper concludes by discussing the future of cloud computing for big
data processing and its potential impact on the big data industry.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the use of
cloud computing for big data processing and offers a comprehensive
overview of the key features, applications, and challenges of this
technology.
. The research paper "Fog Computing in Smart Cities: A Survey" by M.
Ali, K. Shuaib, T. Taleb, and A. Qassim provides an overview of fog
computing in smart cities. The authors describe the concept of fog
computing, its advantages, and its differences from other cloud
computing models, such as cloud computing and edge computing.
They also discuss the various applications of fog computing in smart
cities, including smart lighting, traffic management, and waste
management. The authors survey the various key technologies used in
fog computing, including network protocols, data storage, and data
processing. The authors also examine the security and privacy
implications of fog computing in smart cities and discuss the
challenges and opportunities of fog computing in this context. Finally,
the authors provide an overview of the current state of fog computing
in smart cities and its future trends. This research paper provides
valuable insights into the use of fog computing in smart cities and
offers a comprehensive overview of the key features, applications, and
challenges of this technology.
. The research paper "Cloud Computing for Education: A Review of the
Literature" by N. Jain, S. Tiwari, and R. Agrawal provides an overview
of the use of cloud computing in the field of education. The authors
review the literature on cloud computing in education and examine the
various applications and benefits of this technology. They also discuss
the challenges and limitations of cloud computing in education, such
as security, privacy, and accessibility. The authors provide an overview
of the current state of cloud computing in education, including the
various platforms, tools, and services that are available. They also
examine the future trends of cloud computing in education, including
its potential for personalized learning, gamification, and e-learning.
The authors also provide recommendations for educators and
institutions on how to implement cloud computing effectively in the
classroom. This research paper provides valuable insights into the use
of cloud computing in education and offers a comprehensive overview
of the key features, applications, and challenges of this technology.
 . The research paper "An Overview of Edge Computing: From
Architecture to Applications" by Y. Liu, X. Liu, L. Huang, J. Chen, and
J. Wu provides a comprehensive overview of edge computing. The
authors present the architecture and key components of edge
computing, including edge devices, gateways, and cloud platforms.
They examine the various applications of edge computing, including
IoT, multimedia, and real-time data processing, and discuss the
benefits of edge computing, such as low latency and improved data
privacy. The authors also highlight the challenges and limitations of
edge computing, including security, scalability, and interoperability,
and provide recommendations for addressing these challenges. They
also discuss the future trends and potential of edge computing,
including the integration of 5G networks and the development of new
applications. This research paper provides a valuable resource for
researchers and practitioners who are interested in edge computing,
offering a comprehensive overview of the architecture, applications,
benefits, challenges, and future trends of this technology.

Diagrams
Cloud
Fog
Edge

Comparative analysis of these 3 architecture in form of

table

Architecture Description Advantages Disadvantages

Cloud Centralized Faster High latency
computing service that innovation, and bandwidth
delivers flexible requirements,
computing resources, lack of control
 Architecture Description Advantages Disadvantages
Cloud Centralized Faster High latency
computing service that innovation, and bandwidth
delivers flexible requirements,
computing resources, lack of control
resources over economies of over data and
the internet scale security,
dependency on
internet
connection
Fog computing Distributed Reduced latency Complexity of
computing and bandwidth managing
architecture that requirements, distributed
extends cloud real-time nodes,
computing to decision making increased cost
the network and control, for deployment
edge improved and
security, better maintenance,
management of lack of
IoT devices standardization
Edge computing A form of fog Reduced Limited
computing latency, resources and
where data is improved capabilities
processed at performance, compared to
the edge of the suited for IoT cloud
network where it applications, computing,
is generated improved increased cost
security and for deployment
privacy, better and
management of maintenance,
IoT devices lack of
standardization,
dependency on
internet
connection

Conclusion
The research papers highlight the growing importance of cloud computing,
edge computing, and fog computing in various domains such as IoT, big data
processing, healthcare, education, and smart cities. Cloud computing has
revolutionized the IT operations by providing on-demand access to shared
resources and services over the internet. However, security remains a major
concern. Edge computing aims to address the limitations of cloud computing
by bringing computing closer to the edge devices, reducing latency and
network congestion. Fog computing extends the benefits of edge computing by
providing a platform for IoT and analytics in decentralized networks.
These research papers have explored the architecture, key technologies, and
applications of cloud computing, edge computing, and fog computing. They
have also identified the challenges and opportunities associated with these
computing paradigms. The research papers have also reviewed the adoption
and impact of cloud computing in small and medium enterprises and the use of
cloud computing for big data processing and education.
In conclusion, cloud computing, edge computing, and fog computing are
transforming the way we use and manage computing resources. As these
technologies continue to evolve, it is important to keep up with the latest
developments and trends to realize their full potential.