9. Reproduction in Animals A. Tick the correct option. le 2. 3b 4a Sd B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Metamorphosis 2. External 3. Foetus 4. Placenta 5. Ball of cells (Blastula) C. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False [Link] 6. False D. Select the odd one out. 1. Sperm duct 2. Caterpillar 3. Hen E. Short Answer Questions. 1. Thyroxin and prolactin hormones plays the vital role during the metamorphosis of frog. 2. Oviparous animals—Animals which lay eggs are called oviparous animals, for example, reptiles, frogs, fish, birds, etc. But in reptiles and birds, eggs are fertilized inside the body whereas in fish and frog eggsare fertilized outside the body. Viviparous animals—Animals which give birth to young ones or babies are called viviparous animals, for example, dog, cats, monkeys, lions and humans. 3. Cloning—In this process, a single parent produces offspring of its own kind. It does not require a partner for reproducing. Amoeba, hydra, yeast, etc. reproduce through asexual mode of reproduction. The off springs are identical to their parents and are called clones. This type of reproduction where only a single parent is involved is called asexual reproduction. Budding—Budding is an asexual mode of producing new organisms. In this process, a new organism is developed from a small part of the parent’s body. A bud which is formed detaches to develop into a new organism. The newly developed organism remains attached as it grows further. It is separated from the parent Osorganism when it gets matured by leaving scar tissues behind. As this is asexual reproduction, the newly developed organism is a replica of the parent and is genetically identical. Binary fission—It is a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Ameoba and the Paramoecium. The parent cell divides to form two daughter cells. [Link] Amoeba divides itself into two individuals and the reproduction takes place in this way. It is called Binary Fission. Amoeba consists of only one cell. As it reproduces the nucleus of the Amoeba divides itself and forms two different nuclei. Then the division of the body of the Amoeba takes place and each part receives one nucleus. In this way, two Amoebas are produced from a single parent. IVF—tt is a In Vitro Fertilisation. It is the process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body. It is the process stimulating the ovulating process in female and remove ovum from the ovaries and take sperms from male and letting sperm fertilise them in a liquid in a laboratory. » F. Long Answer Questions. 1. Male reproductive System—The reproductive system in male comprises of pair of testes, they are oval in shape and lie in the sac called scrotum, outside the abdominal cavity. Testes produce male gametes called sperms. Millions of sperms are produced by the testes. Indeed each sperm is a single cell with all cell components. Sperms are very small in size with head, middle part and tail. my Piece Head Plasma Membrane: Neck Mitochondrion (spiral shape) Nucleus ‘erosome Sperm Structure Female Reproductive System—It consists of pair of ovaries, fallopian ducts (or oviduct), uterus. A pair of ovaries is situated © seamed wih one scanneruw The ovum is released from the ovary only once in a month in a female’s body by a process called ovulation. The ovum moves into the oviduct (fallopian tube). The process of fertilization involves the fusion of an egg cell from the mother and a sperm cell from the father. So the new individual inherits some characteristics from the mother and some from the father. . The new individuals which are born or hatched from the eggs continue to grow till they become adults. Frog is another such example, The development of embryo takes place outside the female body. The embryo continues to grow within the egg. After embryo develops, egg hatches into larvae called tadpole. These tadpoles can be seen swimming in ponds. A tadpole undergoes many changes in its form and structure and this in turn changes it into an adult frog. EggLarvaeAdult The drastic biological change which takes place during development of an animal is called metamorphosis. During this stage, there is a complete transformation from larval stage to an adult stage. For well labelled diagram refer to page 153 of this book. . The fusion of male and female gametes takes place inside the female’s body that is known as an internal fertilization. In both humans and animals, the fusion of gametes takes place internally. In internal fertilization, a zygote is formed within the mother and gets its nourishment from her. For example, The fertilization in humans is internal. The male introduces the sperms into the female reproductive tract. The sperm fuses with the egg in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. This results in the formation of a zygote which undergoes mitosis to form an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into the uterus. The entire process of development of the child takes place inside the uterus. Once the child is completely developed, it is delivered. Internal fertilization, however, increases the risk of sexually transmitted diseases in individuals. But, it is considered to be one of the most favourable methods of fertilization. © scanned with oKEN Scanner10. Reaching the Age of Adolescence A. Tick the correct option. le 2a 3. 4a 5.b B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Testosterone 2. 18 years; 21 years 3. Father 4.X;Y 5. Hormones C. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). 1, True 2. False 3. True 4. True [Link] D. Correct the following statements, 1, Males have XY chromosomes in each sex cell. 2. All human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these 22 pairs are common to both males and females which are called autosomes. 3. Puberty begins earlier in women. 4. Voice box is bigger in males than in females. 5. Pituitary gland is called as the master gland. 6. The thread-like structures in the nucleus of a cell are called chromosomes. E. Select the odd one out. 1. Ovulation —_2. Goitre 3. Childhood F. Short Answer Questions. 1. Define— Adolescence—There is a spurt of growth at I1th or 12th years of child’s life. It is a time period in life when the body leads to reproductive maturity and experiences some changes. This time period may vary in different individuals. The adolescence period includes the teenage and therefore adolescents are often called Taananare ac wall (© scanned wih one ScanernN w in the abdominal cavity. Ovaries reproduce female single-celled gamete called ova (eggs). In human beings, a single matured egg is released into the oviduct by one of the ovaries every month. This process is called ovulation. Like the sperm an egg is also a single cell. Uterus is a muscular chamber where fertilized ovum is implanted on its wall and develops into a baby. . Ovaries—The female reproductive system comprises of a pair of ovaries. These are the main female sex organs and are responsible for the production of female gametes called Eggs or Ova (ovum — singular) and female hormones. The ova or female eggs also consist of a single cell. Oviduct or Fallopian Tubes—These are two funnel-shaped structures that extent from the superior right and left corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries. The ovaries release one egg every month into the oviducts. The oviducts consist of cilia that carry the ovum from the oviduct to uterus. Uterus—It is an inverted pear-shaped organ that allows the development of the fertilized egg into a human baby. The uterus connects with an opening called Cervix that connects it to the vagina. Female Reproductive Organs . The process of fusion of the two gametes, that is the sperm and the ovum, is called fertilization. When the sperm from the male reproductive organ fuses with the ova or ovum in the female’s reproductive organ, they form another cell known as the zygote. The zygote is the beginning of the formation of a new individual. If the ovum does not fuse with the sperm, it is disintegrated from the uterus which is known as menstruation. (© scanned wih one ScanerMenstruation—It is the natural preparation to receive the egg in case it is fertilized and hence pregnancy occurs. If fertilization does not occur, the egg along with the rupture of thick lining of uterus and its blood vessels are discarded by the female body. This results in bleeding in women, called menstruation. Puberty—It is the time period in life when animals and human beings become capable of reproduction. The changes that occur in the body during the adolescent age are an indication that an individual is reaching puberty. 2. The changes which body experience during puberty are as follows: i, The height increases suddenly. ii. Change in the shape of the body. iii. Change in voice. iv. Increased sweat and oil production in the skin. v. Development of sex organs. vi. Mental, emotional and intellectual maturity. 3. Hormones are the chemical messengers which regulate most of the activities inside our body. Hormones are carried by bloodstream to the target sites. They send signals to different organs and these signals trigger the necessary changes in the cells. 4. Gonads are the female and male reproductive organs. Testes are the male gonads and ovaries in females. These reproductive organs are essential for sexual reproduction since they are responsible for the production of male and female gametes. Gametes—It is also referred as sex cells, gametes are reproductive cells of an entity. These are haploid cells wherein each of it carries one copy of chromosome. Male gametes are known as sperms while female gametes are known as ova or eggs. The reproductive cells are an outcome of the process of meiosis. 5. The appropriate age of puberty in a, Boys reach puberty at a age of 12 to 14 years. b. Girls attain puberty at a age of 10 to 13 years. 6. All human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these 22 pairs are common to both males and females which are called autosomes. Only one pair of chromosomes, called sex chromosome OF scanned nth OREN Sennein males and females and is named as X and Y, determine the sex of a baby. Females have XX while males have XY chromosome. The unfertilized egg always has one X chromosome. But testes produce two kinds, that is, one X chromosome and another Y chromosome. 7. AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV. This virus is transmitted to the normal person from an infected person while sharing the syringes and from infancy from an infected mother to her baby through milk. It is also transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person. G, Long Answer Questions. 1. Testosterone is the male sex hormone. It stimulates the development of the male reproductive system, especially the penis and testes. In addition, it is important for the development of the secondary sexual characters in males like growth of facial and pubic hair, deepening of the voice and changes in body shape. It is also important for the growth of bones, and increased muscle mass and strength in males. It helps maintain sex drive and the production of sperm cells, and it may play a role in balding. Oestrogen is the sex hormone present in females. They promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. Oestrogen increases uterine growth. They reduce bone resorption and increase bone formation. In males, estrogen regulates certain functions of the reproductive system important to the maturation of sperm. The physical and mental well being of an individual is regarded as its real health. The changes during adolescence affect the body requirements and give rise to new health issues. Adolescence is a stage of sudden growth and development. Hence, diet for an adolescent has to be planned carefully. It should be a balanced diet. A balanced diet should contain protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals in adequate amount. Milk, roti, rice, dal, curd, sabzi, salad and fruits constitute our Indian complete vegetable meal. However, non-vegetarian can add fish, egg and chicken to their diet. Ld © scanned with oKEN Scanner3. The problems related with adolescence are as follows: i. Physical problems—Adolescence brings sudden spurt in growth in human beings. So, limbs often grow in larger proportion as compared to the rest of the body. It causes awkwardness until the person becomes accustomed to some changes. But all parents should guide their children that these changes are absolutely normal and adolescents should welcome it. Emotional problems—Adolescents easily get excited or emotional. ‘Nobody understands me’ is the common refrain of most adolescents. But, this is normal. They need to accept the change and talk to adults to seek help. Social problems—They experience adjustment problems with their family and friends. Feeling of independence results in experimentations, which may leads to drug abuse, alcoholism or tobacco addiction. 4. All human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these 22 pairs are common to both males and females which are called autosomes, Only one pair of chromosomes, called sex chromosome in males and females and is named as X and Y, determine the sex of a baby. Females have XX while males have XY chromosome. The unfertilized egg always has one X chromosome. But testes produce two kinds, that is, one X chromosome and another Y chromosome. When the sperm containing X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the zygote formed has XX chromosomes. This develops into female baby and if the sperm contributes Y chromosome to the egg at fertilization, the zygote would develop into a male child. So, zygote would have XY in male baby and XX in female baby. This shows that male chromosomes are responsible for the sex of the baby. For the well labeled diagram refer to book on page 167 or given in lesson plan. . Thyroid gland—It produces thyroxin. It is found at the front of the neck, between the windpipes. It has a brownish-red color and secretes a collection of hormones called as Thyroid Hormones. The thyroid hormone controls the rate of metabolism in body. wn OF scanned ih KEN ScamLack of Thyroxine results in Goitre yf iN Parathyroid gland— The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid glands. The parathormone maintains the level of calcium in the body. If they produce excess of hormones it can lead to severe effects such as kidney stones and brittle bones. Type nt Peabnont ‘funds Adrenal gland—Adrenal glands have a size almost of a walnut and are located above the kidneys. They secrete more that 150 hormones in the human body for various purposes. Adrenaline helps in managing stress as it increases the blood sugar levels, dilates the pupils, increases the heart rates, enhance the blood supply to the muscles. It also maintains a balance of salt in the blood. © scanned with oKEN ScannerPancreas gland— The Pancreas is almost a 6 inch long gland located behind the stomach. It produces digestive enzymes, glucagon and insulin. The insulin maintains glucose level in the blood. The glucagon prevents the insulin levels from getting too low in the body. The insulin activates when the blood glucose levels are high while the glucagon activates when the blood sugar levels are low. Lack of insulin in body lead to diabetes. Pituitary glands— The pituitary gland has a size as small as pea and is located inside the skull. It is also called as the master gland as it controls the function of all other glands. It also secretes prolactin that simulates the production of milk. The growth hormone is responsible for the growth of a person. O seamed with OKE Scanner11. Force and Pressure A. Tick the correct option. ld 2.¢ 3.d 4b 5.b 6.b Tc B. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True [Link] 6. False 7. Flase C. Match the following. Lh Qe 3.f 4.4 5S.c 6.a D. Select the odd one out. 1. Gravitational force 2. Rubber sucker 3. Magnetic force E. Define the following. 1. Contact force—There are the forces that come into play when the objects are in direct physical contact with each other. Contact forces act at the point of contact of the objects. Examples of contact forces are muscular force, friction, tension in string, etc. 2. Gravitational force—Whenever an object is thrown up, it falls down towards the surface of the earth. It is because earth pulls all objects towards its centre. This force of attraction is known as earth’s gravitational force or gravity. Magnetic force—Magnets are the materials which have the tendency to attract materials like iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, etc. This property of a magnet is called magnetic strength. Pressure—Pressure is defined as the physical force exerted on an object. The force applied is perpendicular to the surface of objects per unit area. The basic formula for pressure is F/A (Force per unit area). Unit of pressure is Pascals (Pa). F. Short Answer Questions. 1. The three contact forces are frictional force, applied force, normal force. The three non-contact forces are gravitational force, electrostatic force, magnetic force. © scanned with one Scaner2. Examples of pushing: i. Pushing a heavy block to displace it from its original position. ii. Pushing a trolley. Examples of pulling: i. Drawing a bucket of water from a well. ii. Opening a drawer of a table. 3. The different effects of force are— i. A force can move an object lying at rest. When force is applied on a stationary object, the object tends to move in the direction in which force is applied. For example, applying force on a stationary tennis ball will make it continue its motion in the direction of applied force. ii. A force can increase or decrease the speed of an object. Force needs to be applied on a moving object either to stop it or to slow down the object. For example, the moving ball can be stopped by applying external force. iii, A force can stop a moving object. iv. A force can change the direction of motion of an object. The direction of a moving object can be changed by applying the force on that object. For example, the direction of the moving football can be changed by applying force at an angle such that the direction is changed. y. A force can change the shape of an object. Consider a rod which is circular in shape, by hammering the rod which is applying an external force, the rod can be turned into a flat sheet. Forces applied on an object in the same direction add to one another. If the two forces act in the opposite directions on an object, the net force acting on it is the difference between the two forces. In the game of tug-of-war when two teams pull equally hard, the rope does not move in any direction. So, we learn that a force could be larger or smaller than the other. The strength of a force is usually expressed by its magnitude. We have also to specify > (© scanned wih one Scanerthe direction in which a force acts. Also, if the direction or the magnitude of the applied forces changes, its effect also changes. 5. When the inflated balloon is rubbed with a piece of woollen cloth, it gets charged due to friction. When the balloon is pressed against a wall, the electrostatic force between the balloon and the wall is responsible for the attraction between the balloon and the wall. 6. Few consequences of atmospheric pressure are as follows: i. Some people experience nose bleeding at the higher altitudes. It is because the pressure of the air inside their bodies is more than the atmospheric pressure. Hence, the blood vessels inside our nose are likely to burst. ii. When we suck cold drink from a straw because of lower atmospheric pressure inside the straw, sucking reduces the air pressure inside the straw and higher atmospheric pressure on the cold drink in the glass causes it to rise up. iii. A fountain pens leak at high altitude. The ink inside the pen has higher pressure as compared to lower atmospheric pressure. Hence, it leaks. G. Long Answer Questions. 1, What causes the paper bits to be attracted towards the plastic ruler? The activity suggests that some kind of force is developed on the ruler when it is rubbed with dry hair. This force is electrostatic force. Electrostatic force is attraction or repulsion caused due to charged particles. Rubbing materials with each other causes charge to move from one body to another. The charged objects exert force on other charged objects or neutral objects. 2. Cricket and almost every other sport rely on force to change the direction of the ball. The bowler ball the ball towards the batsman but on coming in contact with the bat the ball travels ina completely different path. This is because the batsman applies force on the ball in order to change the direction of the ball. Force in real life most often affects both speed and direction of the motion. The action from a force can cause an object to accelerate, to decelerate, to stop, or to change direction. OF scanned wh OnE Scanner‘re ne th ps ees on tne ‘eteider sat comes ut - eo eeu hight beri The pressure exerted by liquids Liquids exert a pressure on the walls of the container in which they are put in. The pressure that a liquid exerts on the bottom of the container is dependent upon the height of the liquid in the container. The liquid exerts equal pressure on different points on the walls of the container having the same depth. . Whenever an object is thrown up, it falls down towards the surface of the earth. It is because earth pulls all objects towards its centre. This force of attraction is known as earth’s gravitational force or gravity. Every object in this universe has mass and exerts the gravitational pull. But we never see ourselves moving towards any object except the earth. This is because the gravitational force is dependent on mass of object. Higher the mass larger is the gravitational pull. The force with which earth pulls an object towards itself constitutes weight of the object. Hold your pencil box in your hand. Can you feel a force on your hand in downward direction? This is the weight of an object or the gravitational force of the earth on the object. > a. In squeezing a toothpaste, force responsible is muscular force which changes the shape of the toothpaste and the agent exerting the force is fingers. b. Being hit by a bat, muscular force acts on the ball. And, all the bodies on the earth are acted upon by the gravitational force. So, the ball is acted upon by both muscular and gravitational force. c. When we cut vegetables, we apply muscular force on the vegetables with the help of the knife. OF sconna ith OMEN Sa12. Friction A. Tick the correct option. 1b 2d 3.d 4c 5.d B. Fill in the blanks. 1. elevations 2. Irregular 3. Nature 4. Wastage 5. Reduce C. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False D. Select the odd one out. 1, Treading of tyres is done to increase friction as vehicles have to ply on the road of all types and during all types of weathers. 2. We slip when we step on a banana peel because the inner side of banana peel being smooth and slippery reduces the friction between the sole of our shoe and the surface of road. 3. Static friction works when two surfaces in contact are just to start a relative motion or are in rest. 4. Aeroplane works on the principle of cutting down the viscous drag. E. Short Answer Questions. 1. Friction is defined as the opposing force, which comes into action whenever there is a relative motion between the two bodies. Friction acts when an object tries to move or slide over the surface of another object. It is natural resisting force that comes into play if we slide an object over another object and the surface resists its motion. This opposing force is the force of friction. Friction is the force which offers resistance to the motion of book or it stops the motion of the book. Therefore, there occurs a force of friction opposite to the direction of applied force. 2. The friction that exists between two surfaces in contact, when there is no relative motion between them is called static friction. Only when the relative motion starts the sliding friction starts to act. © Scenns ithOFEN Sear3. The limiting value of the force of static friction depends upon the force of friction depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact. The force of friction is independent of the area of the two surfaces in contact. For the two surfaces, the limiting frictional force is directly proportional to the normal reaction. Rolling friction | Sliding friction Rolling friction takes place | Sliding friction takes place when an object rolls on the | when two surfaces are rubbed surface. against each other. Rolling friction takes place due | Sliding friction takes place to the deformation of surfaces. | due to interlocking between microscopic surfaces. The coefficient of rolling} The coefficient of sliding friction is dependent on the | friction depends on the radius of the rolling object, the | texture of the surface and depth to which the object can | temperature to a certain extent. sink, and the toughness of the | It is independent of external surface. factors. w . Three consequences of friction are as follows: i. Friction is used for gripping or holding objects. ii. We get heat energy often after rubbing off our hands together. The rubbing against force of friction generates heat. iii, Nails remain fixed, nuts and bolts hold parts together only on account of friction. 6. On a frictionless floor, our shoe slides backward over the floor when we try to walk forward. Static friction opposes this motion, so the static force of friction, applied by us on the ground, is directed forward. Also, it’s the frictional force, when we walk with our feet push the ground backwards and according to Newton's third law, the ground pushes you forward. Whereas, gravity keeps everything on Earth from floating away. Gravity is the force that pulls objects to Earth. It is a force that attracts any objects with mass. While walking we are pulling on every other object in the entire universe. Both of these forces enable us to walk on earth. Due to gravitational force we stay on the ground. Due to frictional (© scanned wih one Scanerforce we do not slip as the irregularities in our sole interlock with the bumps and holes in the surface. F. Long Answer Questions. 1. The force of friction depends upon the following factors: i. The force of friction is directly proportional to the weight of the body which moves on horizontal surface. If weight is increased, irregularities for the surface get interlocked due to pressure and the surface offers friction. For example, it is easy to roll or slide a lighter wooden box over ground than a heavier. ii. The force of friction depends on the nature of surface in contact. For example, the force of friction between a pair of highly polished surfaces is very small as compared to the force of friction between two rough surfaces. This can be explained through the Activity 12.2 and 12.3 on page 200. . Friction is both desirable as well as undesirable. In real situations, we want to increase friction, for example, by putting sand on an icy road. This is contradictory—it seems that increase in friction would increase the resistance to motion. Consider the friction on walking, without friction the foot would slip backwards. The force of friction prevents this and sometimes needs to be increased. Nn w . There are different methods that are used for reducing the friction are as follows: Using lubricants such as oil or grease can reduce the friction between the surfaces. Acting as the fluid interface between two solid surfaces thereby converting solid friction into fluid friction. By polishing the surface, as polishing makes the surface smooth and friction can be reduced. When objects are rolled over the surface, the friction between the rolled object and surface can be reduced by using ball bearings. Sprinkling powder on the carom board for reducing the friction. Materials like diamond which generally do not chip but maintain a smooth surface are also used to reduce friction.4. There are different methods that are used for increasing the friction are as follows: i. Treading of tyres is done to increase friction, as vehicles have to ply on the road of all types and during all types of weather. ii, It can be increased by making the surface in contact rough. iii. Sole of the shoes is treaded to increase friction. iv. Sand is thrown on tracks covered with snow to increase friction and avoid slipping. . Liquids and gases are considered together as fluids as they flow. When a body moves through a fluid, the fluid acts like another surface and offers resistance to the motion of the body. This opposition is called fluid friction or viscous drag. It depends upon a number of factors, like the shape of the object, the velocity of the body in the fluid, nature of the fluid. Objects moving through fluids are given special shape called streamline in order to minimize viscous drag. Nature has given the idea of making streamline objects like aeroplane, birds, fish, etc. Aeroplane also works on the same principle of cutting down the viscous drag. G. Give reasons. w 1. The carts with rubber tyres are easier to ply than those with iron wheels because the coefficient of friction between rubber and concrete is less than in between iron and the road. . For walking, we push the ground in a backward direction with our feet. The force of friction pushes it in the forward direction and allows us to walk. It would be difficult to walk on the wet marble floor of bathroom because it reduces the friction between the ground and the feet. That is why it is said to keep the bathroom floor dry. . Rolling reduces friction, It is always easier to roll than to slide a body over another. That is the reason it is convenient to pull luggage fitted with rollers. The rolling friction is smaller than the sliding friction. nN w13. Sound A. Tick the correct option. ld 2a 3.a 4d 5d 6.b B. Fill in the blanks. 1. amplitude 2. Decibel (dB) 3. Hertz(Hz) 4. infrasound 5. gases 6. Flute 7. Frequency 8. Noise 9. frequency 10. Musical sound C. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True D. Match the following. le 2d 36 4a Sb E. Short Answer Questions. 1. Define the following terms along with SI units wherever possible. a. Frequency—The number of vibrations or oscillations per second is called frequency. Number of oscillations or vibrations Frequency = Time Frequency is expressed in hertz (Hz). It is denoted by f or v. b. Amplitude—tIt is the fluctuation or displacement of a wave from its mean value. Greater the amplitude, louder is the sound. For example, if the string of a sitar is pulled gently, a soft (feeble) sound is heard. On the other hand, if it is pulled hard, i.e., its amplitude is increased a louder sound is heard. c. Pitch—There is a difference between sound produced by a child and an adult. This difference is due to varying degrees of frequency or pitch. It decides the shrillness of sound. The low pitch or low frequency sounds are generally hoarse, on theother hand high pitch or high frequency sounds are sharp. Adult male has low pitch than an adult female of the same age. Pitch is sensation that determines the shrillness of sound. High pitch sounds are called treble and low pitch sounds are called bass. 2. Few sources of sound are— Vendors selling eatables or other things. Shopkeepers selling their things. Vehicles in the market area, for example, auto rickshaw, car, etc. Machines or generators noise. Sound produced by musical instruments. High pitch Low pitch i. High pitch or high frequency sounds are sharp. i. The low pitch or low frequency sounds are generally hoarse. ii. High pitch sounds are called treble. ii. The low pitch sounds are called bass. iii, Examples of high pitched sounds—shrill tinkle. iii, Examples of low _ pitched sounds—bass drum deep boom Noise Music i. Noise is unpleasant, jarring and disagreeable to the ear. i. Musical sound is pleasant, smooth and agreeable to the ear. ii. It is produced by irregular ii. It is produced by periodic vibrations which are vibrations which are regular discontinuous. and continuous. iii. There are sudden changes in| iii. There are no sudden loudness and pitch of noise. changes in loudness and pitch of musical sound. 5. Sometimes lightning may be seen before the thunder is heard and this is because the distance between the clouds and the surface is very long and the speed of light is much faster than the speed of sound and hence lightning can be seen before the thunder is heard. (© scanned wih one ScanerYou must know that the lightning frequency is around 40-50 times a second on Earth. 6. We know, frequency is the number of vibrations in one second. Time period is the time taken in one variation. A simple pendulum vibrates 30 times in a minute that means it vibrates 30 times in 60 seconds. So, Time period is = 60/30 =2s Frequency = Number of oscillations = 30/60 = 0.5 Hz Time 7. Measures taken to control Noise Pollution are— i. Ban honking ii. Run radio, television at low volume iii, Set-up noise producing factories away from the residential areas iv. Putting restriction in public places on playing loud music. F. Long Answer Questions. 1. In humans, the sound is produced by the voice box or the larynx. The voice box is at the upper end of the windpipe. When we speak, the two vocal cords in the larynx vibrate and produce sound. These vocal cords are stretched across the voice box or larynx so that there is a narrow slit between them for the passage of air. The lips, the tongue, the palate and the chambers give resonance to the voice. The resonating chambers include the whole mouth chamber, the nose, the pharynx and to a lesser degree the chest cavity also. The vocal cords are about 20 mm long in men, 15 mm long in women (5 mm shorter) and they are very short in children. Diagram of Human Ear © scanned with oKEN Scanner3. Sound needs a material medium for their propagation like solid, liquid or gas to travel because the molecules of solid, liquid and gases carry sound waves from one point to another. Sound cannot progress through the vacuum because the vacuum has no molecules which can vibrate and carry the sound waves. Experiment: Now think how the sound produced by drums is heard by us? How is this transferred to our ears? Let us understand this with the help of an experiment. * Take a bell jar. Bell jar is a laboratory equipment used for creating a vacuum. Its shape is similar to that of a bell * Place an electric bell in the bell jar. * Start pumping out the air of the sealed bell jar. As we start pumping out the air, the sound of an electric bell coming out of the bell jar starts fading. * As soon as the vacuum is achieved in the bell jar, no more sound will be audible from the bell jar. However, in the bell jar, the hammer continues to hit the gong. This means that still the sound is being produced but now we cannot hear it. This is because sound waves always need a medium to propagate. In the bell jar, it was, hence sound waves cannot travel.18. Pollution of Air and water A. Tick the correct option. la 2c 3d 4b Sd B. Fill in the blanks. 1. sulphur; nitrogen 2. air 3. Global warming 4.21; 78 5. Chlorofluorocarbons C. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). [Link] 2. True 3, True 4. False 5. Fasle 6. True 7. False D. Match the following. le 2.d 3.c 4a 5b E. Write the full forms of the following. 1, UV— Ultraviolet 2. CFC—Chlorofluorocarbons 3. CNG—Compressed Natural Gas 4. SPM—Suspended Particulate Matter F. Short Answer Questions. 1. Acid rain is a major threat to the beauty of the Taj Mahal. When acid rains fall on the monument (that is completely made of marble), they react with marble to form a powder like substance that is then washed away by the rain, This phenomenon is known as marble cancer, Also, the soot particles emitted from the Mathura Oil Refinery have also contributed to the corrosion of Taj Mahal marble. 2. The natural causes of air pollution are— i. Dust from large areas of land with little or no vegetation. ii, Smoke and carbon dioxide from forest fires. iii. Volcanic activity which produces gases like oxides of sulphur, etc.iv. Radioactive emissions from radioactive elements within the earth’s crust. 3. The importance of ozone is defined by the fact that it protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. The ozone layer is found in the upper regions of the stratosphere where it protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. These radiations can cause skin cancer in humans. 4. Water can be made safe for drinking by following methods— i. Using physical method of removing impurities. Household RO is an example which contains candle filter. ii. Boiling is another way of obtaining safe and potable water. G. Long Answer Questions. 1. Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological change in the air. It is the contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and smoke which affects plants, animals and humans drastically. There is a certain percentage of gases present in the atmosphere. An increase or decrease in the composition of these gases is harmful to survival. This imbalance in the gaseous composition has resulted in an increase in earth’s temperature, which is known as global warming. Some of the causes are as under— i. The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur dioxide. Carbon monoxide released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also results in air pollution. ii. The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars, buses, etc. pollute the environment. These are the major sources of greenhouse gases and also result in diseases among individuals. iii. Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during agricultural activities. The insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers emit harmful chemicals in the atmosphere and contaminate it. iv. Factories and industries are the main source of carbon monoxide, organic compounds, hydrocarbons and chemicals. These are released into the air, degrading its quality. OF scanned ith KEN Scanv. In the mining process, the minerals below the earth are extracted using large pieces of equipment. The dust and chemicals released during the process not only pollute the air, but also deteriorate the health of the workers and people living in the nearby areas. vi. The household cleaning products and paints contain toxic chemicals that are released in the air. The smell from the newly painted walls is the smell of the chemicals present in the paints. It not only pollutes the air but also affects breathing. 2. Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of water bodies. Water pollution is caused when water bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater, and aquifers get contaminated with industrial and agricultural effluents. When water gets polluted, it adversely affects all life forms that directly or indirectly depend on this source. The effects of water contamination can be felt for years to come. Water pollution is attributed to three main causes: i. Human population growth ii Industrialisation iii Natural resources development Some types of water pollutants are i. Microbiological ii. Chemical iii. Nutrients and suspended particles iv. Oxygen-depleting substances One of the primary causes of water pollution is the contamination of water bodies by toxic chemicals. The dumped plastic bottles, tins, water cans and other wastes pollute the water bodies. These result in water pollution, which harms not just humans, but the whole ecosystem. Toxins drained from these pollutants, travel up to the food chain and eventually affect humans. In most cases, the outcome is destructive to only local population and species, but it can have an impact on a global scale too. Water bodies in the vicinity of urban areas are extremely polluted. This is the result of dumping garbage and toxic chemicals by industrial and commercial establishments. © scanned with oKEN Scannerw Water pollution drastically affects aquatic life. It affects their metabolism, behaviour, causes illness and eventual death. Dioxin is a chemical that causes a lot of problems from reproduction to uncontrolled cell growth or cancer. This chemical is bio- accumulated in fish, chicken and meat. . The effect of water pollution can have a huge impact on the food chain. It disrupts the food-chain. Cadmium and lead are some toxic substances, these pollutants upon entering the food chain through animals (fish when consumed by animals, humans) can continue to disrupt at higher levels. Humans are affected by pollution and can contract diseases such as hepatitis through faecal matter in water sources. Poor drinking water treatment and unfit water can always cause an outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera, etc. . Potable water is the water which is filtered and treated properly and is finally free from all the contaminants and harmful bacteria. This purified water is fit to drink, or it can be called ‘drinking water’ after the purification processes and is safe for both cooking and drinking. Water is purified by various processes, some of these are by using UV filtered water purifier, by reverse osmosis, etc. There are various methods through which normal water can be converted to potable water or drinking water Filtration is very helpful in purifying water. Basically, there are two types of filters that can be found on the market. Some are those which rely on carbon filters and remove the bacteria and others are those which use chemicals like iodine for the treatment of water. Filters are very heavy and require frequent replacement and are also very expensive. Distillation of water involves boiling water and collecting the vapour and leaving the bacteria and contaminants behind. Distilled water is one of the purest forms of water, 98% of the contaminants are removed from the home distillation system and it gives water which is purer than that from filters. Boiling is the easiest way to purify water. It neutralizes a majority of viruses and bacteria in the supply but it cannot remove all the heavy contaminants. OF scanned ith OMEN Sarr