A PROJECT REPORT

ON
LASER SPECKLE
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICS
P.G. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
FROM
SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY,
VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
contents:
1. INTRODUCTION OF LASER SPECKLE
-DEFINITION
-SPECKLE FORMATION
2. NYQUIST CRITERIA
-STATEMENT
-CONDITION
3. SPECKLE VARIATION
-CHANGE IN SPECKLE SIZE
4. SPECKLE CORRELATION
- SELECTION OF SPECKLE PATTERNS
- PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
- INTERPRETATION
5. A TEMPORAL STABILITY SYSTEM
 LASER SPECKLE
1.Introduction:

 Laser speckles are a pattern of random, fine, grainy spots typically

observed when a surface is illuminated with coherent light, such as that
from a laser. These patterns result from the interference of light waves
that are reflected or scattered from different parts of the surface. The
light waves combine to give rise to bright spots where the waves are in
phase and constructive interference occurs, and dark areas where the
waves are out of phase, leading to destructive interference. The specific
pattern of speckles depends on the surface's roughness and the angle of
illumination and observation.

 A coherent source of light is a light source that emits light waves with
the same frequency, wavelength, and phase. Coherent sources can also
have a constant phase difference.

 Speckle patterns are random interference patterns that occur when

coherent light reflects or transmits through a rough surface of object.

Incident Light

LASER

Scattered Light

Camera

Rough Surface
 Laser speckle patterns are used in various applications, including
optical metrology, medical imaging, and the study of surface roughness.

2.Nyquist Criteria:

 The principles of the Nyquist theorem apply to digital photography and

videography. Digital imaging sensors capture light in discrete pixel sites
 The Nyquist sampling criteria for laser speckle states that the minimum
speckle size must be twice the size of the camera pixel size.

ρspeckle⩾2ρpixel

Speckle

pixels

 The Nyquist criterion also states that a pixel size should be such that
there are at least two pixels per speckle. The speckle size is calculated
based on the diagnostic resolution needed.

3.Speckle Variation:

 Laser speckle size can change due to several factors, including:

  Wavelength of the Laser Light: The size of the speckle pattern is
inversely proportional to the wavelength of the laser light. Shorter
wavelengths produce smaller speckle sizes.

 Distance from the Surface: As the distance between the laser source and
the surface increases, the speckle size generally increases.

 Surface Roughness: The roughness of the surface can affect the size and
intensity of the speckle pattern. Smoother surfaces tend to produce
smaller speckles, while rougher surfaces produce larger ones.

 Scattering Medium: The medium through which the laser light travels
can also influence the size of the speckle pattern. Different scattering
properties of the medium can cause variations in speckle size.

 Coherence Length of the Laser: The coherence length of the laser affects
the size of the speckle pattern. A longer coherence length generally
results in larger speckles.

 Angular Distribution of Light: The angular distribution of light can

influence the size of the speckle pattern. Changes in the angle of
illumination or observation can lead to variations in speckle size.

 Temporal Coherence: Changes in the temporal coherence of the laser

can also affect the speckle size. A decrease in temporal coherence can
lead to larger speckles.

 These factors can interact in complex ways, making the prediction of

speckle size challenging in certain situations.

4.Speckle Correlation:
 Speckle correlation by Pearson typically involves using Pearson
correlation coefficient to quantify the degree of linear relationship
between two speckle patterns. In this context, Pearson correlation
coefficient measures the similarity or dissimilarity between the
intensity values of corresponding pixels in two speckle images.

 The process involves:

 Selection of Speckle Patterns: Choose two speckle patterns that you

want to compare or correlate. These patterns could be obtained from
consecutive frames in a video sequence, different angles of illumination,
or before and after a change in the scene.

 Calculation of Pearson Correlation Coefficient: Compute the Pearson

correlation coefficient between the pixel intensity values of the
corresponding pixels in the two speckle patterns. The coefficient ranges
from -1 to 1, where 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, -1
indicates a perfect negative correlation, and 0 indicates no correlation.

 Interpretation: A high positive correlation value suggests strong

similarity between the speckle patterns, while a negative correlation
indicates dissimilarity. A correlation value close to zero implies little or
no linear relationship between the patterns.

 Speckle correlation by Pearson coefficient is used in various

applications, including speckle tracking, motion estimation, and pattern
recognition, where analyzing the similarity or dissimilarity between
speckle patterns is essential.

 Here are the mathematical steps to calculate the Pearson correlation

coefficient for laser speckle:
 Gather Data: Collect data on laser speckle intensity (let's call it variable
X) and another variable (let's call it variable Y) that you suspect may be
correlated with laser speckle.

 Calculate Means: Compute the mean (average) of the laser speckle

intensity data (X) and the mean of the other variable data (Y). Denote
these as X̄ and Ȳ respectively.

 Calculate Differences: For each data point, subtract the mean of X from
the value of X and subtract the mean of Y from the value of Y. This gives
you two new lists of differences: X - X̄ and Y – Ȳ .

 Calculate Products of Differences: Multiply each pair of differences: (Xi -

X̄ ) × (Yi-Ȳ ).

 Sum of Products of Differences: Add up all the products from step 4

to get Σ (Xi - X̄ ) x (Yi-Ȳ )

 Calculate Sum of Squares: Calculate the sum of squares for X and Y: Σ

(Xi- X̄ )² and Σ(Υi –Ȳ )2

 Square Root of Sum of Squares: Take the square root of the product of
the sums of squares calculated in step 6.

 Calculate Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r): Divide the sum of products

from step 5 by the square root of the product of the sums of squares
calculated in step 7.

 This gives you the Pearson correlation coefficient, which quantifies the
strength and direction of the linear relationship between the laser
 speckle intensity and the other variable. The value of r ranges from -
1 to 1.

Where ,1 indicates a perfect positive linear relationship,

-1 indicates a perfect negative linear relationship, and

0 indicates no linear relationship.

5.Temporal Stability System:

 A temporal stability system refers to a mechanism or set of procedures

designed to ensure the consistency and reliability of data, processes, or
systems over time. It involves monitoring, analyzing, and adjusting
elements to maintain stability despite changes or fluctuations. This
concept is often applied in various fields such as finance, engineering,
and data management to ensure the integrity and durability of systems
or structures.

 Temporal stability with respect to laser speckle refers to the

consistency of the speckle pattern observed over time when a laser
beam is scattered from a rough surface. Laser speckle arises from
interference effects of the scattered light waves, creating a random
pattern of bright and dark spots.

 Temporal stability in laser speckle can be affected by various factors,

including fluctuations in the laser source, mechanical vibrations,
environmental changes, and surface properties. Techniques such as
speckle averaging, using coherent light sources, or implementing
stabilization mechanisms can help improve temporal stability in laser
speckle applications.
 Ensuring temporal stability in laser speckle systems is essential for
obtaining accurate and repeatable results in fields such as surface
roughness measurement, motion detection, or non-destructive testing.