INTRODUCTION TO PHP

Prepared by : Nikita K. Shukla,Lecturer,Computer engg. Dept.,

AVPTI.
INTRODUCTION TO STATIC AND DYNAMIC
WEBSITES
INTRODUCTION TO PHP AND IT’S HISTORY
 Started as a Perl hack in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf
(to handle his resume), developed to PHP/FI 2.0

 By 1997 up to PHP 3.0 with a new parser engine

by Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans

 Version 5.2.4 is current version, rewritten by Zend

(www.zend.com) to include a number of features,
such as an object model

 Current is version PHP 8.0.28 Released

 php is one of the premier examples of what an

open source project can be
BASIC PHP SYNTAX AND FILE STRUCTURE

 Basic PHP Syntax

 A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the
document.
 A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with
?>:
 <?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
 Working with Basic Building Blocks of PHP

 Explain PHP File structure with example.

 PHP is an embedded language. It embedded with HTML
code.
 The PHP language statements are enclosed in php tag like
 <?php
 ?>
 Example:
 <?php
 Explain echo statement with example.
 Echo statement used for output data to the screen.
 We can print a multiple-line string with echo statements.

 <?php Echo “hello”; ?> Output: hello
OUTPUT STATEMENTS: ECHO AND PRINT
 echo and print are more or less the same. They are
both used to output data to the screen.

 ECHO:
 <?php
 echo "Multiple ","argument ","string!";
 ?>
 PRINT:
 <?php
 print "Hello, world!";
 ?>
ECHO & PRINT DIFFERENCES
❑echo
•echo is a statement, which is used to display the output.
•echo can be used with or without parentheses.
•echo does not return any value.
•We can pass multiple strings separated by comma (,) in echo.
•echo is faster than print statement.

❑print
•print is also a statement, used as an alternative to echo at many
times to display the output.
•print can be used with or without parentheses.
•print always returns an integer value, which is 1.
•Using print, we cannot pass multiple arguments.
•print is slower than echo statement.
FOR EXAMPLE (CHECK MULTIPLE ARGUMENTS)

 Echo:
 <?php
 $fname = "Gunjan";
 $lname = ”Patel";
 echo "My name is: ".$fname,$lname;
 ?>
 Output:
 My name is: GunjanPatel
ECHO & PRINT DIFFERENCE EXAMPLE
 Print:
 <?php

 $fname = "Gunjan";
 $lname = ”Patel";
 Print "My name is: ".$fname,$lname;
 ?>

 Output:
For example (check return value with Echo)
 <?php
$lang = "PHP";
$ret = echo $lang." is a web development lang
uage.";
echo "</br>";
echo "Value return by print statement: ".$ret;
 ?>

 Output:
For example (check return value using print)
 <?php
$lang = "PHP";
$ret = print $lang." is a web development lang
uage.";
print "</br>";
print "Value return by print statement: ".$ret;
 ?>

 Output:
PHP VARIABLE
 A variable must start with a dollar ($) sign, followed by the variable
name.

 It can only contain alpha-numeric character and underscore (A-z, 0-9,

_).

 A variable name must start with a letter or underscore (_) character.

 A PHP variable name cannot contain spaces.

 One thing to be kept in mind that the variable name cannot start with
a number or special symbols.

 PHP variables are case-sensitive, so $name and $NAME both are

treated as different variable.
PHP VARIABLE: declaring string, integer, and float

 <?php
$str="hello string";
$x=200;
$y=44.6;
echo "string is: $str <br/>";
echo "integer is: $x <br/>";
echo "float is: $y <br/>";
 ?>
 Output:
 string is: hello string
 integer is: 200
 float is: 44.6
PHP VARIABLE:
 PHP: Loosely typed language
 PHP is a loosely typed language, it means PHP
automatically converts the variable to its correct
data type.
 In PHP, variable names are case sensitive. So
variable name "color" is different from Color,
COLOR, COLor etc.
 <?php
$color="red";
echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";
echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
 ?>
PHP CONSTANTS
 PHP constants are name or identifier that can't be
changed during the execution of the script except for
magic constants, which are not really constants.

 PHP constants can be defined by 2 ways:

 Using define() function
 Using const keyword

 Constants are similar to the variable except once they

defined, they can never be undefined or changed. They
remain constant across the entire program. PHP
constants follow the same PHP variable rules. For
example, it can be started with a letter or underscore
only.
PHP CONSTANT: DEFINE()
 Use the define() function to create a constant.
It defines constant at run time. Let's see the
syntax of define() function in PHP.

 define(name, value, case-insensitive)

 <?php
define("MESSAGE","Hello JavaTpoint PHP");
echo MESSAGE;
 ?>
PHP CONSTANT: CONST KEYWORD
 PHP introduced a keyword const to create a
constant. The const keyword defines constants at
compile time. It is a language construct, not a
function. The constant defined using const keyword
are case-sensitive.

<?php
const MESSAGE="Hello const by JavaTpoint PHP";
echo MESSAGE;
?>
Output:
Hello const by JavaTpoint PHP
CONSTANT() FUNCTION
 There is another way to print the value of
constants using constant() function instead of
using the echo statement.
 <?php

define("MSG", "JavaTpoint");
echo MSG, "</br>";
echo constant("MSG");
//both are similar
 ?>
CONSTANT VS VARIABLES
CONSTANT
Constant Variables Once the constant is
defined, it can never be redefined.
A constant can only be defined using
define() function. It cannot be defined by
any simple assignment.
There is no need to use the dollar ($) sign
before constant during the assignment.
Constants do not follow any variable
scoping rules, and they can be defined
and accessed anywhere.
Constants are the variables whose values
can't be changed throughout the program.
By default, constants are global.
VARIABLE
Variables Once defined, it can be
redefined.
A variable can be defined by simple
assignment (=) operator.
To declare a variable, always use the dollar
($) sign before the variable.
Variables can be declared anywhere in the
program, but they follow variable scoping
rules.
The value of the variable can be changed.
ariables can be local, global, or static.
 MAGIC CONSTANTS
 Magic constants are the predefined constants in PHP which get changed on the basis
of their use. They start with double underscore (__) and ends with double underscore.

 They are similar to other predefined constants but as they change their values with
the context, they are called magic constants.

 There are nine magic constants in PHP. In which eight magic constants start and end
with double underscores (__).

1. __LINE__
2. __FILE__
3. __DIR__
4. __FUNCTION__
5. __CLASS__
6. __TRAIT__
7. __METHOD__
8. __NAMESPACE__
9. ClassName::class
 All of the constants are resolved at compile-time instead of run time, unlike the regular
constant. Magic constants are case-insensitive.
 1. __LINE__
 It returns the current line number of the file, where this
constant is used.

 Example:
<?php
echo "<h3>Example for __LINE__</h3>";
// print Your current line number i.e;4
echo "You are at line number " . __LINE__ . "<br><br>";
?>

 Output:
 Example for __LINE__
 You are at line number 4
 2. __FILE__:
 This magic constant returns the full path of the executed
file, where the file is stored. If it is used inside the
include, the name of the included file is returned.

 Example:
<?php
echo "<h3>Example for __FILE__</h3>";
//print full path of file with .php extension
echo __FILE__ . "<br><br>";
?>

 Output:
 Example for __FILE__
 3. __DIR__:
 It returns the full directory path of the executed file. The path
returned by this magic constant is equivalent to
dirname(__FILE__). This magic constant does not have a
trailing slash unless it is a root directory.
 Example:
<?php
echo "<h3>Example for __DIR__</h3>";
//print full path of directory where script will be placed
echo __DIR__ . "<br><br>";
//below output will equivalent to above one.
echo dirname(__FILE__) . "<br><br>";
?>
 Output:
 Example for __DIR__
 D:\xampp\htdocs\program
 D:\xampp\htdocs\program
 4. __FUNCTION__:
 This magic constant returns the function name, where this constant is used. It will return blank if it is
used outside of any function.

 Example:
<?php
echo "<h3>Example for __FUNCTION__</h3>"; //Using magic constant inside function.
function test()
{
echo 'The function name is '. __FUNCTION__ . "<br><br>"; //print the function name i.e; test.
}
test();
//Magic constant used outside function gives the blank output.
function test_function()
{
echo 'Hie';
}
test_function();
//give the blank output.
echo __FUNCTION__ . "<br><br>";
?>
 Output:
 Example for __FUNCTION__
 The function name is test Hie
 5. __CLASS__:
 It returns the class name, where this magic
constant is used. __CLASS__ constant also
works in traits.
 We learn __TRAIT__,
__METHOD__,__NAMESPACE__, and
ClassName::class constants in OOP feature of
PHP.
OPERATOR:
 PHP Operator is a symbol i.e used to perform operations on
operands. In simple words, operators are used to perform
operations on variables or values. For example:
 PHP Operators can be categorized in following forms:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Assignment Operators
3. Bitwise Operators
4. Comparison Operators
5. Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
6. Logical Operators
7. String Operators
8. Array Operators
9. Type Operators
10. Execution Operators
11. Error Control Operators
1. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 The PHP arithmetic operators are used to
perform common arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, etc. with numeric values.
2. ASSIGNMENTS OPERATORS
3. BITWISE OPERATORS
4. COMPARISON OPERATORS
5. INCREMENTING/DECREMENTING OPERATORS
6. LOGICAL OPERATORS
7. STRING OPERATORS
8. ARRAY OPERATORS
9. TYPE OPERATORS

 Depends on class concept we see in OOP unit.

10. EXECUTION OPERATORS

 PHP has an execution operator backticks (``).

PHP executes the content of backticks as a
shell command. Execution operator and
shell_exec() give the same result.
11. ERROR CONTROL OPERATORS

 PHP has one error control operator, i.e., at (@)

symbol. Whenever it is used with an
expression, any error message will be ignored
that might be generated by that expression.
PHP OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
PHP OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
 PHP OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
 PHP's precedence rules are tough to
remember. Parentheses always have the
highest precedence, so wrapping an expression
in these will force PHP to evaluate it first, when
using multiple sets of parentheses.
 <?php
echo (((4*8)-2)/10);
echo (4*8-2/10);
?>
 Output with parentheses :3
without parentheses :31.8
OPERATORS…

 We can also categorize operators on behalf of

operands. They can be categorized in 3 forms:
 Unary Operators: works on single operands
such as ++, -- etc.
 Binary Operators: works on two operands such
as binary +, -, *, / etc.
 Ternary Operators: works on three operands
such as "?:".
DECISION MAKING STATEMENT
 PHP if else statement is used to test condition.
There are various ways to use if statement in
PHP.
 if

 if-else

 if-else-if

 nested if
 PHP If Statement

 PHP if statement
allows conditional
execution of code. It
is executed if
condition is true.
 If statement is used
to executes the block
of code exist inside
the if statement only
if the specified
condition is true.
 PHP If-else Statement
 PHP if-else statement is executed whether
condition is true or false.
 If-else statement is slightly different from if
statement. It executes one block of code if the
specified condition is true and another block of
code if the condition is false.
if(condition)
{ //code to be executed if true }
else
{ //code to be executed if false }
EXAMPLE:
<?php
$num=12;
if($num%2==0){
echo "$num is even number";
}else{
echo "$num is odd number";
}
?>
PHP IF-ELSE-IF STATEMENT
 The PHP if-else-if is a special statement used to combine
multiple if?.else statements. So, we can check multiple
conditions using this statement.
if (condition1)
{ //code to be executed if condition1 is true }
elseif (condition2)
{ //code to be executed if condition2 is true }
elseif (condition3)
{ //code to be executed if condition3 is true
....
}
else{
//code to be executed if all given conditions are false
}
PHP NESTED IF STATEMENT
if (condition)
{
//code to be executed if condition is true
if (condition)
{
//code to be executed if condition is true
}
}
PHP SWITCH STATEMENT:
 PHP switch statement is used to execute one statement from multiple conditions. It
works like PHP if-else-if statement.

switch(expression)
{
case value1:
//code to be executed
break;
case value2:
//code to be executed
break;
......
default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}
<?php
$num=20;
switch($num)
{
case 10:
echo("number is equals to 10");
break;
case 20:
echo("number is equal to 20");
break;
case 30:
echo("number is equal to 30");
break;
default:
echo("number is not equal to 10, 20 or 30");
}
?>
IMPORTANT POINTS FOR SWITCH:
 The default is an optional statement. Even it is not important, that default
must always be the last statement.

 There can be only one default in a switch statement. More than one default
may lead to a Fatal error.

 Each case can have a break statement, which is used to terminate the
sequence of statement.

 The break statement is optional to use in switch. If break is not used, all the
statements will execute after finding matched case value.

 PHP allows you to use number, character, string, as well as functions in

switch expression.

 Nesting of switch statements is allowed, but it makes the program more

complex and less readable.

 You can use semicolon (;) instead of colon (:). It will not generate any error.
PHP TERNARY OPERATOR
 The ternary operator is a shorthand for the
if...else statement. Instead of writing this:
$result = condition ? value1 : value2;

 First. PHP evaluates the condition. If it’s true,

the right-hand expression returns the value1;
otherwise, it returns the value2.

 Second, PHP assigns the result of the right-

hand expression to the $result variable.
PHP WHILE LOOP
Syntax
while(condition)
{
//code to be executed
}
 Example:
<?php
$n=1;
while($n<=10){
echo "$n<br/>";
$n++;
}
?>
DO WHILE LOOP
 PHP do-while loop can be used to traverse set of code like php while loop.
The PHP do-while loop is guaranteed to run at least once.
 Syntax:

do{
//code to be executed
}while(condition);
 Example:

<?php
$n=1;
do{
echo "$n<br/>";
$n++;
}while($n<=10);
?>
FOR LOOP
 PHP for loop can be used to traverse set of code for the
specified number of times.
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
{
//code to be executed
}
 Example
<?php
for($n=1;$n<=10;$n++)
{
echo "$n<br/>";
}
?>
PHP FOREACH LOOP
 The foreach loop is used to traverse the array
elements. It works only on array and object. It
will issue an error if you try to use it with the
variables of different datatype.
 Syntax

foreach ($array as $value)

{
//code to be executed
}
FOREACH EXAMPLE:
<?php
//declare array
$season = array ("Summer", "Winter", "Autumn", "R
ainy");

//access array elements using foreach loop

foreach ($season as $element) {
echo "$element";
echo "</br>";
}
?>
PHP BREAK:
 PHP break statement breaks the execution of the
current for, while, do-while, switch, and for-each
loop. If you use break inside inner loop, it breaks
the execution of inner loop only.
<?php
for($i=1;$i<=10;$i++){
echo "$i <br/>";
if($i==5){
break;
}
}
?>
PHP CONTINUE
 The PHP continue statement is used to
continue the loop. It continues the current flow
of the program and skips the remaining code at
the specified condition.
 The continue statement is used within looping
and switch control structure when you
immediately jump to the next iteration.
<?php
//outer loop
for ($i =1; $i<=3; $i++) {
//inner loop
for ($j=1; $j<=3; $j++) {
if (!($i == $j) ) {
continue; //skip when i and j does not have s
ame values
}
echo $i.$j;
echo "</br>";
}
}
?>