Use case Diagrams

A use case describes how a user uses a system to accomplish a particular goal.

• Use Case Diagrams are used to depict the functionality of a system.

• They are widely used to illustrate the functional requirements of the system and its interaction
with external agents (actors).
• A use case diagram gives us a high level view of the system.
• Use case model is a representation of sequence of transactions initiated by the user (actor) from
outside the system.
• The emphasis is on what a system does rather than how.

Components of Use Case Diagram:

Actor: Actors are usually individuals involved with the system defined according to their roles. The actor
can be a human or other external system.

Use Case: A use case describes how actors uses a system to accomplish a particular goal. Use cases are
typically initiated by a user to fulfill goals describing the activities and variants involved in attaining the
goal.

System boundary: The system boundary defines the system of interest in relation to the world around
it.

Relationship: The association among the actors and the use cases.
Communications are lines that link actors to use cases.

<<extends>>: It extends the base use case and adds more functionality to the system.

<<includes>>: Include relationship show that the behavior of the included use case is part of the
including (base) use case. The main reason for this is to reuse common actions across multiple
use cases.

How to Draw a Use Case Diagram?

A Use Case model can be developed by following the steps below.

1. Identify the Actors (role of users) of the system.

2. For each category of users, identify all roles played by the users relevant to the system.
3. Identify what are the users required the system to be performed to achieve these goals.
4. Create use cases for every goal.
5. Structure the use cases.
6. Prioritize, review, estimate and validate the users.

Use case diagrams are closely connected to scenarios. A scenario is an example of what happens when someone
interacts with the system. Here is a scenario for a medical clinic.

"A patient calls the clinic to make an appointment for a yearly checkup. The receptionist finds the nearest
empty time slot in the appointment book and schedules the appointment for that time slot. "
A use case diagram is a collection of actors, use cases, and their communications. We've put Make Appointment as
part of a diagram with four actors and four use cases. Notice that a single use case can have multiple actors.

Railway reservation use case diagram

Practice:

1. Draw a UML Use Case diagram for the detailed use case given below:
2. Enlist all the possible Actors and use cases from the given scenario, and Draw a use-case diagram
of the enlisted requirement specifications.

CASE STUDY:

Harriet's require a new point of sale and stock control system for their many stores throughout
the UK to replace their ageing mini based systems. A sales assistant will be able to process an
order by entering product numbers and required quantities into the system. The system will
display a description, price and available stock. In-stock products will normally be collected
immediately by the customer from the store but may be selected for delivery to the customer's
home address for which there will be a charge. If stock is not available, the sales assistant will be
able to create a backorder for the product from a regional warehouse. The products will then
either be delivered direct from the regional warehouse to the customer's home address or to the
store for collection by the customer. The system will allow products to be paid for by cash or credit
card. Credit card transactions will be validated via an online card transaction system. The system
will produce a receipt. Order details for in-stock products will be printed in the warehouse
including the bin reference, quantity, product number and description. These will be collected by
the sales assistant and given to the customer.

The sales assistant will be able to make refunds, provided a valid receipt is produced. The sales
assistant will also be able to check stock and pricing without creating an order and progress orders
that have been created for delivery. The store manager will be able at any time to print a summary
report of sales in the store for a given period, including assignment of sales to sales assistants in
order to calculate weekly sales bonuses. The stock manager will be able to monitor stock levels
and weekly run-rates in order to set minimum stock levels and requisition products which fall
below the minimum stock levels or for which demand is anticipated. When the stock arrives, it
will be booked in by the warehouse person. Stock that has been backordered for collection from
the store is held in a separate area and the store manager advised of its arrival. The catalogue of
 available products will be maintained remotely by marketing from head office. Marketing will also
be able to access sales information from each store system.

 Sketch a UML use case diagram for the below given functionality.

You are required to present an outline design of a system that will be used by doctors at a medical
practice to keep basic patient records. The system should record each consultation between a
doctor and patient, any illness diagnosed by the doctor, and any drugs prescribed to the patient.
At regular intervals, an auditor will use the system to check whether the same drug is being
prescribed repeatedly to a particular patient.