Shri Shivaji Education SocietyAmravati’s, Amravati

Dr. H. N. Sinha Arts & Commerce college, Patur Dist :- Akola

PROJECT REPORT
ON
Properties of Manganese Technetium {Tc} Crystal
A project report submitted partial fulfillment of award of the degree of
Bsc-III (Sem-VI) Physics
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati
Submitted by :-
Ku. Sharda Vinod Nakat
Under The Guidance of
Ass. Pro. Shivkumar Bais Sir
H.O.D of Physics
Principal Dr.K.S. Khandare

Department of physics
(2023-2024)
 Shri Shivaji Education Society AmravatiAmravati

Dr. H. N. Sinha Arts & Commerce College, PaturDist :- Akola

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ku. Sharda Vinod Nakat pursuing his B.Sc-III
(Sem-IV) Dept. of Physics, Dr. H. N. Sinha Arts & Commerce College,
Patur Dist :- Akola has successfully completed the project entitled
“Properties of Manganese Technetium {Tc} Crystal” within the
stipulated time guidance ofAsst. Prof. Shivkumar Bais.
As a part of academic year 2023-2024. He was actively involved in all
phases of development of this project.

Sign of Guide Signature

Date :- / / HOD
Place :- Patur Department of Physics
(Principal Dr. K.S.Khandare )
 DECLARATION

I declare that the project work presented on the topic entitled

“Properties of Manganese Technetium {Tc} Crystal” was carried out by me
under the guidance and supervision of Prof. Shivkumar Bias (Department of
Physics) of Dr. H. N. Sinha Arts & Commerce College, Patur Dist :- Akola in
academic year 2023-2024.
The work presented in this project is my own work and has yet not been
submitted earlier in any University of Institute for the award of Diplomaor
Degree.

Name of Student Signature of Student

Sharda Vinod Nakat

Date :
Place :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The architecture of success stand on strong foundation made up of

handwork, determination, presence of mind and all timely advice and guidance
form the learned and experienced people. It is our esteemed pleasure to present
the partical completion of our seminars on various topics.
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Shivkumar
Bais (Department of Physics) ouru seminar guides for his/her encouragement
advice and guidance throught the course of our seminar our Guide’s experience
and knowledge has been our motivation during this endeavor.
This cherished goal of this project could not have been achieved without
his profile of Excellency.
We would like to thank department of physics. Asst. Prof. Shivkumar
Bais under whom our project has been the light of success. He has been
constant source of inspiration to carry us smoothly throughout the seminars.
We are thankful to Principal Dr. K. S. Khandare Sir sour respected his
efficient management and good administration gave us the conductive
environment to the development of our seminars.
Last but not the least we would like to thanks to all the staff members
of the college who directly or indirectly helped us for the successful
completion of the seminars.
 INDEX

Sr.No. Title Page No.

1 Abstract 1

2 Introduction 2

3 3-5
Manganese Technetium
{Tc} Crystal
4 Advantage 6

5 Dis Advantage 7

9 Application 8

10 Conclusion 9
 Abstract :-

Manganese is a chemical element; it has symbol Mn and atomic number 25.

It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination
with iron. Manganese was first isolated in the 1770s. Manganese is
a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses,
particularly in stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and
resistance to wear.

Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in

glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a
fungicide.

Manganese is also an essential human dietary element, important in

macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems.
It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. It is found
mostly in the bones, but also the liver, kidneys, and brain. In the human brain,
the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins, most
notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes.

It is familiar in the laboratory in the form of the deep violet salt potassium
permanganate. It occurs at the active sites in some enzymes. Of particular
interest is the use of a Mn-O cluster, the oxygen-evolving complex, in the
production of oxygen by plants.

1
 Introduction :-

The origin of the name manganese is complex. In ancient times, two black
minerals were identified from the regions of the Magnetes (either Magnesia,
located within modern Greece, or Magnesia ad Sipylum, located within
modern Turkey). They were both called magnes from their place of origin,
but were considered to differ in sex. The male magnes attracted iron, and was
the iron ore now known as lodestone or magnetite, and which probably gave
us the term magnet.

The female magnes ore did not attract iron, but was used to decolorize glass.
This female magnes was later called magnesia, known now in modern times
as pyrolusite or manganese dioxide. Neither this mineral nor elemental
manganese is magnetic. In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was
called manganesum (note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly
as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since alchemists and
glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a magnesia nigra (the black ore)
from magnesia alba (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in
glassmaking).

Michele Mercati called magnesia nigra manganesa, and finally the metal
isolated from it became known as manganese (German: Mangan). The
name magnesia eventually was then used to refer only to the white magnesia
alba (magnesium oxide), which provided the name magnesium for the free
element when it was isolated much later.

2
 Manganese Technetium {Tc} Crystal:-

Manganese technetium oxide crystals have been studied for their potential
use in various technological applications. These crystals are part of the
broader field of oxide materials, which are known for their diverse properties,
including electrical conductivity, magnetism, and catalytic activity.

In particular, manganese technetium oxide crystals have been investigated for

their potential application in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). SOFCs are a type
of fuel cell that convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy
through the oxidation of a fuel (such as hydrogen or natural gas) on the anode
and the reduction of oxygen at the cathode.

Manganese technetium oxide crystals are attractive for SOFCs due to their
high oxygen ion conductivity, which is crucial for the efficient operation of
these devices.

3
Additionally, these crystals can exhibit mixed ionic-electronic conductivity,
allowing them to serve as both anode and cathode materials in SOFCs.

Manganese technetium (Tc) crystals are a type of scintillation crystal used in

certain types of radiation detectors, particularly in medical imaging devices
like Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) scanners.
These crystals are typically made from a mixture of manganese and
technetium compounds, which have scintillation properties, meaning they
emit light when exposed to ionizing radiation.

The emitted light is then detected and converted into an electrical signal,
which can be used to create an image of the radiation source. Manganese
technetium crystals are valued for their high sensitivity to gamma radiation
and relatively low cost compared to other scintillation materials

It has a body-centered cubic lattice and is unusual among elemental metals in

having a very complex unit cell, with 58 atoms per cell (29 atoms per
primitive unit cell) in four different types of site.

4
It is paramagnetic at room temperature and antiferromagnetic at temperatures
below 95 K (−178 °C).

Manganese is a chemical element; it has symbol Mn and atomic number 25.

It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with
iron. Manganese was first isolated in the 1770s. Manganese is a transition
metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in
stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear.
Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in
glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a
fungicide.

5
Advantages:-

 Manganese is an alloy that is composed of manganese, carbon, and

iron. This alloy is known for its increased strength and toughness,
making it an ideal material for various applications.

 The enhanced strength of manganese also leads to increased

durability. This means that manganese products are less likely to break
or wear down over time. Also, manganese steel is resistant to both
abrasion and impact, making it ideal for high-wear applications.

 Another benefit of manganese is its improved corrosion resistance.

This alloy is able to resist corrosion from a variety of different agents,
including acids, alkalis, and salt water. Additionally, manganese does
not require any special coatings or treatments to maintain its corrosion
resistance.

 Manganese is also low maintenance, as it does not require regular

cleaning or painting like other materials. Additionally, this alloy is not
susceptible to rust or other forms of corrosion, meaning that it will not
need to be replaced as often as other materials.

 Finally, manganese steel is cost-effective and less expensive than other

materials with similar properties. This makes it an ideal choice for
various applications where cost is a major consideration.

6
Dis Advantages :-

 Manganese is likely unsafe when used in moderate amounts, long-

term. Excess manganese in the body can cause serious side effects,
including poor bone health and symptoms similar to Parkinson
disease, such as tremors.

 Manganese is likely safe for adults 19 years and older when consumed
in amounts up to 11 mg daily. But taking more than 11 mg daily by
mouth is possibly unsafe. Taking high doses, long-term can lead to
Parkinson disease-like symptoms.

 Manganese deficiency. Taking manganese by mouth or by IV can treat

or prevent low manganese levels in the body. IV products can only be
given by a healthcare provider.

7
Application :-

 Manganese is found in numerous industries including manufacturing,

construction, machinery, transportation, textiles, medicine and
agriculture. As of today, 85% to 90% of total domestic manganese
demand is in the steelmaking industry.

 Another product that is in high demand for manganese is battery

manufacturing. Along with cobalt and lithium, manganese is used to
create the cathode in lithium ion batteries that are used in a variety of
electronics including laptops, phones and electric vehicles.

 Due to the increasing uses in the electronics’ industry, manganese will

still be sought after as mining, importing and exporting processes will
continue at a high demand into the foreseeable future.

 Here at Belmont Metals, we provide 99.9% electrolytic manganese and

manganese powder for manufacturers of all sizes. Contact our
technicians today for more information about this product and how it can
be used in your applications.

 Some common applications for manganese are creating structural

alloys, being used as an oxidizing agent, used in welding, and placed
into glazes and varnishes.

8
 Conclusion :-

Manganese is an essential nutrient for bacteria because it serves as a cofactor

for numerous cellular processes. When a pathogen enters a vertebrate host, it
faces a hostile environment with minimal bioavailable manganese. The host
establishes this environment by sequestering manganese at the focus of the
infection. In the extracellular environment, calprotectin, a protein produced
by neutrophils, tightly binds manganese. Inside of the phagosomes of
macrophages, NRAMP1 transports manganese out into the cytosol, starving
bacteria within the vacuole and contributing to intracellular killing. To
combat these strategies, pathogenic bacteria express high-affinity manganese
importers that are important for the virulence of numerous bacteria. The host–
pathogen interface is a battle for nutrient manganese, and this battle shapes
the pathogenesis of infection.