JOURNAL OF DEGRADED AND MINING LANDS MANAGEMENT

Volume 11, Number 2 (January 2024):5533-5538, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2024.112.5533

ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id

Research Article

A new approach to determining the slip surface in tuff to determine the

volume of landslide material: A case study on the West Sinjai road section,
Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Busthan Busthan1*, Hendra Pachri1, Ilham Alimuddin1, Syamsul Bahri2,
Syarifullah Bundang3
1 Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Malino Km.6, Romang
Lompoa, Gowa 92171, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
2 PT. Berau Coal, Jl. Pemuda, No. 40, Tanjungredeb, Berau 77311, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
3 Department of Mining Engineering, Khairun University, Jl. Pertamina, Ternate 97711, North Maluku, Indonesia

*
corresponding author: bazikin@yahoo.com

Abstract
Article history: Analysis of landslide slip surface based on the engineering properties of tuff
Received 4 October 2023 rocks, including shear strength, water content, and infiltration rate on the
Revised 29 November 2023 West Sinjai road section, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study aimed to
Accepted 20 December 2023 analyze the effect of shear strength, water content infiltration rate, and
weathering grade of tufa rocks in the study area. The methods used in this
study area included a study of weathered tuff profile characteristics,
Keywords: weathered tuff infiltration testing and residual soil (RS) determination of
landslide material weathered tuff water content and residual soil, and testing of shear strength
slip surface of weathered tuff and residual soil. This research used aspects of engineering
tuff geology, including shear strength, water content, and infiltration rate, as well
weathering grade as rock weathering grade to determine the slip surface in tuff to determine
the volume of landslide material. The results showed that the tuff profile
consisted of four grades, namely moderately weathered tuff (MW), highly
weathered tuff (HW), completely weathered tuff (CW), and soil residual
(RS). The rate of tuff infiltration increases with increasing weathering grade.
The water content is more significant with the high degree of weathering of
tuff. At the same time, the shear strength decreases with high weathering.
Therefore, the research area is prone to landslide events. The slip surface is
in a layer of moderately weathered tuff rock (MW), and those that experience
landslides are highly weathered tuff rock (HW), completely weathered
(CW), and residual soil (RS).

To cite this article: Busthan, B., Pachri, H., Alimuddin, I., Bahri, S. and Bundang, S. 2024. The slip surface in tuff to determine
the volume of landslide material: A case study on the West Sinjai road section Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 11(2):5533-5538, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2024.112.5533.

Introduction things that must be paid attention to is the extent of the

The condition of the earth that we live on is dynamic,
experiencing endogenous and exogenous forces, so
geological disasters occur on the surface of the earth,
for example, earthquakes, landslides, volcanoes, and
others. Landslides generally occur in sloping or hilly
to mountainous areas and, as a result, can cause loss of
life and damage to infrastructure. One of the important
impact due to landslides, and the extent of the impact
depends on the landslide material and landslide
material depends on the thickness of the soil and
weathered rock that experienced the landslide. Thus, it
is very important to know the thickness of the material.
The thickness of the landslide material is the distance
from the earth's surface to the slip surface. The depth
of the slip plane has been widely studied by experts,

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generally using geoelectric methods such as those
carried out by Yatini et al. (2018) and Suardi et al.,
(2019). Another researcher, Xie et al. (2020), used a
method based on the slope of the earth's surface; VES
and HVRS methods by Pandavenes et al. (2023).
Landslide disasters, or soil movements, often occur in
the Sinjai Regency area of South Sulawesi. This is
because more than 40% of Sinjai Regency is an area
that is prone to landslides or soil movement, so in the
rainy season, there are often geological disasters and
landslides. The area that most often experiences
landslides is the West Sinjai road section towards
South Sinjai (Tondong). There was a buildup of
landslide material and damage to road bodies due to
landslides that disrupted the flow of public
transportation and the community's economy (Busthan
et al., 2015). One of the factors causing very influential
landslides is the presence of slip surfaces or shear
surfaces. In general, slopes that experience avalanches
will move over the slip surface. One method that can
be used to investigate slip surfaces is the method.
Reconstructing the slide plane of a landslide can be
predictive based on slope (Xie et al., 2020). The other
methods are methods that can be taken based on VES.
and HVSR (Pandavenes et al., 2023)
This study used other methods that can be used
to determine the slip surface of landslides, namely by
analyzing shear strength, water content, and
infiltration rate of weathered tuff rocks in the Manipi-
Tondong road space, Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia. This method is called new reinforcement
because there has been no research that uses this
method, and this method is not damaging to the
environment. The cost is relatively cheap, and the
operation is easy and fast, so this method is very
efficient. According to Zhao et al. (2019a), Zhao et al.
(2019b), Wang et al. (2021), Zhao et al. (2021), and
Zhao et al. (2023), high rainfall powerfully triggers
landslides, earthquakes, and rain. According to Chen
et al. (2023), climate change will increase the risk of
landslides in the tropics. In addition, the trigger of
landslides is vibration, human activities on slopes such
as digging and cutting slopes, blasting, excessive
loading, or the process of water entry into the hill
through leaks in channels or ponds due to the
infiltration of surface water into the ground which
causes an increase in pore water pressure (Fiolleau et
al., 2023). The boundary of a moving rock body
(landslide) with a stationary rock body is called a slip
surface.
Tuff is a volcanic rock with constituent grains
smaller than 2 mm, and according to Stanley (2017),
tuff is divided into two, namely coarse tuff and fine
tuff. Visible tuff grain size is between 2-1/16 mm, and
fine tuff is less than 1/16 mm and is divided into
crystalline tuff, fragment tuff, and glass tuff (Sam
Boggs, 2008). Crystalline tuff is tuff whose mineral
composition is predominantly crystal or mineral.
Fragment tuff is tuff with a dominant granular
composition composed of rock fragments, and glass
Open Access
tuff is tuff with a pleasing composition. Landslides
occur when there is an equilibrium disturbance or a
disturbance in the stability of the slope. The balance or
strength on the pitch depends on the relationship of the
moment of force that makes the slope landslide
(driving forces) that will make the land or rock soil
slide or move down and the moment of resisting troops
that will make the soil or rock remain balanced or
stable (Miao, 2021). The details that drive the slope
landslide are the weight of the soil or rock material, the
load on the slope, the pressure of water in the earth's
pores, and the presence of vibration. The forces that
hold the hill so it does not slide are shear strength,
namely the value of cohesion (C) and external friction
angle (Ø). The amount of cohesion depends on the
force between atoms or the constituents of soil or rock
particles and the strength of cementation between rock
particles.
The deep shear angle is a value that expresses the
power of friction between the constituent particles of
rock or soil. So, this research was conducted to be a
consideration in landslide mitigation. This research
used aspects of engineering geology, including shear
strength, water content, and infiltration rate as well as
rock weathering grades.
Material and Methods
The research was conducted in Sinjai District, West
Sinjai District. Field observations were conducted to
determine the degree of tuff weathering at five location
points with three test repeats, then averaged and made
two test healthy holes based on geological conditions.
The instruments used in the study were moisture
content measuring devices, double ring infiltration rate
measurement (iron pipe), vane shear test, regional
geological maps scale 1:250,000, topographic maps
scale 1:25,000, GPS, geological compass, and
geological hammer. Vane shear testing based on
ASTM D2573-08 (2007), infiltration speed testing
using double ring infiltrometer based on ASTM
D3385-09 (2009), and water content using PMS-714
type brand tool to determine the level of rock
weathering based on Wyllie and Mah (2004). The map
of the research location can be seen in Figure 1. The
data obtained are analyzed descriptively in the form of
tables and graphs.
Geological conditions of the research area
West Sinjai Road is one of the roads in South Sulawesi
built through the northeast slope of Mount
Lompobattang. In some places, the road section is
made to cut slopes, namely tufa rocks included in the
Lompobattang Volcanic. Thus, some locations have
steep slopes, both upslopes (upslope) and lower slopes
(downslope). Based on the results of slope
measurements, generally, steep slopes with pitchs
varying between 35 degrees to 85 degrees. One of the
causes of landslides due to geomorphological factors
is the slope aspect (Sun et al., 2023; Wei et al., 2023).
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The type of volcanic rock is distinguished based on the
size of the fragment/grain and the shape of the
fragment/grain constituent of the volcanic rock. The
tuff in the research area is generally coarse grain, and
Figure 1. Research location map (Sukamto and Supriatna, 1982).
Result and Discussion
Tuff weathering grade
The results of field investigations on tuff
characteristics showed that the tuff profile consists of
four grades, namely moderately weathered tuff (MW),
highly weathered tuff (HW), completely weathered
tuff (CW), and residual soil (RS). The characteristic of
moderately weathered tuff is that part of the rock body
has changed, and there has been a slight disintegration
into the ground; it can already be cut with a "cutter"
knife or can be cut with a fingernail, and the color of
the tuff is reddish-gray, the texture of the rock is still
evident, the thickness varies between 60-85 cm;
characteristic of highly weathered tuff is a
discoloration of the already grayish-red tuff and
cracks,
Generally, tuff can be cut through nails or
fingers; the texture of rocks is difficult to recognize,
guess 75-105 cm. The characteristics of completely
weathered tuff are that almost all rock bodies have
turned red to brownish-red in color, rock texture is
tough to recognize, rocks are quickly taken by hand,
the thickness varies 105-135 cm, and the residual soil
characteristics of tuff are tuffs have changed
everything into the soil, reddish-brown to brown,
texture and structure are no longer visible but have not
Open Access
when it is weathered, the grain size is the size of a grain
of sand (1/16-2 mm). According to Chen et al. (2023),
sand sediments are more susceptible to landslides than
other rocks.
undergone the transportation process. Its thickness is
150-210 cm. One of the causes of high weathering is
due to the dominant rock composition: volcanic glass,
labradorite, and hornblende plagioclase types, in
addition to containing quartz and opaque minerals
(Busthan et al. 2015). Such a composition perfectly
favors the rapid occurrence of weathering. According
to Hiradate and Wada (2005) and Zhang et al. (2020),
rocks that contain a lot of volcanic glass are very easily
weathered, and according to Okewale and Groble
(2021) said that stones that contain a lot of volcanic
glass will easily undergo weathering. Another thing is,
in some places or outcrops, the cementation conditions
of tuff have not been compact because the tuff includes
Pleistocene Lompobattang Volcanic (Sukamto and
Supriatna, 1982). When tuff undergoes high
weathering to complete weathering, its composition
changes with the dominant piece of smectite and
halloisite (Busthan et al., 2015). Smectite clay is a type
that quickly expands when the water content is high
and very shrinkage when the water content is low (Liu
et al., 2021) after measuring the depth of the layer of
weathered rock high to the ground surface, which is
150 cm to 210 cm. The length and width of the spread
of weathered rocks prone to landslides are about 50 m
wide and about 76 m long; the volume of landslide
material is estimated at 5,700-7,600 cubic meters.
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Shear strength, water content, and infiltration rates shear strength becomes high. The value of water
on tuff and residual soil content changes based on the degree of weathering of
rocks. The higher the weathering rate, the higher the
The following is an explanation of data from five
water content value. The highest water content value
selected observation locations. The results of
is at location 5, with a value of 20% at the highly
measuring shear strength, water content, and
weathered level and a value of 32% at the completely
infiltration rate of weathered rock are presented in
weathered level. When after becoming soil, the value
Tables 1, 2, and 3. The value of shear strength changes
of water content becomes low. Similar to the previous
based on the degree of weathering of the rock. The
two aspects, the infiltration rate value changes based
higher the weathering rate, the lower the shear strength
on the level of weathering of rocks. The higher the
value. The shear strength value at a moderately
weathering rate, the higher the infiltration rate. The
weathered level at each location is more than 4 kg/cm2.
lowest infiltration rate value is at location 3, with a
Meanwhile, at the completely weathered level, the
value of 0.11 cm/min at the moderately weathered
lowest value is at location 1 with a value of 0.62
level and a value of 0.512 cm/min at the completely
kg/cm2, and the highest is at location 2 with a value of
weathered level. When after becoming soil, the
1.92 kg/cm2. When after becoming soil, the value of
infiltration rate value becomes low.

Table 1. Shear strength of weathered rock and residual soil in five research locations.
No Weathering Grade Shear strength (kg/cm2)
Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5
1 Moderately Weathered (MW) >4 >4 >4 >4 >4
2 Highly Weathered (HW) 0.79 2.24 2.1 1.09 2.11
3 Completely Weathered (CW) 0.62 1.92 0.75 1.34 0.69
4. Residual soil (RS) 2.8 2.90 2.77 1.66 2.76

Table 2. Water content of weathered rock and residual soil in five research locations.
No Weathering Grade Water Content (%)
Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5
1 Moderately Weathered (MW) - - - - -
2 Highly Weathered (HW) 13 17 19 15 20
3 Completely Weathered (CW) 29 22 29 31 32
4. Residual soil (RS) 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.70 1

Table 3. Infiltration rate of weathered rock and residual soil in five research locations.
No Weathering Grade Infiltration Rate (cm/min)
Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5
1 Moderately Weathered (MW) 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.131 0.12
2 Highly Weathered (HW) 0.334 0.168 0.389 0.371 0.412
3 Completely Weathered (CW) 0.431 0.346 0.512 0.474 0.473
4 Residual soil (RS) 0.159 0.154 0.172 0.169 0.174

Landslide slip surface weathering; namely, the value of highly weathered tuff
water content ranges from 13 to 20%, and the water
Tuff that makes up the slopes of the West Sinjai road
content of completely weathered tuff ranges from 22
section is a rock that is easily weathered; this is due to
to 32%. This symptom is in line with the results of
the mineral composition of tuff dominated by volcanic
experiments by Santi (2006), Arikan and Aydin
glass, which is 35-45% which is easily survived
(2011), and Mohamad et al. (2011) that the higher the
(Busthan et al. 2015). This finding is in line with the
level of weathering of rocks, the higher the water
results of research by Hiradate and Wada (2005).
content. In addition, the research results of Arikan and
Zhang et al. (2020) concluded that basalt rocks that
Aydin (2012) conducted on dacite igneous rocks
contain a lot of volcanic glass will easily weather.
showed that the value of density, tensile strength, and
Another reason is that this rock belongs to the group of
unconfined compressive strength (UCS) decreases
Pleistocene Lompobattang Volcanic, which in some
with high weathering and porosity increases with high
places has not been so compact, as stated by Sukamto
weathering. Furthermore, the infiltration rate of tuff is
and Supriatna (1982). Based on weathered tuff
higher with the high degree of weathering; namely, the
engineering data, the content or water content in tuff is
infiltration rate of moderately weathered tuff is
getting higher in line with the higher degree of

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0.11 cm/second to 0.131 cm/second, highly weathered
tuff is 0.168 cm/second to 0.412 cm/second, and
completely weathered tuff is 0.346 cm/second to 0.512
cm/second. This phenomenon is in line with the results
of research by Ali et al. (2005), who found that the
infiltration rate will be higher if the weathering grade
is higher because the rock is destroyed. Consequently,
its permeability and porosity become large.
Conversely, the shear strength of tuff is getting lower
in line with the high degree of weathering; namely,
moderately weathered tuff has a shear strength above
4 kg/cm2, highly weathered tuff (HW) 2.24 kg/cm2 to
0.79 kg/cm2, completely weathered tuff (CW) is 1.34
kg/cm2 to 1.92 kg/cm2. Baldermann et al. (2021) noted
that weathering in rocks causes a decrease in shear
strength and can trigger landslides. Thus, if the stone
has weathered high (HW) to survive (CW), the slope
will be vulnerable to landslides. So, the landslide field
on tuff stones on the West Sinjai road section is
moderately weathered tuff (MW) because the shear
strength is quite muscular in this layer. The infiltration
rate is meager, and the water content is small because
this layer is impermeable. When it rains, a volume of
water accumulates at the top of this layer, which causes
it to act as a landslide slip surface on rugged rock. The
landslide material is a layer of weathered tuff on it,
namely highly weathered tuff (HW), completely
weathered tuff (CW), and residual soil (RS). Highly
weathered tuff (HW) and completely weathered tuff
(CW) are loose, so the porosity is high. When rain
occurs, these two layers quickly become saturated so
that the slope gets heavier, the hill is more unstable
(critical), and a landslide occurs.
Conclusion
The infiltration rate and moisture content of tuff are
higher with high weathering. On the other hand, the
shear strength is lower with high weathering because
weathered tuff undergoes the disintegration of rock
constituent materials, resulting in weak planes and
landslides being vulnerable. The cause of the
vulnerability of landslides on the tuff slopes of the
West Sinjai road section is that the slopes are very
steep (35-85 degrees) and the high weathering of
rocks. The consequences of high weathering are the
high water content, infiltration rate, and the lower
shear strength of rocks. Another thing is the presence
of smectite minerals that quickly expand when they
contain water and shrink if they do not prevent water.
This property of wrinkles causes the material that
makes up weathered tuff to disintegrate soon. The
geological and engineering characteristics of this stuff
that cause the occurrence of the zone/layer of the slip
surface and the slip surface is moderately weathered
tuff (MW), and landslide material is highly weathered
tuff (HW), completely weathered (CW) and residual
soil (RS). The volume of landslide material is
estimated at 5,700-7,600 cubic meters.
Open Access
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the
Dean of Faculty Engineering, Hasanuddin University, and
the Head of Geological Engineering Department,
Hasanuddin University, for permission to conduct this
research.
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