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Optimal reconfiguration of radial distribution system having photovoltaic

distributed generation with controlled voltage

Conference Paper · March 2015

DOI: 10.1109/ICCPCT.2015.7159518

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 Optimal Reconfiguration of Radial Distribution
System Having Photovoltaic Distributed
Generation with Controlled Voltage
Prasanna. K.M.L James Ranjith Kumar. R, Amit Jain Somlal. J, Assoc. Professor
Department of Electrical and Smart Power & Energy System, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Power Systems Division, Electronics Engineering,
K L University, Central Power Research Institute, K L University,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra India. Vaddeswaram, Andhra
Pradesh, India. jamesrk@cpri.in, Pradesh, India.
kmlprasanna2013@gmail.com. amitjain@cpri.in. jarupulasomu@gmail.com.

Abstract— Network reconfiguration is the process of
changing the status of sectionalizing switches and tie
switches present in the network. In this paper optimal
reconfiguration has been done for the radial
distribution system having photovoltaic distributed
generation with controlled voltage, by using minimum
voltage difference based reduction, which is a load flow
based reduction technique and the penetration of these
photovoltaic distributed generations into the
distribution system necessitates an appropriate load
flow technique to analyze the distribution system
voltage profile and power losses. So to perform optimal
reconfiguration for the radial distribution system
having photovoltaic distributed generation with
controlled voltage, improved backward forward sweep
method, considering line flows and quadratic equation
based solution is employed in this paper and these
photovoltaic distributed generations are modeled as PV
nodes. This method is tested on a 33 bus radial system
and results have been presented.
Keywords— distributed generation, distribution
systems, load flow, network reconfiguration, photovoltaic,
radial network, weakly meshed network.
I. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic
distributed generators have been connected to
distribution system due to massive demand for
energy with limited reserve of fossil fuels. The role
of the photovoltaic distributed generation in electrical
power generation is increasing day by day. In the PV
based generation, sunlight is directly converted into
electricity using PV cells known as photovoltaic
effect. These PV cells are connected either in series
or in parallel to form PV panel, which are mounted
on PV array and these PV arrays are connected to
distribution system through inverters. Because of the
Penetration of these PV based generations the
performance of distribution system is much affected
[1]. Most of the PV based generations can be
modeled as PQ and PV models [2]; where in PQ
model power factor is controlled and in PV model
voltage is controlled by injecting or consuming
reactive power based on requirement. Initially the PV
based generations are modeled as PQ model to
maintain power factor nearly unity, later with the
advancement of power electronic devices such as
voltage controlled inverters most of the PV based
generations are operated as voltage controlled
distributed generators and an appropriate load flow
technique is needed to analyze the impact of these PV
based generations incorporated in the distribution
system either as PQ or PV model.
Distribution systems are usually designed as
mesh networks but operate as radial networks for
protective issues [3-4] and consists of two types of
switches known as sectionalize switches (normally
closed) and tie switches (normally open). Distribution
system has two major concerns, one is power loss
reduction and other is voltage profile improvement.
This active power loss in the distribution system is
minimized by using several methods such as
decreasing the length of the distribution network,
increasing the conductor size, installing capacitors
and transformer tap adjusting, apart from these
methods network reconfiguration is one effective
approach for minimizing power loss in the
distribution system [5] and improving the distribution
system voltage profile.
Network reconfiguration is performed by opening
normally closed sectionalizing switches and by
closing the same number of normally opened tie
switches [6], is a part of “Distribution Management”
[7]. Network reconfiguration has several advantages
such as real power loss in the network is reduced,
system load balancing, voltage profile improvement,
reliability and service restoration [8-9]. Several
methods have been proposed for the network
reconfiguration, in [10] the network reconfiguration
problem is solved by using the branch and bound |𝐼𝑖 | ≤ 𝐼𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 , i=1, 2….., (𝑁𝑏𝑟 + 𝑁𝑡𝑠 )
heuristic method and new radial configuration is
obtained by closing all network switches and by (𝑁 +𝑁𝑡𝑠 )
∑𝑖=1𝑏𝑟 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑁𝑏 − 1
opening one by one. Network reconfiguration is
done for achieving power loss reduction and load ∑ 𝑃𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑃𝑙 + ∑ 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
balancing in [11] by using inter programming
method. To minimize active power loss through ∑ 𝑄𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑄𝑙 + ∑ 𝑄𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
network reconfiguration the branch exchange
heuristic method has been proposed in [12]. Network
Where, 𝑃𝐿 is total power loss in the network, 𝑁𝑏𝑟
reconfiguration is done by using an algorithm for
is number of branches, 𝑁𝑡𝑠 is number of tie switches,
obtaining switching patterns as a function of time has
𝑁𝑏 is number of buses, 𝐼𝑖 & 𝐼𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 are current flowing
been presented in [13]. Several methods based on
genetic algorithm, ant colony search method, particle through 𝑖 𝑡ℎ branch & maximum allowable current in
swarm optimization, simulated annealing [14] and 𝑖 𝑡ℎ branch, 𝑅𝑖 is resistance of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ branch, 𝑉𝑖 is
tabu search have been proposed to get minimum voltage at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus, 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 & 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 are minimum &
power loss by reconfiguring the network. In [15] maximum values of voltage at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus, 𝑥𝑖 is 0 or 1, to
multi objective distribution network reconfiguration represent the status of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ branch/tie switch, 𝑃𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛 is
has been done by using an AIS-ACO hybrid active power generation at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus, 𝑄𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛 is reactive
approach, which is based on ant colony optimization. power generation at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus, 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 is active power
A new improved adaptive imperialist competitive
load at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus, 𝑄𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 is reactive power load at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ
algorithm [16], adapted ant colony optimization [17],
non-dominated sorting particle swarm optimization bus, 𝑃𝑙 is total active power loss and 𝑄𝑙 is total
(NSPSO) [18] and a tabu search approach based on reactive power loss.
GIS [19] also have been proposed for the network
B. Load Flow Technique for Radial Distribution
reconfiguration.
System:
In this paper optimal reconfiguration has been Load flow analysis for the radial distribution
done for the radial distribution system having system has been done by using improved backward
photovoltaic distributed generations with controlled forward sweep method [21], where the power flows
voltage based on minimum voltage difference based in lines are obtained in backward sweep and the bus
reduction [20] and this minimum voltage difference voltages are obtained in forward sweep using line
based reduction is a load flow based reconfiguration flows, line losses and sending end voltages. The bus
technique. Here load flow is carried out by using voltage are obtained in forward sweep [21] by using,
improved backward forward sweep method,
2 − 4𝐴 𝐶
−𝐵𝑝𝑞 + √𝐵𝑝𝑞
considering line flows and quadratic equation based 𝑝𝑞 𝑝𝑞
solution is employed [21], PV buses and loops are 𝑣𝑏 = (2)
2𝐴𝑝𝑞
handled by creating generator break points and loop Where
break points and by updating the power mismatches
using sensitivity matrix and voltage mismatches at 𝑣𝑎∗
𝐴𝑝𝑞 = (3)
break points [22]. 𝑣𝑎

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

𝑧𝑎𝑏 𝑆𝑏∗ 𝑧𝑎𝑏
∗
𝑆𝑏
A. Problem Formulation : 𝐵𝑝𝑞 = − − 𝑣𝑎 (4)
𝑣𝑎 𝑣𝑎
Network reconfiguration is done by opening and
closing the same number of tie and sectionalizing ∗
switches respectively and is done to minimize active 𝐶𝑝𝑞 = 𝑧𝑎𝑏 𝑆𝑏 (5)
power losses, voltage profile improvement. The Where,
objective function for loss minimization through
network reconfiguration is expressed as [20], 𝑣𝑎 = Sending end voltage of line,

(𝑁𝑏𝑟 +𝑁𝑡𝑠 ) 𝑣𝑏 = Receiving end voltage of line,

𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑃𝐿 = ∑ (𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝐼𝑖2 ∗ 𝑅𝑖 ) (1)
𝑖=1
𝑍𝑎𝑏 = Impedance of line,
Subject to:
𝑆𝑏 = Power at receiving end, is the sum of power
𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑖 ≤ 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 , i= 1, 2..., 𝑁𝑏 losses in all lines supplied through this line & sum of
loads supplied through this line.
This load flow technique can be applied to the
radial distribution system having photovoltaic
distributed generation, incorporated as PQ model by
treating these photovoltaic distributed generations as
negative loads and for the radial distribution system
having photovoltaic distributed generation,
incorporated as PV nodes load flow has been done by
using the same load flow technique and by creating
generator break points, which is given below.
C. Load Flow Technique for Radial Distribution
System Having Photovoltaic Distributed Generation
modeled as PV node :
Load flow study for radial distribution system
having photovoltaic distributed generation,
incorporated as PV node, can be handled by creating
generator break points and to compensate this
breaking the specified and obtained voltages of the
PV node should be same [22]. In this load flow
technique first break point voltage mismatches are
found by using improved forward backward sweep
method [21] instead of backward forward sweep
method used in [22], because in backward forward
sweep method, the receiving end voltage is obtained
from the sending end voltage, sending end active and
reactive powers, where the sending end active and
reactive powers inturn depends on receiving end
voltage, this uncertainity in voltage calculation is
reduced by using improved backward forward sweep
method [21], where the receiving end voltage
depends on line flows, line losses and sending end
voltage. Using these break point voltage mismatches
and sensitivity matrix, only reactive power injection
mismatches at PV nodes are obtained in the second
stage, because for PV node P & V are fixed and the
reactive power injection is unknown. These two
stages are repeated until the break point voltage
mismatches reaches the convergence value and these
break point voltage mismatches ( ∆𝑉𝑃𝑉 = 𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑙 −
𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑓 ) are the difference between specified voltages
magnitudes ( 𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑓 ) and voltages magnitudes
obtained from load flow study (𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑙 ).
Formation of sensitivity matrix for PV buses (𝑆𝑃𝑉 ):
1. Diagonal elements, i.e., i=j, 𝑆𝑃𝑉 𝑖𝑗 are obtained
by adding all the line impedances present between
the slack bus and that bus.
2. Off diagonal elements, i.e., i ≠ j, 𝑆𝑃𝑉 𝑖𝑗 are
obtained by adding all the line impedances common
to lines present between the slack bus and those two
buses. Order of 𝑆𝑃𝑉 is 𝑛𝑝𝑣 𝑋 𝑛𝑝𝑣, where 𝑛𝑝𝑣 is total
number of photovoltaic distributed generators.
By using this sensitivity matrix and the break
point voltage mismatches, the power injection
mismatches (∆𝑄𝑃𝑉 ) are obtained [22] and the formula
used to obtain the power injection mismatches is
expressed as,
[𝑋𝑃𝑉 ][∆𝑄𝑃𝑉 ] = [∆𝑉𝑃𝑉 ] (6)
Here 𝑋𝑃𝑉 is the imaginary part of 𝑆𝑃𝑉 .
D. Load Flow Technique for Weakly Meshed System:
Load flow technique used for radial distribution
system can be extended to weakly meshed system by
converting it to radial system. This weakly meshed to
radial system conversion is done by breaking all
loops in the network, by creating loop break points
and the voltage at both sides of the break point must
be equal in order to get proper power injections at
both sides of break point, to compensate loop
breaking. This load flow technique for weakly
meshed system has two stages; where in the first
stage, voltage mismatches at both sides of the break
point are obtained by using the load flow technique
for radial distribution system and in the second stage
break point power injection mismatches are obtained
by using sensitivity matrix and break point voltage
mismatches obtained in the first stage and the above
two stages are repeated until the voltage mismatch at
break point becomes zero.
Formation of sensitivity matrix for loops ( 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 =
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 +𝑗 𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ):
1. Diagonal elements, i.e., i=j, 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑗 are
obtained by adding all line impedances of loop i.
2. Off diagonal elements, i.e., i ≠ j, 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑗 are
obtained by adding impedances of all common lines
for loops i and j and its sign depends on the direction
of the loops and order of 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 is 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑋 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ,
where 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 is number of loops in the system.
Break point voltage mismatches are the
difference between the voltages of two sides of loop
break point (∆𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 + 𝑗∆𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ), here also improved
backward forward sweep method is used to calculate
the nodal voltages for voltage mismatch calculation
instead of backward forward sweep method used in
[22] because in [22] they have taken voltage
magnitude (∆𝑉) and angle mismatches (∆𝛿 ) as the
break point voltage mismatches that assumption is
eliminated here by considering ∆𝑒 and ∆𝑓 as voltage
mismatches. The power injection mismatches are
obtained by using sensitivity matrix and break point
voltage [22] are given as,
𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ∆𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ∆𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
[ ][ ]=[ ] (7)
−𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ∆𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ∆𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
Weakly meshed system having photovoltaic
distributed generations modeled as PV nodes is
handled by creating loop break points and generator
break points and load flow is carried out for this
weakly meshed system having photovoltaic
distributed generations modeled as PV nodes in two
stages, in the first stage generator break point voltage
mismatches ( ∆𝑉𝑃𝑉 ), loop break point voltage
mismatches (∆𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 , ∆𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ) are calculated and in the
second stage power injection mismatches
(∆𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 , ∆𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 , ∆𝑄𝑃𝑉 ) are calculated by using the
sensitivity matrix ( 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 ) and the break point
voltage mismatches (∆𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 , ∆𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 , ∆𝑉𝑃𝑉 ), these two
stages repeated until the voltage mismatches reaches
the convergence value. The power injection
mismatches are obtained by using,
∆𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ∆𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
[𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 ] [ ∆𝑄𝑃𝑉 ] = [ ∆𝑉𝑃𝑉 ] (8)
∆𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 ∆𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
Where,
𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 = [(𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 )𝑇 𝑋𝑃𝑉 (𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 )𝑇 ]
−𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 −𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 & 𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 are the real and imaginary
parts of sensitivity matrix for loops and PV buses
(𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 ) respectively. s𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝,𝑝𝑣 , is obtained by adding
impedances of all the lines common to that loop and
the lines between the slack bus and that PV bus, sign
depends on direction of loop and its order is
𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑋 𝑛𝑝𝑣.
D. Algorithm for Network Reconfiguration :
Network reconfiguration is done by opening
sectionalizing switch and closing tie switch
corresponding to that opened sectionalizing switch.
Here optimal reconfiguration has been done for the
radial distribution system having photovoltaic
distributed generation by using minimum voltage
difference based reduction [20]. This minimum
voltage based reduction technique is a load flow
based technique and it needs the system to be fully
meshed initially, so load flow technique for weakly
meshed system given above is used for optimal
reconfiguration of the distribution system having
photovoltaic distributed generation with controlled
voltage.
The algorithm for network reconfiguration follows
the steps given below:
1. Read distribution system data and perform load
flow by opening all tie switches present in the
network, i.e., for radial system and note down the
power loss value to calculate percentage loss
reduction.
2. Network reconfiguration using minimum
voltage based reduction technique needs the system
to be fully meshed initially, so close all the tie
switches in the network and perform load flow.
3. After performing load flow on fully meshed
network, search all the loops, and open the
sectionalizing switch corresponding to the line
having minimum voltage difference between its
sending and receiving ends. After opening the
sectionalizing switch the number of loops in the
system will be reduced by one and new system
configuration will be obtained.
4. Again perform load flow on the new network
configuration, search all loops for the line having
minimum voltage difference between its sending and
receiving ends and open the sectionalizing switch
corresponding to that line.
5. Repeat step-4 until the network becomes
completely radial and the active power loss in the last
configuration is noted down to calculate percentage
loss reduction.
% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝑃𝑙𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓 ) (9)
= ∗ 100
𝑃𝑙𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙
Where,
𝑃𝑙𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 and 𝑃𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓 , are active power losses in
radial and after reconfiguration states.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Optimal reconfiguration for radial distribution
system having photovoltaic distributed generation
with controlled voltage has been coded in MATLAB
and is validated on IEEE 33 bus radial system, data
for the system is given in table I and tie line data is switches present in the network is 0.10339MW, i.e.,
given in table II. minimum power loss is obtained by making the
system completely meshed. Percentage loss reduction
TABLE I DATA FOR IEEE 33 BUS RADIAL SYSTEM by obtained by optimal reconfiguration is 40.95%,
Branch Bus Bus R X P-load Q-load
Number (From) (To) (ohm) (ohm) (kW) (k Var) lines corresponding to the opened sectionalizing
1 1 2 0.0922 0.047 100 60 switches after optimal reconfiguration are 10-11, 31-
2 2 3 0.493 0.2511 90 40
32, 6-7, 14-15, 6-26 and the system voltage profile is
3 3 4 0.366 0.1844 120 80
4 4 5 0.3811 0.1941 60 30 also improved after optimal reconfiguration. The
5 5 6 0.819 0.707 60 20 voltage profiles before and after optimal
6 6 7 0.1872 0.6188 200 100 reconfiguration are shown in Fig. 4 & Fig. 5 and the
7 7 8 0.7114 0.2351 200 100 active power loss curves before and after optimal
8 8 9 1.03 0.74 60 20 reconfigurations are shown in Fig.6 & Fig.7.
9 9 10 1.044 0.74 60 20
10 10 11 0.1966 0.065 0 0
11 11 12 0.3744 0.1238 60 35
12 12 13 1.468 1.155 60 35
13 13 14 0.5416 0.7129 120 80
14 14 15 0.591 0.526 60 10
15 15 16 0.7463 0.545 60 20
16 16 17 1.289 1.721 60 20
17 17 18 0.732 0.574 90 40
18 2 19 0.164 0.1565 90 40
19 19 20 1.5402 1.3554 90 40
20 20 21 0.4095 0.4784 0 0
21 21 22 0.7089 0.9373 90 40 Fig. 4 Voltage Profile Before Reconfiguration
22 3 23 0.4512 0.3083 90 50
23 23 24 0.898 0.7091 420 200
24 24 25 0.896 0.7011 420 200
25 6 26 0.203 0.1034 60 25
26 26 27 0.2842 0.1447 60 25
27 27 28 1.059 0.9337 60 20
28 28 29 0.8042 0.7006 120 70
29 29 30 0.5075 0.2585 200 600
30 30 31 0.9744 0.963 150 70
31 31 32 0.3105 0.3619 210 100
32 32 33 0.341 0.5302 60 40

Fig. 5 Voltage Profile After Reconfiguration

TABLE II TIE LINE DATA
Branch Bus Bus R X
Number (From) (To) (ohm) (ohm)
33 21 8 0 2
34 9 15 0 2
35 12 22 0 2
36 18 33 0 2
37 25 19 0 2
Here the Photovoltaic distributed generations
incorporated in the distribution system are modeled
as controllable voltage (PV nodes) and the data for
those Photovoltaic distributed generations is given in Fig. 6 Active Power Loss Curve before
table III. Reconfiguration
TABLE III PHOTOVOLTAIC DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
DATA
Bus Having Wind Generation
Generation Specified Active Specified Voltage
Power Magnitude
(kW) (pu)
10 60 0.9705
20 60 0.9820
Before optimal reconfiguration active power loss
in the system is 0.1941MW, after reconfiguration this
active power loss is reduced to 0.1146MW and the
Fig. 7 Active Power Loss Curve after
active power loss obtained by closing all the tie
Reconfiguration
 IV. CONCLUSION
By optimally reconfiguring the radial distribution
system having photovoltaic distributed generation
with controlled voltage, active power loss is reduced
from 194.1 kW to 114.6 kW and the system voltage
profile is improved, but the maximum power loss
reduction is achieved by closing all tie switches
present in the network. The load flow technique used
for network reconfiguration is simple and gives good
convergence.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the
support provided by the Central Power Research
Institute, Bangalore, India.
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