GOOD AND SERVICES TAX

LET’S RECALL:

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax levied at every point of sale of goods or
services. The rates are 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.

2. Intra-state sales: When the sale of goods and services is within the same state CGST and
SGST are levied. For example, if the rate of GST is 5% then CGST-2.5% and SGST = 2.5%
are levied on the sale price of goods and services. State and Central Government share the
amount of GST equally.

3. Inter-state sales: When the sale of goods is from one state to another state, then Integrated
Goods and Services Tax (IGST) is levied which goes to the Central Government.

4. GST paid by each dealer = Tax Collected by him at the time of sale

- tax paid by him at the time of purchase

= Output GST- Input GST

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 1

#
 BANKING

COMMON ERRORS
365
1. When interest is Rs , the answer can be wrongly expressed as Rs182.5 instead of
2
1
Rs182.50, or writing Rs 92 3 as Rs 92.30 instead of Rs 92.33. Answer for money if in
decimal should be expressed correct to 2 decimal places, unless it has to be expressed to
nearest rupee.

1
2. Forgetting to take time as 12 while calculating interest.

LET’S RECALL :

Recurring Deposit Account

𝑛(𝑛+1)𝑝
1. Qualifying sum = , where n = no. of months, P = monthly deposit
2

𝑛(𝑛+1)𝑃 𝑟
2. SI = P × ×
2×12 100

3. Amount = Pn + SI

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 2

#
 SHARES AND DIVIDENDS

LET’S RECALL :

1. FV = MV if a share is bought at par.

2. FV + Premium = MV (a) If premium is given in rupees, then directly add.

(b) If premium is given as a percentage, calculate it on the face value and then addthe
amount of premium to it.

3. FV - discount = MV
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
4. No. of shares = 𝑀𝑉

5. Annual dividend = d% × No. of shares × FV

6. d × FV = y × MV, where y is yield % and d is dividend %.
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
7. Yield % or % return on investment = ×100
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

8. (i) Proceeds = Amount collected by selling shares = No. of shares sold × MV of each
= Investment in the new company
(ii) Only when mentioned add the annual income of first company to the proceeds to
get investment in the second company.
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
9. % increase in return on Original Investment = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 100

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 3

#
 LINEAR INEQUATIONS

COMMON ERRORS:

1. Cancelling minus sign on both sides of an inequality.

2. Not remembering that when divided by a negative number, the inequality changes.

3. In the sums of the following kind, forgetting that the minus sign between the fractions is
for both terms in the second fraction.
1 3𝑥+1 5 2− 3𝑥−1 29
-2≤ − ≤3 ⟹ -2≤ ≤
2 4 8 4 8

3𝑥+1 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

Or, preferably transpose - 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
4

3𝑥+1 1 1 5 3𝑥+1
e.g. ≤2+ and 2 – 3 8 ≤
4 2 4

LET’S RECALL:

Inequations

1. WIN R – Real Number

W = whole Numbers = { 0, 1, 2, …} Consist of integers, fractions, decimals and

I = Integers = z = { .., -3,-2, - 1, -0, 1,2,3,…} irrational numbers.

N = Natural Numbers = { 1,2,3,..} Between every two real numbers, there are

Write solution set in Roster form. Infinite real numbers.

Put thick dots on the number line for numbers in ∴ Write solution set in set-builder form.

The solution set.

Note: At least show one number extra on each

side o solution set numbers on the number line.

2. Do not cancel – sign of an inequation. Here, transpose the number to other side to make
the x term positive.

3. Remember if you divide by a negative number, the sign `<` changes to `>` and vice versa.

4. If a > b, then a + c > b + c where c is positive or negative.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 4
#
5. If a > b, then (i) ac > bc if c is positive

(ii) ac < bc if c is negative

𝑎 𝑏
6. If a > b, then (i) 𝑐 > 𝑐 if c is positive

𝑎 𝑏
(ii) 𝑐 < 𝑐 if c is negative.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 5

#
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

LET’S RECALL:
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
1. Standard from of Quadratic Equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0. The roots are .
2𝑎

(i) Use powers and factorial page to find the square root of the numbers from 1 – 99 and
round off only in the end as asked in the question.

(ii) If it is a 3 – digit number, see square root page ( 1st Line).

(iii) If asked to leave in surd (root) from, simplify √63 = √9 × 7 = 3√7

(iv) In significant figures, remember the last zero in a decimal number is significant. For
example, 2.703 answer to 3 significant figures is 2.70

(v) When one of the answers is negative, the minus sign should not be forgotten in the final
answer.

2. Word problems – Remember to put the fraction with smaller denominator first. For
6400 6400 120 120
example, − = 28 − =1
𝑥 𝑥+14 (𝑥−6) 𝑥

↑ ↑

Smaller Smaller

denominator denominator

3. In speed problems, convert minutes to hours because the speed of car, train, plane, etc., are
given in km/h. For example, Difference in time = 20 minutes.
20 1
= 60 = 3 hour

4. If a and b are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the equation can be written as ( x – a)
(x – b) = 0. On simplification, the quadratic equation with the given roots can be written in
the standard form.

5. If roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are

(i) equal, then b2=4ac or ∆ = 0.

(ii) real, then b2 ≥4ac or ∆ ≥ 0.

(iii) imaginary, when ∆ < 0.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 6
#
6. (i) If ∆ > 0 and a perfect square, root are rational and unequal.

(ii) If ∆ > 0 and not a perfect square, roots are irrational and unequal.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 7

#
 RATIO AND PROPORTION

COMMON ERRORS:

1. Students forget to use componendo and dividend on both sides.

2. While using componendo and dividendo, care is not taken by putting brackets nor the
signs of the terms at right place, especially in the denominator.

3. When two different ratios are given, such as 5: 4 as income ratio and 3: 2 as expenditure
ratio, both ratios are taken with same factor x as 5x, 4x and 3x, 2x instead of 3y and 2y.

LET’S RECALL:

1. If a : b = c : d, then d = 4th proportional

2. Using “k” method:

𝑎 𝑐
If = 𝑑 = k = or if a,b,c,d are proportional,
𝑏

Then a = bk and c = dk

3. If a,b,c are in continued proportion, then a : b = b : c or b2 = ac or b = √𝑎𝑐 . c is the third

proportion and b is the mean proportion.

𝑎 𝑏
4. If = = 𝑘 or a, b, c are in continued proportion, then a = ck2 and b = ck.
𝑏 𝑐

𝑎 𝑐
5. Componendo and Dividendo method is used to prove 𝑏 = . It is applied on both sides
𝑑

of the given ratio.

6. When asked to use properties of proportion, do not cross-multiply the given fractions.

7. When the terms in the denominator are a part of the numerator then use only dividendo to
prove a : b = c : d

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 8

#
 FACTORISATION OF POLYNOMIALS

COMMON ERRORS:

1. While finding a and b when it is given that (x+2) is a factor of the given polynomial, after
substituting x=-2 in the polynomial students forget to equate the expression to zero.

Or

When the remainder is given, equating the expression with the remainder is forgotten.

2. Putting commas between the factors is wrong.

LET’S RECALL:

1. To prove that (x-a) is a factor of a polynomial f(x) substitute x=a in f(x) and show that
f(a)=0,

2. If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x+a) and the remainder ‘r’ is given, then substitute

X = - a in f(x) and equate it to remainder 'r'.

3. After finding the first factor of f(x), use division method or synthetic division method to
find the quotient after dividing by the factor. Then, further factorise the quotient by splitting
the middle term of the trinomial.

4. In synthetic division, when you divide by a fraction, the third line does not give the
coefficients of the quotient. Divide these numbers in the third line by the denominator of the
fraction (divisor) to get the coefficients of quotient.

5. (i) While factorising a trinomial, if the last term (constant term) is positive, the middle
term is split into two terms of same sign, i.e., both positive or both negative. For example

x2- 9x+18 = x2 - 6x-3x+18 or x2+7x+12 = x2+ 4x+3x+12

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 9

#
(ii) If the last term is negative, the middle term is split into one positive and the other
negative number. For example, x2-2x-24=x2-6x+4x-24 or x2 + x - 6 = x2 + 3x - 2x - 6

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 10

#
 MATRICES

COMMON ERRORS:

1. While multiplying matrices, forgetting that any number multiplied by zero is zero.
2. When asked to find A – B + C, students tend to add B and C and subtract this from A,
Which is wrong. Either, find the difference A – B first and then add A and C and from this
sum,, subtract B.

3. When A and B are two given matrices and to find X When AX = B. After finding the
elements of X, in the final answer, students forget to write X in matrix form.
1 0
4. Not remembering that I = ⌈ ⌉ is the identity matrix of order 2.
0 1
LET’S RECALL:

1.

A and B can be multiplied only if n = p (no. of columns in A = no. of rows in B)

2. Square matrix × Column Matrix = Column Matrix

21 + 32 53
e.g., =[ ]=[ ]
35 + 48 83

3. Row Matrix × Matrix = Row Matrix

e.g., = [20 + 14 40 + 6] = [34 36]

1 0
4. AI = A = IA, where I is identity matrix I2×2 or identity matrix of order 2 = [ ].
0 1

5. (A + B)2 ≠ A2 + 2AB + B2 in matrices because AB ≠ BA.

(A – B)2 ≠ A2 - 2AB + B2 and A2 – B2 ≠ (A + B) (A – B)

only in some cases where AB = BA, these will be equal.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 11
#
 1 4
1 2 3
6. If A = [ ], then A transpose = A’ = A = [2 5]
T
4 5 6
3 6

Rows of A are changed to columns in A’.

4 5 4 5 4 5 16 + 15 20 + 5 31 25
7. If M = [ ], then M2 = M × M = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ].
3 1 3 1 3 1 12 + 3 15 + 1 15 16

(M2 is not square of each number in M).

8. If A × B = Null Matrix, it does not imply that either A or B is a null matrix. Product of 2
non-zero matrices can be a null matrix.

9. If AB = AC, it is not necessary that B = C.

10. When 5B2 is asked. First find B2 and then multiply each element by 5. Don’t multiply 5B
with 5B.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 12

#
 ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

LET’S RECALL:

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

a = first term, d = common difference, n = number of terms, ℓ = last term

1. General term of an AP = 𝑎𝑛 = a + (n – 1)d.

2. nth term from the end of an AP = ℓ – (n – 1)d.

Or, a + (m – n)d, where m = total number of terms.

𝑛 𝑛
3. sum of terms Sn = 2 [2a + (n – 1)d] or Sn = 2 [a + ℓ]

4. nth term = an = Sn - Sn-1 = sum of n terms – sum of (n – 1) terms

5. Selection of terms in an A.P.

No of terms Terms to be assumed Common Difference

3 a – d, a, a + d d

4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d 2d

5 a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d d

6 a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d 2d

Note: Their sum is independent of d. So taking the terms this way helps in finding a when
their sum is given.

6. If a, b, c are three consecutive terms of an AP, then 2b = a + c.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 13

#
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

a = first term, r = common ratio

1. General term of an GP = an = arn-1

(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) (𝑟 𝑛 −1)
2. Sum of n terms = Sn = a , r ≠ 1, r < 1 = a , r ≠ 1, r > 1.
1−𝑟 𝑟−1

3. nth term = an = Sn – Sn-1

Note: Taking terms this way is useful when their product is given because their product is
independent of r.

4. Selection of terms in a GP.

No of terms Terms to be assumed

𝑎
3 , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟

𝑎 𝑎
4 , 𝑟 , 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 3
𝑟3

𝑎 𝑎
5 , , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2
𝑟2 𝑟

5. If a, b, c are three consecutive terms of GP, then b2 = ac.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 14

#
 REFLECTION

COMMON ERRORS:

Errors are made in naming the figure formed after reflection. For example,

(i) In the figure ABCD is an isosceles trapezium but named as trapezium.

(ii) Arrowhead is often confused. In the figure, OABA`is an

arrowhead but OABCB`A` is a hexagon with 6 sides and not
an arrowhead which has only 4 sides.

(iii) ABCDD`C`B` is a heptagon (polygon with 7 sides) not arrow.

LET’S RECALL:

Reflection in Coordinate Geometry

1. Equation of x-axis is y = 0.

Equation of a line parallel to x-axis is y = b.

P(3, 1) reflected in y = 2 is P`(3 , 3).

2. Equation of y-axis is x = 0.

Equation of line parallel to y-axis is x = a.

Q(-5, 1) reflected in x = -3 is Q`(-1, 1).

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 15

#
3. Distance from a point = Distance from mirror line

To the mirror line to the image of the point

4. Any point on x-axis = (x, 0).

Any point on y-axis = (0 , y).

5. While calculating the perimeter in the graph question, count the lengths in units and not in
cm. For example, perimeter of the parallelogram is 2(5 + 3) = 16 units and not 32cm, When
scale is 2cm = 1 unit. Or if area is asked answer is 3 × 4 = 12 sq. units not 48 cm2.

Q`P = 3 units, P`P = 4 units ∴ P`Q` = √32 + 42 = 5 units

6. Write the coordinate of points on graph next to plotted points.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 16

#
 SECTION FORMULA

COMMON ERRORS:
1. Labelling the vertices of a parallelogram wrongly. Either go clockwise or
anti-clockwise while labelling.

2. Equation of x - axis and y - axis are confused often. Remember the equation of
x - axis is y = 0 and y-axis is x = 0.
3. When y = 2 divides the join of AB and the ratio is to be found, it is wrongly assumed
that the point of intersection of AB with y = 2 is (0,2)
Take y-coordinate = 2 and find the ratio, but do not assume that x = 0 when y = 2.

4. There is confusion between circumcentre and centroid. For circumcentre, O of

triangle ABC use distance formula in OA = OB = OC.

𝑥₁ +𝑥₂+𝑥₃ 𝑦₁+𝑦₂+𝑦₃
For centroid, use ( , )
3 3

LET’S RECALL

When A ≡ ( x1,y1) and B ≡ (x2 ,y2)

𝑚𝑥₂+𝑛𝑥₁ 𝑚𝑦₂+𝑛𝑦₁
1. Coordinates of P = ( , ) , where AP : PB = m : n.
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛

𝑥₁ +𝑥₂ 𝑦₁+𝑦₂
2. Midpoint of AB = ( , )
2 2

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 17

#
3. A point on x –axis is (x,0) and a point on y-axis is
(0,y).

𝑥₁ +𝑥₂+𝑥₃ 𝑦₁+𝑦₂+𝑦₃
4. Centroid of triangle ABC = ( , )
3 3

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 18

#
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

LET’S RECALL:
𝑦₂−𝑦₁
1. Slope of AB = m(AB) = 𝑥₂−𝑥₁, where A = (x₁, y₁) and B =

(x₂, y₂)

2. When the equation of line is of the form ax + by + c = 0,

change it into y = mx + c form

(making y as subject), to get slope m and y-intercept c.

3. When inclination of a line is given, slope = tan 𝜃.

4. Equation of a line y - y₁ = m (x - x₁), where m = slope; (x₁, y₁) is a point on the line.

5. If a point P lies on a given line, substitute the co-ordinates of point P in the given

equation of the line.

6. To verify if a line bisects AB, find the midpoint of AB. Put these coordinates in the

equation of the line. If midpoint’s co-ordinates satisfy the equation of the line, then the

line bisects AB.

7. Any point on x-axis is (x, 0) and equation of x-axis is y = 0.

Any point on y-axis is (0, y) and equation of y-axis is x = 0.

8. To find x-intercept put y = 0 in the given equation.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 19

#
9. To find points of trisection, P and Q of a line segment AB.

Note: AP = PQ = QB

∴ AP : PB = 1 : 2

(i) Use section (ratio) formula AP : PB = 1 : 2 to find P.

(ii) Use midpoint formula to find Q because Q is the midpoint of PB or use AQ : QB = 2 : 1.

10. To prove A, B, C are collinear, use

𝑦₂−𝑦₁
Slope of AB = slope of BC = (𝑥₂−𝑥₁ ).

11. If ABCD is a parallelogram and the co-ordinates of A, B, C are given, then use midpoint
Of AC = midpoint of BD to find the co-ordinates of D.

12.

Circumcentre O Incentre I Centroid G Orthocentre H

Is the point of Is the point where 3 medians intersects 3 altitudes of a ∆

intersection of 3 ⊥ the 3 angular at centroid in ratio Intersect at

bisectors of sides of bisectors meet. 2 : 1. orthocentre.

∆.
AG : GM = 2 : 1

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 20

#
 Use distance Use section formula
Find equation of two
formula Or
𝑥₁+𝑥₂+𝑥₃ 𝑦₁+𝑦₂+𝑦₃
altitudes and solve
OA = OB = OC ( , )
3 3
Simultaneously.

13. In a right angled ∆ABC, where ∠B = 90°, vertex B is the orthocentre and the midpoint
of Hypotenuse AC is the circumcentre.

14. Equation of a line should be simplified and written without fractional coefficients.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 21

#
 SIMILARITY

LET’S RECALL:
Two similar figures are different in size but have same shape.

1. AA test of similarity

2. SAS test of similarity

∠A = ∠A

AM 2 1
=4=2
AC

AN 3 1
=6=2
AB

∴ ∆AMN ~ ∆ACB

3. SSS test of similarity

The sides of triangles are proportional

XY YZ XZ 2
= = =
PQ QR PR 3

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 22

#
4. If a scale of a model to actual is 1 : 50,000, since 100 × 1000 cm = 1 km

50000 1
1 cm on model is 50,000 cm = 100×1000 km = 2 km on actual

1 1
5. If area of model is= 1 cm2, then actual area is 2 × 2 = km2.

1 1 1
6. If volume of model is 1 cm3, then actual volume is 2 × 2 × 2 km3.

1m3 = 1000 litres and 1 litre = 1000 cm3

Congruency

Two congruent figures are equal in every respect.

1. SSS 2. ASA Or AAS 3. SAS 4. RHS

Similarity

Two similar figures are different in size but similar in shape.

1. AA Or AAA 2. SAS 3. SSS

Note:

(i) Common side or equal side has no relevance in similar ∆s.

(ii) Always prove that the ∆s are similar and then find the lengths of sides.

area of ∆ABC AB 2 BC 2 AC 2
(iii) If ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR, then area of ∆PQR = (PQ ) = (QR) = (PR) .

(iv) If M and N are midpoints of AB and AC, then from the midpoint theorem,

1
MN = 2 BC and MN || BC.

Area of ∆AMN AM 2 1 2 1
∴ =( ) =( ) = .
Area of ∆ABC AB 2 4

Area of ∆AMN 𝑥 𝑥 1
= 4𝑥−𝑥 = 3𝑥 = 3
Area of MBCN

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 23

#
 LOCUS

LET’S RECALL:
LOCUS
Given A and B are two points:

1. Locus of P equidistant from A and B = ⊥ Bisector of AB

2. (i) ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 900 , then Locus of P = a circle on diameter AB because angle in a semicircle
is 900.

(ii) AB2 = AP2 + BP2 ⇒ AB is hypotenuse ∴ ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 900 ∴ Locus = Circle

3. (i) Locus of p equidistant from given lines AB and CD = angular Bisectors

(ii) Equidistant from AB and BC, draw bisector of ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶

4. If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is given, to get locus of P where area of ∆𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶. Through A,
draw a little parallel to BC.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 24

#
5. To get D if ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, draw a circumcircle through A,B,C by drawing
perpendicular bisectors (of any 2 sides) AB and BC and then locate D on the circle.

6. Locus of a point P(in a plane) at a fixed length from a given point O is a circle with Centre
O and radius = fixed length OP.

7. Locus of P equidistant from 3 non-collinear points A,B and C is circumcenter of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶

8. Locus of P equidistant from 3 lines AB, BC, AC is the incentre of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.

9. Locus of P at a distance of 2 cm from AB is a pair of lines parallel to AB on either side at

2 cm distance.

10. When a circle of radius r has to pass through 2 given points A and B, to locate centre O;
(i) From A and B draw 2 arcs with the given radius to get O. Or, (ii) Draw the perpendicular
bisector of AB and cut off an arc AO = r to get O on this perpendicular.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 25

#
 CIRCLES

COMMON ERRORS:

1. When chords AB and CD intersect at P externally, instead

of writing

PA × PB = PC × PD an error is made by writing as

PA × AB = PC × CD when the length of AB or CD is given.

2. When a semicircle is drawn, one often fails to recognize the angle in semicircle.

For example, The error is assuming that

∠ADC = 90° or ∠BCD = 90°

Remember

The two end points of the angle should be A and B , the end points of the diameter.

3. (i) To recognise angle at the centre and angle at the circumference

by the same arc (or chord) AB, again the two end points of the angle
should be A and B, only the middle letter is centre O or point P on the
circumference.

(ii) When ∠APB is in the minor arc, it is obtuse.

Reflex ∠AOB = 2 ∠APB

Here, ∠AOB is not double of ∠APB but the reflex ∠AOB is

double of ∠APB.
CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 26
#
4. In this figure, often error of equating ∠AOB and ∠APB is
made assuming both the angles are in the same segment.

But ∠AOB = 2 ∠APB. Remember ∠AOB is at the centre and

∠APB is at circumference.

LET’S RECALL:
1. Equal chords are equidistant from the centre.

2. Angle at the centre = 2 × Angle at the circumference.

3. Angles in the segment are equal.

4. The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

5. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary

6. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle

7. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact

8. Tangents from a point to the circle are equal.

9. If two circles touch each other, then the point of contact lies on the line of centres.

10. The angle between chord and tangent is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.

11. If a chord and a tangent intersect externally, then the product of lengths of segments of
chord = (length of tangent)2.

12. If two chords AB and CD meet internally or externally, then the product of the lengths
segments are equal.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
13. The radius of in circle of a triangle = 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖−𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 or, the radius can be found using the

tangents from a point to a circle are equal.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 27

#
 CONSTRUCTIONS

COMMON ERRORS:
1. To construct a parallel line to AB at 2 cm distance, do not use `eye-brow method`. Draw
two perpendiculars and cut off 2cm on the perpendiculars.

2. To find the midpoint of a line segment, do not just mark the midpoint using a ruler. Draw
the perpendicular bisector of the line segment. For example, when asked to construct a circle
on diameter AB, find the centre by constructing ⊥ bisector of AB

3. Forgetting to drop a perpendicular from the incentre of a

triangle to one side, before drawing the incircle.

4. Forgetting to measure the tangent or the radius of the circle

constructed when asked to do so.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 28

#
 AREA AND VOLUME OF SOLID

LET’S RECALL:

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 29

#
 TRIGONOMETRY

COMMON ERRORS:

1. While using trigonometric tables, do not use sine, log cosine or log tan tables, use natural
sine, natural cosine, etc.
2. While proving the identities:
(i) Avoid cross multiplication.
(ii) If there is a square root sign on one side, do not square both sides like we do in
equations.
Either rationalise or multiply numerator and denominator with the same expression to get the
other side.
(iii) Do not transpose the terms, like in an equation.

LET’S RECALL:

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝜃

1. sin 𝜃 = ; cos 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝜃

1 1 1
2. cosec 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃; sec 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃; and tan 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
3. tan 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃; cot 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

4. Identities :

cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1; tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec2 𝜃 and cot2 𝜃 + 1 = cosec2 𝜃

5. While proving the identities:

(i) simplify the complicated side and reduce it to get the other side.

(ii) reduce both sides to get the same result.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 30

#
 HEIGHT AND DISTANCES

LET’S RECALL:

1.

2. (i) Use natural sin, natural cos tables, etc. and not log sin, log cos, etc.

(ii) For sin and tan add the mean difference . But for cos subtract the mean difference

3. Use complementary angles (in some cases) to avoid ÷ by decimals

e.g. B = 90°, C = 28° ,A = 62°

Here use

𝑥
tan 62° = 10 (instead of tan 28°)

4. In the base angles (the angles of elevation of a tower), the angle closer to the tower is
larger.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 31

#
 5. Height of a building can also be found in the following using the formulae

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝐵
(i) h = Height = cot 𝐴−cot 𝐵

Where A and B are on the same side of a building

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝐵
(ii) h = Height = cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵

Where A and B are on the opposite sides of a building.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 32

#
 MEASURES OF CENTAL TENDENCY AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS

COMMON ERRORS

1. Forgetting to put kink for histogram or ogive when not starting at (0, 0).

3𝑁 𝑁
2. Assuming wrongly that inter-quartile range is − 4.
4

3. In calculation of mean by step-deviation method assuming wrongly that i = 9 when classes

are 0 – 9, 10 – 19, 20 – 29, etc, [i = 10 here].

4. While finding the median from raw data, forgetting to arrange the given numbers in

ascending (or descending) order.

LET’S RECALL

1. Raw data

• Range = Highest value – Lowest value

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
• Mean = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

• Mode = Most common number

• Median = The middlemost number after arranging the data in ascending or descending
order

(i) If n is odd,

𝑛+1
Median = th observations or Middle observations\
2

(ii) If n is even,

1 𝑛 𝑛
Median = 2[(2 )th observation + (2 + 1)th obserations.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 33

#
Or Average of middle 2 Observations

2. Grouped data without class interval

• Mean by direct method:

𝛴𝑓𝑥
Mean = 𝛴𝑓

• Mean by short-cut method:

𝛴𝑓𝑑
Mean = A + , where d = x – A
𝛴𝑓

• Mean by step-deviation method:

𝛴𝑓𝑢 𝑥−𝐴
Mean = A + 𝑖 , where u = .
𝛴𝑓 𝑖

3. (i) In a frequency distribution, when the frequency is

doubled or halved, the mean of distribution does not
change.

(ii) But if each value of x is increased by a certain

number ‘n’ , the mean would also increase by n.

4. Grouped data with class interval

Ogive = Cumulative frequency curve

Draw ogive to find median and quartiles.

5. Answer should be in decimal form.

Note:

(i) Label the axes → wt. in kg., height, marks, etc. on x-axis

(ii) Put upper limits of class on x-axis.

(iii) No of people, no of students, cumulative frequency, etc., on y-axis.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 34
#
 𝑁 𝑁 3𝑁
∴ In OGIVE, use whether N is even or odd for median’s rank and 4 , for quartiles ranks,
2 4

Use Histogram to find Mode.

(i) If class interval is not continuous, e.g., 0 – 9, 10 – 19,

20 – 29, etc. make it continuous.

-0.5 – 9.5, 9.5 – 19.5, 19.5 – 29.5, etc.

(ii) If already CI is continuous, e.g., 0 – 10, 10 – 20, 20 –

30, etc. take these on x-axis, frequency on y-axis.

(iii) Show the kink when not starting at the origin (0, 0).

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 35

#
 PROBABILITY

LET’S RECALL

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

1. Probability of an event or an outcome = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

2. P(event) + P(not event) = 1

3. 0 ≤ Probability of an event ≤1

4. If the probability of an event = 0, the event is an impossible event.

5. If the probability of an event = 1, the event is a certain event or a sure event.

6. If a coin is tossed twice or 2 coins are tossed simultaneously, the total no of possible
outcomes = 22 = 4

7. If a coin is tossed ‘n’ times or ‘n’ coins are tossed together = 2 n outcomes are possible.

8. If 2 dice are rolled simultaneously or one dice two times, the total no of outcomes

= 62 = 36

9. (i) At least 3 ⇒ 3 or more (ii) At most 2 ⇒ 0 or 1 or 2

10. (i) multiples of 2 and 3 ⇒ multiples of 6 ⇒ 6, 12, 18, etc.

(ii) multiples of 2 or 3 ⇒ multiples of 2 as well as multiples of 3 ⇒ 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9,10, 12, etc.

11. Favourable outcomes should be listed in each case.

CONTACT NO:- 7977347685 / 7666015693 36

#