Chapter Objectives

Heat and Mass Transfer The objectives of this chapter are:

Consideration of two-dimensional, steady-state conduction by

briefly reviewing alternative approaches to determine
Chapter 3 temperatures and heat rates with the aid of analytical and numerical
( finite-difference or finite-element ) methods that may be used to
accurately predict temperatures and heat rates within the medium
and at its boundaries.

Two-dimensional Steady State Conduction

By: Yacob Gebreyohannes

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Chapter Outline Introduction

• Heat transfer systems encountered in practice cases are distinctly
• Analytical Method multi dimensional and can’t be approximated by one dimensional.
• Numerical Method • Two dimensional problems can be solved using any one of the
following techniques.
• Analytical • Analogical
• Graphical • Numerical
• Analytical methods are applied to simple problems as they are
quite cumbersome and solutions can not always be obtained
• Graphical methods are also only used for simple problems
• Analogical methods are based on certain similarities between two
types of field equations and can be applied to complicated
geometries
• The most complex problems are invariably tackled by numerical
techniques
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 Analytical Method Analytical Method
• Lets consider a simple rectangular plate with the given boundary
• Substituting the two equations
conditions as shown below:

• At x=0, T=T2 • The above equation is possible if and only if each function is
• x=a, T=T1 equivalent to a constant
• y=0, T=T1 • Assuming this constant to be λ2, we then have
• y=b, T=f(x)
1. λ2 is Positive
• The controlling differential equation for two dimensional heat and
transfer with no heat generation and constant K is
• The partial differential equation is reduced to two ordinary
differential equation and the solutions to these equation will be:
• The above equation can be solved using the product method
assuming that the solution is T=x.y where x=f(x) and y=f(y) only. • Then
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Analytical Method Numerical Method

• The first step in any numerical analysis is to select the points in
2. λ2 is Negative which the temperature is going to be determined. This is done by
subdividing the medium in to a number of small regions and
assigning to each a reference point (node), and the aggregate of
• Then points is termed as a nodal network, grid or mesh.
• There are several ways of obtaining the numerical formulation of a
heat conduction problem, such as finite difference method, finite
2. λ2 is Zero element method, boundary element method, and energy balance (or
control volume) method.
Finite difference method
• Is a commonly used numerical scheme in the determination of
• Referring to the above boundary conditions and the general solution temperature and heat flow in solids of complex geometries.
the temperature distribution takes the form • In this approach the partial differential equations of heat
conduction are approximated by a set of algebraic equations for
the temperature at nodal points.
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 Numerical Method Numerical Method
The numerical methods for solving differential equations are based on
The Nodal Network
replacing the differential equations by algebraic equations. In the
case of the popular finite difference method, this is done by replacing
the derivatives by differences.

Finite difference form of the first derivative

For the x-direction differential equation the value of the derivative at

m may be approximated as:

• The temperature at the location x,y is designated by Tm,n

• A finite difference equation that is suitable for the interior node m,n
may inferred directly from

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Numerical Method Numerical Method

• Substituting equations • We can also devise a finite difference scheme to take the heat
generation in to account
+ +
• Proceeding in a similar manner
• for ∆x= ∆y,

• Thus, the finite difference equation becomes

+ =0

• If ∆x = ∆y, the smaller the ∆x, the smaller the error, and thus the
more accurate the approximation, then
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 Numerical Method
Energy Balance
• Another method to drive the finite difference equations is using the
principle of conservation of energy.
• Since the actual direction of heat flow (in to or out of the node) is
often unknown it is convenient to formulate the energy balance by
assuming that all the heat flow is in to the node.
• For steady-state conduction with generation the appropriate form of
equation is then:
Numerical Method
Interior Nodes
• Consider an interior node as shown
• For two-dimensional, heat exchange is
influenced by conduction between node
m,n and the adjoining nodes
• Now the previous equation reduces to:

Where i refers to the neighboring node

• Consider the heat conduction from node m-1,n to node m,n

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The term ∆y.1 is the heat transfer area

Numerical Method Numerical Method

• Similarly , the remaining conduction rates can be expressed as: Boundary Nodes
• For other nodes we can apply the conservation of energy to drive
the finite difference equation.
• Consider for example the following exterior node

• Substituting the above equations in the energy balance and taking

∆x=∆y (square mesh), it follows that, the finite difference equation
for an interior node is:

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 Numerical Method Summary
• Conduction in the region m,n are also influenced by convective
exchange with the fluid. The total heat convicted will be:

• Now, neglecting the heat generated and summing all the equations,
the finite difference equation for such node will be:

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Summary Finite Difference Solution Techniques

The matrix inversion method
• Consider a system of N equations corresponding to N unknown
temperatures. Identifying the nodes by single numbers as 1,2,3….
• The procedure for performing a matrix inversion by expressing the
equations as:

Using the matrix notation the equations may be expressed as:

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 Finite Difference Solution Techniques Finite Difference Solution Techniques
The Gauss-Seidel iteration Method
• The coefficient matrix A is square (N*N), and its elements are
• This is a powerful and extremely popular iteration technique when
designated by a double subscript notation
the number of nodes are very large.
• Thus, the solution vector will be
• This method has the following procedures
• Where is the inverse of and is defined as:
1. To whatever extent possible, the equations should be recorded
to provide diagonal elements whose magnitude are larger than
those of other elements in the same row.
2. After recording, each of the N equation should be written in
explicit form for the temperature associated with its diagonal
element. Each temperature in the solution vector would then be
Solving,
of the form: ( k ) Ci i −1 aij ( k ) N aij
( k −1)
Ti = −∑ Tj − ∑ Tj
aii j =1 aii j = i +1 aii
.
. Where, j=1 to N, K refers the value of iteration

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Finite Difference Solution Techniques Example

3. An initial (k=0) value is assumed for each temperature Ti usually a
value of zero is assumed.
4. New values of Ti are then calculated by substituting assumed (k=0)
or new (k=1) values of Tj in to the right hand side of the equation.
This step is the first iteration
5. Using the equation the iteration procedure continues by calculating
new values of Tik from the Tjk values of the current iteration, where
1 ≤ j ≤ i-1 and the Tjk-1 values of the previous iteration, where i+1 ≤
j≤N
6. The iteration is terminated when a prescribed convergence criterion
is satisfied. The criterion may be expressed as:
(Tik-Tik-1) ≤ ε, where ε represents an error in the temperature
which is considered to be acceptable
• A large industrial furnace is supported on a long column of fire clay
brick, which is 1 m by 1 m on a side. During steady state operation,
installation is such that three surfaces of the column are maintained
at 500 K while the remaining surface is exposed to an air stream for
which T∞ = 300 K and h=10 w/m2K. Using a grid of ∆x = ∆y
=0.25m, determine the two dimensional temperature distribution in
the column and the heat rate to the air stream per unit length of
column.

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 Thank you

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