Motrices and Determtnang, [eT Jay) az As] EXAMPLE 1. Let the determinant A= jaz) 432 3 ls 432 3i3 The minors of its elements in the first row and first column (a1), first row and second column (a, and in the first row and third column (a,;) will be respectively as follows : Mu=[z 3 (i) The minor of aj,, ie., lan an = (Gz - 33 ~ @32 - 23) = (aay. 33 31 2s) Gi) The minor of ai. ie, Ma=let 22 [A212 (ii) The minor of ay, ie, Mu=lo0 go From the above analysis it may be noted that the minors and cofactors are mostly equal except that under certain cases they differ in sign only. We can write the expansion of a determinant in terms of minors and cofactors of th» elements, ie. a 2 M13) A= ay a2 433) =n Mu —anMi2 + asMi3 31 432 433] = (az. @x2 - G31 - @z2) “2 43 Similarly, ofa 4m yp) =anCu tanCn tay ia 432 433/3,5 ‘The following examples will show how minors and cofactors of a determinant are determined and ‘numerical value of a determinant is calculated. EXAMPLE 2. Find the minors and cofactors of the following iai-P 4. @2=3,ay=1,and an =5 SOLUTION. Here, a;; = (@ Minors ‘The minor of ay,, i¢,Mi=5, The minor of aj2i.e.,My2=1 The minor of a2; ie.,Mz,=3, The minor of azie.,M=2 @) Cofactors ‘The cofactors of an element (C,) is given by Cj = (-1)' . My ‘Thus, the cofactor of aj), Le,C1, = (-1)'*! My ‘The cofactor of ay2, ie. Cr = (-1)'**. Mp = The cofactor of az, ie. C2, And the cofactor of az, i.e. C22 = (-1)°*? Mz = 1x2 = 2. EXAMPLE 3. Determine the minors and the cofactors of the following determinant:‘Matrices and Determinants SOLUTION. Determination of the Minors and the Cofactors. Here, (i) Minors: The minor of ay, ie. Me, 9= (txt -232) The minor ofa te, Mi= | Ye ort v2) =1 The minor of ap, ie, Min=[P }]=(xa— bet) =5 ‘The minor of a2, M= ff =a -20)= 1 ‘The minor of azz, ie, Mr= i deen -1x3)= ‘The minor of a23, ie, Mas = R 3 = (252 -x1) = The minor of ay ie, Mu=|f = (5x2~ ba) =7 5 The minor of ax, ie, Mro= [3 1- (22-33) ‘And The minor of ass, ie., Mi 5 {-@a-36)=-13 Gi) Cofactors ‘The cofactors of an element (Cy) is given by Cy = (-1) My Thus, the cofactor of ayy, £e., Cy = (-D!*!. Mu = The cofactor of a}2, ie., Cjz=(-1)'?. Miz =—Ded ‘The cofactor of a}3, Le., Cy = (-1)!" Mis = 1x5 ‘The cofactor of ap), ie., Cay = (-1)"*" Mo = -1x-1 The cofactor of a22, ie, Cz = (-1)*? Mo = Ix-l =I ‘The cofactor of a2s, Moy =-1x-1 = 1 The cofactor of as1, Mz = 1x7 = The cofactor of a2, My =-1x-5=5 ‘The cofactor of ass, Mg; = ~1x-13 = -13 EXAMPLE 4, Find the value of the determinant |B| from the following using the Minor and cofactor ‘expansion method 2 -s Ipi=|3 -1 | 12 ||Matrices and Determs, P value of the determinant B, by the Minor expansion methog SOLUTION. Determination of the jz -5 Given, Bl=)? -1 4 =-S.as=3 Aeme={t i And Mu-fi = Expanding the Minors along the R, and chaining the products we have, A= ay Mi ~ a2 My +arMis ‘Substituting the respective values in the above we have, [3 3B -: Pop iad 2-1 x 1) — (2x-2)] + 5[Gx1) - (2x1)] + 3 [G x -2) 4-1x1)] = 23 + 5x1 + 3x-5=64+5-15=4 ‘Determination of the value by the determinant by cofactor expansion method : ‘The cofactors of the det. B along its Row — 1 are : Cn =)". Mu auc 1x1) - (2x -2)] =3 Here, an= Ce=Cn"?.Mas—tft Y= [6x -@xp)=-1 y=". Ms =1 R a= 1@x-2)- 1x1] =-5 ‘The determinant B is given by Asan -Cutan2-Cn+as.Cr Substituting the respective values in the above, we get, A=(2x3) + -Sx(-l) + 3x(-5) =6+5-15= Hence, the numerical value of the given 3x3 determinant B both the above ways = —4. 2-1 3P (a)Evaluate|1 0 1). (© Find the value of x. |7* ;| (5 3| 73 42-1 1-2 5 (bif|2 a -1]=36. Find the value of a. 0 4 2 *|2 -1 0 3P @]1 0 1] =(2@-2)-(-1).C1-4) +3 2-OF =C37 =9 4 2-1rr err ar eee ee eee errr eee ee eee eee eee ‘Matrices and Determinants: aia [ze 5] [6 ) 2 a -1| =36 ols l= lr 3 0 4 2% ail? w4enl? 2! = da xx-8x526K3-7x(-2) 420 0 2 > 2d +44 8a+40 = 36 = 2e -40= 18+ 14 > 2a’ + 8a + 44-36 = 2 240+ 32272 > Ud +4a+4) ar =bormt6 > =0 or a=-2 [ALDUSTRATION 14. (0 Using co-factors of elements of first colurnn, evaluate the determinant. 41 | AS (iii) Using co-factors of elements of 2™ row, evaluate the determinant 2-4 3] A=|1 6 4 5 0 -2| (Let : ‘| -32 Minor of ay) = Mu =2 Co-factor of a = C= (-1)'*!. Mu =2 Minor of az) = Mz = 1 Co-factor of az = Cz) =(-1)°*!M=-1 Thus, A= ayy Cy, +31 Cai = (4X2) + (63 x= 1 2-4 3 (i Let A=|1 6 4 5 0 -2 ior ofoy= Ma =|“4 i 8 Cofactor of az: = Cu =(- 1*" a nn = C= (- 1" Mar = Mawr otan= Me] je Co-factor of ay) =Cyy = (-1)?*? ees ayy = Cop = (- 1"? My, 2-4 Mi =My= = * nor of a:3=Mas= |<” 5] =20 Cosfactr of any = Cay = (= 1)?*9, My =~ 20 Thus, A Ca + an Cn + a5 C; 202 1 x-8) + (6x 19) + (4x20) ‘The numerical value of a determinant of the order can determined phisticated : technique called, Sarrus expansion method Tell eee __E$EE eea = “The algorithm of the method is briefed Matrices and Determinany, here as under = , A i and then repeat its firt two columns adjacent to its column 3 (@) Place the given determinant as it is in . ii) Find the producs of the elements along the leading diagonal and also, those of the other ty, i diagonals parallel to it. Get all these products summed up- 4 Gi Find the product ofthe elements along the other 3 opposite diagonals and get them totalled (iv) ‘Sabtract the total of the product under the item (iii) from the total of the products under the iter Gay above, and et the difference thereof as the required value of the given determinant. ‘The above algorithm of the Sarrus expansion method can be clearly. presented through the dia called ‘Serres diagram’ as under : “The above Sarmus expansion of determinant can be expressed in the form of an equation as under : A =[@u -an-4n) + @n- 4-45) + 13-421 -432)] — Hes: - azz. 13) + @s2 - 23 - G11) + 33-21-12) However, the above Sarrus method is restricted to the determinants of order 3 only. the Sanus expansion method, evaluate the value of the determinant given below : mH Determination of the value of the |A\ by the Sarrus Expansion Method. Putting the elements of the given determinant in the Sarrus model we have : 2 ae = ai Pees | Now, by the Sarrus equation we have, {(1xSx9) + (2x67) + (3<4%8)]- [(7x5%3) + (8x6X1) + (9x4x2)] Hence, the required numerical value of the determinant A = 01. Find the numerical value of the following 2x2 determinants. as |S off 3 wey ls 7| aaay iv) -33) a BY «iv k q ‘Ans. ((i)-1, (ii) 10, Git) -21, iv) -33] 2. Find the numerical value of the following 3x3 determinants 6 7 8 es @po 3 whey [4 3 8 2 2 wb 24 wh 1 i Ans. {(i) 140, (ii) 0, (ii) 0, (iv) 20] Is 8 9 5 0 3. Find the Minors of the following determinants : l4 3 is i i \6 7 B 7 q lo o Gi) B 0 5 vy) [32 ls 2 Is 7 2 4. Find the co-factors of the following determinants : oB 4 w i 2 IS 6 7 9 10 1 lo 0 05 90 5. Determine the numerical values of the following determinants using the minor expansion method : (iii) 3 Beef eat @ @)|7 6 7 bs 3 4 2 3 jo 5 Gi) 567] i 7 i) 13, Gi) 16, Gv oct oof z 4 ‘Ans. {(i) 13, (i) -19; (iii) -76, (iv) 0} . Find the value of the following determinants by the cofactor expansion method: ib Ss w|3 4 @lo 2 3 B 2 q h 2 4 o s 3 diy) 5 6 7 (iyo 7 i) 13, Gi B 6 7 0 9 | ‘Aus. [(i) 13, ii) 49, (ii) 0, fav) 66 rrMairtens'and Determine, 7. Find the values of the following determinants : Determinants have a good number of algebraic properties which help us in finding out the numerical values of the determinants at an ease and straightway. Besides, they also help us in applying the ‘elementary operations over the row and columns of a determinant to simplify its form and arrive at the value at a quicker rate, These properties hold good for the determinants of any order but we shall probe them to the bottom only with the determinants upto the order 3. Some such important properties are ‘enumerated here as under : The value of the deferminant remains unchanged even if its rows and columns are interchanged, ie. la, bh a] ja a ay lp by cxl=ly by by ~ la by G] la Proof : h 42 45) Let A= |b, b; byland let A’ be the determinant obtained by interchanging the rows and columns If of A. la, a ay Then sym faa © “leaf? & I <2 ¢ 7 Expansion by first column = @y(b2 C3~3 C2}+by (az €3— €2 3) + €y(a2 bs-a by) =A (by Ist row expansion of A) Remember: If A is a square matrix |A’|= A EXAMPLE. From the following determinants verify that the value of the determinant remains unchanged even if its rows and columns are interchanged. 1 2 3) (i) 4 5 «| 7 8 9 9 3]ee lle m]lUrrelfTlhd}lUd]T Uc) hd TY Ud] UT Uc] UT DT Matrices and Determinants SOLUTION. ls 7] _i4 (Let aa(s Jana a’=[ 1 ‘Thus, A =(4x3-9x7)=-51 A’ = (4x3-7x9) = -51 Hence [Al =| 1 2 147 (ii) Let Az=|4 5 and A’=|2 5 8 7 8 3 6 9 ‘Ther A= i" 2l* +3 5 7 5 oh gl = 1 (5x9-89)-2(4x9-7%6)+3(4x8-7x5)=0 1 4 7 3 5 we 5 a=, J-f et 3 6 9 = 1(5x9-68)-A(29-6x8) + 7 (2x 8-3 x5) = 0 Hence, A=A’ or |A|=|A’| Proved PROPERTY-2 a me If any two rows or columns of determinant are interchanged, the numerical value of the determinant remains the same but with the opposite sign, Le. la hal la by oy lay Dy ¢y|=—la, by | (interchanging Ist & 3 row) lay by] | Proof. , a 4 Let A= \ay b) cp) and let A’ be the determinant obtained by interchanging any'two rows, say 1" lax bs cy and 3 of A. Then bo 7 ; b al=al? °|-a Seale 4s boa 1 1 i! 2 (Expanding 1* Column) = a3(by c1~ a4 €2)-an(b3 1-24 €5) + ay(bscr-b2 €3) =a) (bp cbs ¢2)4ax(ay €5- by 1)Ha3 (ay Cb) 1) {ax(b2 cs-b3 C2) (ayes by €1) + a3(ayer-by €1) =-A (Expanded by Ist column) _an ee de RY If any row or columm of the determinant consists of zeroes: only the value of the determinant becomes zero. Prost. la 4 ait b By expanding its 3rd column we have a=W mo >| gla oles 5 [a3 bs] Jas] Jay by If any two vows or columms of the determinant are identical them the value of the determinant becomes zero. Proof. ia hy Let lAl=|a & a) b ay Alem Jaf 2 ea ~ woop 2a Slat = a1(b2 as~bs a2)-b (ay a3-a3 a2)¥0(a> Bsa b) = a by as-ay bs artay a2 bs, a3 by=0If each determinant in a row or a column of.a- determinant is multiplied by value of the new determinant k isk times the value of the original determinant, i.e. yh 4 by | kb, ke,)=k la, b, ¢,| ay by 6 13 bs 3 and A’ be the determinant obtained by multiplying each element of a row, say Proof E aoa Let A= la bc lay by second row of A by k. Then, ah «4 lay by key ™ bh 4 wal "lag leg |® & "Tee tf ol fk key (kb ¢s-kbs c2)-kas (bi cs-Bn 1) (Rb cx-kbn €1) = Kay(b> cs-bs cabax(by ¢5-bs c1)¥a3(b1 Cb C1)] =ka 5 435 lS 6 6| by direct method and also by using the ho 9 EXAMPLE. Find out the value of the determinant 5. SOLUTION 54 hs 6 =f 4-45 ose nes ho 9 54 5 so dasit a2 dak 10 9 7| 2 9 ( By direct method, 4 = (ii) Using the Prop. 5, A= If every element in any row or column consists of the sum or difference of two quantities, then the determinant can be expressed in sum or difference of two determinants of the same order, such as lath by cy Ee il kr by oy nth, by e|= ths bs es! 2 br elt lk by ey 3 by es) |ky by cs)> Eo Metres ont Determin Proof By expanding column—I of the determinant, we have Ja+h 4 4 Bre ha +h by cs = (a:+ki (bz C5 bs Coa +haY{bi €3-bs ex) Hastha(b1 C2 ba €1) = [ay(bs cbs cx (br C3-b3 €1) + 25 (bier eV) 1h (b2 c3-b3 oe (b1 cx-b3 ex) ka(bi c1-B2 CV) a b& af fh ha 2 by alti bh oo fas 5 3] [hs bs cs (Proved) IF to any row or column ofa determinant, a multiple of another row or column is added, the value of of | remains the same. Proof } aoa la, thay +h +key by | andletA’=| a, by 6 bs cs] a b - Bq! kas by kes! b altla. bo bs cs] fas by cy bh al [a & by el + Hay by cy Bc] fas mos ag by ey] 4kxO bog a bg = ]a by, oy) =h (Proved) las by cy Side mente smaroroccalea of dicing nis wap ia cb y the cofactor Cy of the corresponding elements of any other row or column, then the sum of the products thus obtained is zero. 47 3 EXANPLE. Let A=|8 0 5 2 6 ]lls Matrices and Determinants The cofactors ofthe elements of the Co ae Cn= C1) 2 4 =-1(8-10)=2 case fh J-14-9=2 coco ¥ 1 (20-24) =4 i Cand ow, multiplying the elements ofthe Cs by the cofactors ofthe corresponding elements of the 2 2+ Ix4=6- 104420. getting them summed up we get,3x2 + Sx-2 + 1X: : a ‘Again, multiplying the elements of the C; by the cofactors of the corresponding elements of the C2 it el =8-16+8=0. and getting them totalled we get, 4x2 + 8x-2 + 2x4 =8 : : Hence, from the resulls of all the above examples the property ofthe determinant thus cited is proved. [TIEUSTRATION 167 Using properties of determinant, 102 18 36 @ Provethat! 1 3 4/=0 17 3 6 23 4 (ii) Provethat] 56 8 |= 6x 9x 12x [EuUSOLUTIONT = 102 18 36| [6x17 6x3 6x6 o LHS.=|1 3° 4]=/ 1 3004 17 3 6 7 3 66 113 6 =6/1 3 4/=6x0=0=RHS (Proved) 173 6 Note : (1) 6 has been taken common from Ri. (2) Ri and R, are identical and hence A is zero. 21g 23 4 wa LHS=|5 6 8 |=3x|5 6 8 6x 9x 12x 234 =3x0=0=RHS (Proved) Note: (1) 3x has been taken common from Ry (2) R, and R; are identical and hence A is zero. meeiiitaiesiieeiRce ee eee Eee Eee> io Martees nd Determingy, | MUOSTRATION TS Using properties of determinant, 1 be abt+o) aty yer zt+x (i) Prove that [I ca b(e+a)|=0 Gi)Provethat| zx y|=0 1 ab cla+b) 3-3) 33 a-b b-c cma (ii) Prove that |b-~c e-a a-b|=0 c-a a-b b-c 1 ab+ac 1 be a(b+e) be @ LHS=|1 ca b(c+a)|=|1 ca be+ab 1 ab c(a+b)| 1 ab actbe 1 be ab+be+ac =|1 ca ab+betac| Cy >Cr+C 1 ab abt+be+ac 1 be 1 =ab+be+ac}1 ca 1} taking common ab + be + ca from Cy labo (ab + be + ac) x0 (+ Cy and C; are identical) =0=RHS (Proved) xty yte zx w Lis=| 2 or y 3-3-3 xtytz xtytz xtyte = z x y{ Ri Ri +R: -3 -3 -3 11 taking x + y +z from, H-3(xtyt+a{zox y and ~ 3 as common from R3 1 11 =-3(xty+yx0 (R, and Rs are identical) =0=RHS (Proved) a-b (iti) LHS =| b-c cH b-c c-a c-a a-b a-b b-c a0 0 0 z|b-c c-a a-b| Ri Rit Re+Rs c-a a-b b-c =RHS (“- All elements of R, are zero) (Proved) 1 ow (a) If wis a complex cube root of unity, show that | © w 1 |=0 oe 1 © a 6 © (b) Without expansion, show that |a+2x b+2y ¢+2z|=0 x y z Bab b-c be-ac (©) Show that | ab-a? a-b bab be-ac c-a ab-a" 1 © @| lito+e © oF @ LHS=|@ w 1 |=|1+o+@? ow 1) C+C ++) o 1 @| [itotw 1 o oo w -¥ 3 «lo o 1 o=Yorw?=1orw -1=0 oli st0tw7=0 =0=RHS [- All elements of C, are zero] (Proved) a b c abe ©) LHS =]a+2x b+2y c+2z|=|2x 2y 22/R,9R2-R, x y z x yz abe =2\x y z|=2x0=0=RHS(--R; and R; are identical) (Proved) yet bi-ab bc be-ac} | Hb-a) b-c cb-a) © LHS =|ab-a> a-b 6?—ab|=|a(b-a) a-b b(b-a) be-ac c-a ab-a*| |eb-a) c-a a(b-a)Matrices ond Determingny, b b-c =(b-a)?|a a-b b c cca a b-c b-c =(b-a)*}a-b a-b b|C,>C,-C3 cra cma a 0 = (ba) x0=0=RHS [-- C; and C; are identical] (Proved Without expansion 1 a be| {I @ (i) Provethat|]1 b ac|=|1 6 B? 1c ab ce 1 a abe Gi) Provethat|1_ 6 6?-ac|=0 1c c-ab (iii) Prove that A+ A, =0 tx 2 1a Wa=|1 y y?|andAy=|yz x ay 12 2 yyz 1 a be 1 a be o uns =|1 & ca\=2El1 bea 1c ab 1 ¢ ab a abe adi abe |=%l_ 1 2 ihe 2 c 2 abe ee 1 ald@ =-|b 1 6? | Changing C,<>C; © 1Matrices and Determinants Ww (iii) We have, 2 1 a al b? | =RHS (Changing C: C2) le 2 1 a a?-be RHS =|1 6 B?-ac lec 1a @| tt a be =|1 el-|1 6 ac 1c | |i ce a 1 @ 1a be 16 Be -S)1 b ac le & 1 ¢ ab 1 a a abe =]1 b -+ Babe diet ae © abe la @ a. 2|_ abe 2 =[1 6 BF |-< 2 3] abe ft i kL ¢ e¢ oe 4 1 @| |1 a @ =|1 6b b\-a)1 BICC, 0, BC; bee} fic & =0=RHS (Proved) 11 i] jt yw x As|y a olslt x y x y z]|l xy z ly x x xyz xt = x yletly oe y ml yz an 2 z me 2 (Proved)eae] fis 2 2p vf y Pec zid2 rad pax ef fir 2 Thus, seme] y sift yy /e0 Al hoz 2 be Using properties of determinant, pad @ Provettat|1 6 5? /=(a-5)(6-c)(c-a) esc (Prove) I (i) Prove that | a er b ¢/=(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)(at+b+0) ee? (iii) Prove that | a’ '=(a-b) (b~c) (c—a) (ab+be + ca), fle : 2 lad @ LHS =/1 5 6? 2 be ¢ 0 a-b as? al Hae 0 bc wae? Ry PR, ~Ry ;Ry Ry -Ry be ot 01 ats =(a-b)b-0)/0 1 bee ‘aking common from R, and R; 2 le 2 1 ats bte “6-0 0-onifmatrices ondt Deterasinarts 2(a-byb-9 8 =(a-b) 6-E 1 +e-a-b) _a)=RHS (Proved) 1 1 w pHs=|a 5 © ep o 0 ° 1 =| a-b be & e-B P-O ° 1 ° 1 =(a-H(b- 0) 1 ., a2 +ab+b™ Baber & 0 =(a—b)(b—0)* 0 a? +ab—be-c* pened 3 oO 0 1 =(a—by(b-0)(a? +ab-be- 7) 0 1 © 1 Bebrt & wt @- oa? <2) + abba] 7 : =(a—b) (b-0) (a0) (a+ + BG@-AIXCY =(a—b)(b-0) (a-c) (atc +b)x-1 =(a—b) (b—0) (c—a) (a+b +c) = RHS (Proved) Ltd: (iii) LHS = e é o 1 = BP-2 2 B-3 0 0 1 =(a-b)(b-c)| a+b bte e @+ab+h P+be+?—b-c 2a 2a 3. Show that :| 2b b-c-a_ 2 |=(atb+c)* 2% de cman Ixt+a bo 4 Show that [a x+b c [=x*(xtatb+e) ab xt S. Provethat |x? y’ Iytz rte xt xy 2 Ie-y ymz z-af=xt y+ °-3n2 y+z ctx xt 1 7 awa TE 7 =3 where, o =41, and 1+@+0°=0 z ¥ z ? 8 peeyesenonaten © Prove that a anes 25 =4a7b%c? =-(a-b(b-ca-c) 1 8 Provertat| a ; c PA teal entteene dees een ‘of Lo +1 2 10. Show that |y? +1 YY Gyet Dla- ly-2) (2-0) +t 2? Zl He 1 Laid |. Prove that ity 1 worst ete) 1+. yzeee ere Peete Matrices and Determinants ly+z x | a 12, Show that |2+x z x|=(x+ y+2)(x-2) tz y | b+c cta ath la b cl 13,Provethat |g+r rtp pta=2lp 4 7 ytz ztx xty |x y 7 li+a?-6? — 2ab 2b ae 14, Provethat| 2ab 1-a?+6? = 2a |= (I+ +7) % -2a 1-a?-b? Pe? ab ca S 15. Provethat} ba c?+a? be |=4a° Bc? xty ox al 16. Prove that |5x+4y 4x 2y=x7 WOx+8y 8x 3x Je x ee 17. x#y#zand|y y? 1+y3]=0 then prove that yz = 2 2? +e a 5 axtby| - : 18. Prove that] © bxtcy|= (8? —acyax? + 2bxy +cy) laxtby bricy 0 la a a‘-] 19. Ifa, b, care all different and|b 6? 64 — le ch] =0 Show that abe (ab + be + ca)=a+b+c THEOREM 1. (Cramer's Rule) : The solution of the system of equations i) (ii)a MOC i er ‘and (ii) by 6, and then subtracting the two equations, we get Tay Maltiply (2 by b> (i) x by ay bp x + bi boy = C1 be a sab > aybyx-azb) x= br - be => Ma; by - 2b) = (b-bd) > abe ja | We get, a: by => aby-abiy= => ¥(@, by - a2 by) =(@1 2-2 C1) la 4 - D, - wma fale Be nee, D=[" | = art ot te ccm ot ay 2 GO Te obtain D,,, replace a1, 4; by c1 ,», respectively in D. (iii) To obtain D,, replace by , Bz by c1 , cz respectively in D. Solve the following system of equations through determinants using Cramer's Rule : (i) 4x + 3y=8 ii) 3x + 4y=5 6 + Wy=17 (i) The given equations are ar+3y =8 6x+7y =17 We have, p-{ 4 = 447-653 =28-18= 10 D.=|f e847 1703 = 56-51 =5 ‘And p=[ een 6x8 = 68-48 = 20 i—— aD=D, ‘Similarly we can find that ja 4 4 wel do las 43 oy reno a a las by Gi) To obtain D, replace ay , a2 , a3 by di , d> , ds respectively in D. (iii) To obtain D, replace b; , b: , bs by dy , dz , d3 respectively in D. Civ) To obtain D, replace C, ,C2,Cs by di , dz, ds respectively in D. Solve the following system of equations by using Cramer's rule. @ 3x-4y+5c=4 (ii) 2y-3z=0 x+3y=4 Bxt4y=3 Gi (ii)————<—— "| Es Matrices and Determinants (i) We have, BS] og cet q-2) x3) - (A) (lve - 2) x2) +5 (193-192) Daft LF 31 +6) +4144) +5 (3-2)=46 2.3 4 6 (1xt-(-2) x3) = (A) (1x1 ~ 5-2) 45 (13-15) 1 = 6(1 +6) 4.4 (21 + 10) + 5 (-3-5) = 46 3.8 Bg 3 (Ld {-2)x5) 1H) (1x1 4-2)2)+5 (1S 4-1) 2) (1 + 10) +6 (1 +4) +5 (5 +2) = 92 (1xS—(-1)x3) — (4) (1x51) x2)4(6) (13 = 2) (5 + 3) +4 (5 +2)-6 (3-2) =46 Hence, = x =-1,y=2andz=1 (Gi) The given system of equation can be expressed as follows : Ox+2y-32=0 x+3y 4022-4 3x4 4y+0.2=3 Now, by expanding column 3 we have, jo 2 - oa 3 J tnds0)eae5e18 i -3 4 =-3 (1x3 - (3x-4)) =-3 (3 + 12) =-45, -3) (4x4 — 3x3) = -3 (16-9) = 75 =| = -2 (1x3 - 3x-4)) = -2 (3 + 12) =-30 (by expanding Row 1) ee= cia Applying Cramer's rule we have, Hence, x = 2 and y=3 ‘A system of equation is said to be consistent or inconsistent according as its solution exists or not @s‘Mozricas and Determinants said to Ipviem bs aslo, sido be content and x stem oes not have saan bbe inconsistent Example : x+ye5 Bx+3y=9 ‘The equation has no solution and such system co . ‘A aystem of equations is said to be dependent if it has an infinite number of solutions: of equation is said to be inconsistent equations. (@ Incase of two unknown variables w x oPe and yx DE jehave, =2E and y= In this case we have the following conditions (i If D #0, then the system is consistent and has a unique solution. (ii) If D =0, D,=0 and D, = 0, the system has an infinite number of solutions. Gii) If D = 0 and D, #0 or D, #0 the system is inconsistent. () In case of three unknown variables = De yaPy =De We have, xe qhyssp ad z= > ‘Now the following different cases arises : (i) IfD #0 then unique solution exists. (ii) If D =0 and atleast one of the determinants D,, D, and D, is non-zero, the given solution is inconsistent. (iii) If D =D, = D, = D, =0 then the system may or may not be consistent, as in this case the values of xy, z assumes an indeterminante form. Show that the following system of equation is inconsistent. 4x+3y=Sand 8x+6y=10 We have, v-{ {-4x6-@xa=0 De= 8 4 -00x6-@x3)=51 Now, D =0 and D, #0 Hence, the given system is inconsistent. Show that the following system of equations is inconsistent. 3x-y-22=2, 2y-z=-1, 3x-Sy=3 ee