CHAP

TER
1
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
1. DEFINITION
Amatrix may be defined as an orderly arrangement of some numbers and symbols in certain rows and
columns enclosed by some brackets, subscripted by the magnitude of its order and denominated by some
capital letter.
The following are the specimens of a matrix :
[1 2 31 [15 18
(i) A= |4 5 6 (ii) B=20 15
|7 8 9 3x3 30 40 3x2

2x3

2. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
From the above definition and the specimens, the essential characteristics of a matrix may be analysed
as under:
(i) It consists of some numbers or symbols. The numbers like, 0, 5, 10, 125, 3500, and the symbols
without which a matrix
like x, y, z etc. constitute a matrix. These are called the elements of a matrix
cannot come into existence. These numbers may take any sign and any form like, t integers, t decimals
like 0.35, -0.75, t fractions like 3/7, -2/11, -7/9 and t mixed numbers like, 10.75, -3.375 etc. They may
a
consist of single digits or multiple digits including only zeroes even. However in order to constitute
scattered numbers, or
matrix, they must be orderly arranged in some rows and columns. Any disorderly
symbols will not constitute a matrix.
For example, the following groups of numbers and symbols will not amount to matrices:
2 3 P

6 5 4 ; (b) y
m)

Further, the elements should be so arranged that each of them is capable of being subscripted by its ith
row and jth column to locate its position in the matrix. Thus, if an element say, 15 is subscripted as 151.2,
it would indicate t' the said element 15 lies in the first row and second column of the matrix. In a
 1.2 Matrlces and Determinants

disorderly
jth column. arrangement of numbers like the above ones a number cannot be
subscripted by its ith row and

cOnsists of some rows and coumns. A matrix always consists of certain rows and columns in
ma. tS elements are arranged, The number of such rows and columns may be one or more and there
o ay not be equality between the number of rows and the number of columns. But a column or a
roW must be complete with
some clements.
matrix: sa group of rows and columns not completed with all its elements as follows willnot amount to a
(1 5)
(a)
(b) 2
4

whereas anyempty
oe noted that an empty space in a row or a column is not equal to 'O' for that a '0' is an element,
space is never an element of a matrix.
(m) It must be enclosed by some brackets. A group of orderly arranged numbers or symbols to be
called amatrix must be enclosed by some brackets viz. parentheses ( ), square brackets I J or curly
brackets }.However, conventionally, the curly brackets are not used in representing a matrix.
hus, agroup of following numbers and symbols not encompassed by any bracket will not constitute a
matrix:

(1 2 3) (1 5)
(b) 2
3 4

(v) tmust be subscripted by the magnitude of its order. The magnitude of the order of a matrix
reters to the number of rows and columns with which a matrix is constituted. The number of rows and
columns must be subscripted at the end and at the bottom of the right hand side bracket of a matrix as mx
n (read as m by n), where m, represents the number of rows and n the number of columns in the
matrix. Thus, in a matrix, if the subscript stands like, 4×3, it will mean that there are 4 rows and 3
columns in the said matrix.
(v) It mustbe denominated by some capital letter. Every matrix must be denominated properly for
making a reference to it in the course of computational works. Conventionally, all the matrices are
denominated or named by some letters of upper case viz. A, B, C, Detc. Without the proper
denomination, any orderly arrangement of numbers or symbols will not constitute a matrix.
Having thus, analysed the whole corpus of amatrix may be represented as under:
eij ij )
A=eij eij
eij eij eij) mXn

where, A refers to the name of the matrix, e to the element or entry in the matrix ;ij. tothe subscript
of an element in which i, indicates the row and j the column of the matrix in which the element appears
m×n, to the subscript of the matrix in which m indicates the number of rows and n the number of columns
contained in the matrix and ( ), to the enciosure or boundary of the matrix.
Besides, the horizontal lines and the vertical lines in which the elements stand orderly placed are
respectively called as the rows and coBumns of the matrix.
 1.3
Matrices and ertnonte
3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATRIX
the matrices, it is highly necessary to have an idea
Before entering upon the arithmetic operations on
about the various types or forms of matrix.
These are identified here as under:
only is called a roW matrix.
() Row Matrix. A matrix that appears with one row
Examples : (i) A=(0 1 2)13; B= [12 22 10 15 ]1x4
only is called a column matrix.
(ii) Column Matrix. A matrix that appears with one column
157
25
(o) 1
;(ii) B= ; (iü) C=|35
Examples: (i) A= 2
45
3x1 3 J4x1
40 J5x1
a zero or null matrix. This
(iii) Zero or Null Matrix. A matrix that consists of zeroes only is called
is usually denoted by the capital letter O.
Examples :
(0 0 0 0)
; (iüi) O=|0 0 0 o
2X1 0 0 0 0 3x4
(iv) Singleton Matrix. A matri that Comprises one element only is called a singleton matrix.
Examples :()A= [0]ixl, (iü)B=[5l1x1 (iü) C=[25]1x1
(v) Square matrix. A matrix that appears with equal number of rows and columns (i.e. m= n) is
called a square matrix.
(10 11 12)
Examples :(i) A=()t. (ü) B= .(iüi) C= 13 14 15
2x2 16 17 18) 3x3
(vi) Diagonal matrix. A square matrix in which all the principal diagonal elements are non-zeroes
and all other elements are zeroes is called a diagonal matrix.
Note. (i) Principal diagonal element. An element, both the subscripts (iand j) of which are equal is
called a principal diagonal element. The line along with the principal diagonal elements are positioned is
called the principal or leading diagonal.
Examples : ajl, a2, a33 , a 44 and the like.
(i) TRACE. The sum of the Principal diagonal elements of a square matrix is called Trace. In the
example (ii), the trace is 1+2 +3 =6, similarly in matrix A, the trace is 2 + 5 =7.
(vi) Scalar matrix. Adiagonal matrix in which all he leading diagonal elements are equal is called
a Scalar Matrix. In other words, a square matrix in which all the elements except those in the mair
diagonal are zeroes and allthe leading diagonal elements are equal is called ascalar matrix.
(7 0 0)
Examples:() .(i) B= 0 7 0
2x2
\0 0 7)3x3
 .4 Matrlces and Determinants
(viii)
or 1 and allUnity or the leading diagonal
other Identity matrix. Asquare matrix in which all elements are unity
conventionally
the capital letter, I. elements are zeroes is called a unity or identity matrix. It is

(1 0 00)
ddenoted by
(1 0 0)
lo 1 0 0
Eamples : I-W1-0 2x2
o (ii) 001 0
0 0 0 1 4x4
(ix) Triangular matrix. Asquare matrix in which all the elements above or below the
diagonal are
the principal zeroes, and itthe rest are non-zeroes is called atriangular principal
matrix. If the zero elements lie
diagonal, is called an upper-triangular matrix, and if the zero elements lie abovebelow
principal diagonal it is called a lower triangular matrix. the
Examples :
[1 2 31
(i) A=0 4 5 5 20 0
(iü) B=
6 7 83 0
I3x3
9 4 6 4 J4x4
An upper triangular matrixA lower triangular matrix
(K) Comparable Equivalent matrix. A matrix is said to be comparable or equivalent to another
or
matrix, if the number of its rows and columns is equal to those of the other matrix, i.e. mË = m, and
nË=n2

Examples: IfA =| 71 82 2×3

and B
15 10 25)
16 8 14/2x3
then A B.

(xi) Sub matrix. A small matrix obtained by deleting some rows or/ and some columns of a given
matrix is called a sub matrix.
2 37
3
If A 4 5 6
7 8 9|
(xii) Equality of Matrices. Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if.
(i) A and B have same order, and
(ii) the corresponding clemnents of A and B are equal.
IfAandB matrices are equal, we denote A=B.
4 31
EXAMPLE 1. Find the value of x, y and z such that

SOLUTION.

Given,
 1.5
Matrices and Determinants

The corresponding elements of matrices must be equal.

Thus, x = 1, y= 4 and z =3.
[3x+ y
EXAMPLE 2. Find the value of x if
L2y -x
3x+ y
sOLUTION. Given,
l2y -x
equal.
.. The corresponding elements of matrices must be
Thus, 3x + y=1
-y =2 or y=-2
2y-x =-5 or x-2y = 5
x-2x-2 =5 or x=5-4=1

EXAMPLE 3. If Find the values of x, y, z and w.

|z+6 x+ y| 6

SOLUTION. Given, Le+6 x+

The corresponding elements of the above matrices must be equal.

We have, y = 8 and W=4
z+6 =0 Z=-6
x+y =6
(x-y) = (x + y)'- 4ry =(6) -4x8=36 32 =4
and x-y= V4 =2
(x+ y) + (-y) =6+2 or 2x =8 or x=4
Again, x+y =6 or 4+y=6 or y=2
x =4, y =2,z=-6 and w =4

4. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

The basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can very well be
performed on matrices subject to certain conditions and procedures laid down as under:
1) Addition of Matrices
Condition Necessary
The matrices to be added to each other must be comparable, i.e. each of the matrices must have equal
number of rows and equal number of columns. Symbolically, m = m, = M3 and so on, and nË= 2 =n3
and so on.

Procedure
(a) Place all the matrices to be added in a horizontal line and put + signs between each of the pairs of
them.
(b) Add the coresponding elements of each of the matrices and put their sums in the same order.
 1.6 Mutrlces and Determtnant
bAAMPLE 1, Find the sum of addition of the following two matrices :
(1 2 3) (10 11 12)
(i) A=|4 S 6 and B = 13 14 15
7 8 9
3x3 16 17 18/3
-1 0
(ii) A 3 and B=
3 2
;
SOLUTION. The condition of addition is satisfed as each of the two matrices given is in the same
order. Thus, placing the two matrices in a
horizontal line we get,
(1 2 3) (10 11 12)
(i) A+B= 4 5 6 + 13 14 15
7 8 9 3x3 16 17 18) 3x3
Adding the corresponding elements in each of the matrices we get,
(1+10 2+11 3+12) (11 13 15)
4+13 5+14 6+15 17 19 21
(7+16 8+17 9+18/ (23 25 27) 3x3

-6 2

Properties of Matrix Addition

It may be noted that matrix addition has the following important properties of which one may take
advantage in the matter of computations :
(a) It is commutative. This means, A +B= B+A
(b) It is associative. This means (A+B)+C= A+ (B + C)
(c) It has additive identity. This means, A+0=0+A =I
(d) It has additive inverse. This means, A+(-A) =(-A)+Á =o
() Subtraction of Matrice
Condition necessary
Both the matrices i.e. the subtrahenal and the minuend matrices must be equívalent to each
other. This means that cach of the matrices must have equality in respect of the number of their rows and
columns.
Procedure
(a) Place both the matrices in a horizontal line and put a -ve sign between the minuend and the
subtrahenal matrices.
(b) Subtract the elements of the subtrahenal matrix from their corresponding elements in the
minuend matrix and put their sums in the same order.
EXAMPLE 2. Subtract the matrix, B from the matrix, A where.
-2 5)
(i) A =
-) and B =
4
 1.7
Matrlces and Deteminants

(9 8 7) (5 4 3)
(ü) A= 6 5 4 and B = 1 2 3
1 2 3) 5 6 7)
are of the
SOLUTION. The condition of matrix subtraction is satisfied as both the matrices given,
same order. Now, placing both the matrices in a horizontal line as follows, we get
-2 5)
4

(2-(-2) 4-5) -6)

3-3

9 8 7 5 4 31
(ii) A-B =6 4 1 2 3
|1 2 3hva 5 6 7h
9-5 8-4 7-4| 4 4 4

=6-1 5-2 4-3=|5 3 1

|1-5 2-6 3-7-4 -4 4Jx3
9 -1 2
EXAMPLE 3. If then find the matrix A.
-2 1 4 9

9 -1 2
SOLUTION. Given,
-2 1 4

-1
1

-1-2 4-(-1)] -3 5
A
14 2 -3 -6

1 -3 2 -1
EXAMPLE 4. If A= and B then find matrix C such that
2 0 -

5A +3B+2C is a null matrix.

1 -3 -1
SOLUTION. Given, A= 2 0 2
and B =

Let C be the matrix such that

5A +3B + 2C =0
1 -3 -1
-2C =0

5 -15 101| 6 -3 -31

+ +2C =0
|10 0 10 3 0 -3
 1.8 Matrices and IDeterminants

f5+6 -15-3 10-3| + 2C =0

10 +3 0+0 10-3|
C=0
13
-18 - 18
2C =0-| 0 7|
-11/12 9 -7/21
c -13/2 0 - 72
01
EXAMPLE 5. FindXKand Y-||2
IX++Y=,
and Y,Y,ifX
7
5 sd X-Y-|
SOLUTION.
3 0
Given
dX-Y=| 0
and
3

Adding (1) and (2), we get

2X

and,

EXAMPLE 6. Find the value of (x + y) from the following matrix equation :

SOLUTION. Given,

2x 10
|14 2y -6|
2x+3 6 7
’
1s 2y-4-s
The corresponding elements must be equal.
Thus, 2x+3 =7 or x=(7-3))2=2
2y - 4= 14 or y= (14+ 4)/2=9
Hence, x+y =2+9= 11
 1.9

Matrlces and Determinants

( ) Multlpllcatlon of Matrlces
multiplication with the matrices. They are :
There can be two types of
(a) Scalar multiplication, and
(b) Multiplication proper.
These are explained here as under: matrix is multiplied by a constant called a
a
: When each element of
(a) Scalar multiplication
multiplication.
scalar, it is called scalar
Condition necessary except that the scalar quantity must have been
necessary
order of a matrix is
No condition as to the
given.
Procedure
given matrix adjacent to it without putting any algebraic
(ii) Write the scalar first, and then place the
sign between them.
by the scalar given, and put the respective products in
(iv) Multiply each element of the given matrix
the same order.
multiplication with the following :
EXAMPLE 7. Find the product of the scalar
(1 2 3 4
7 8 and K=5.
A=5 6
9 10 11 12) 3x4
multiplication form, we get,
SOLUTION. Placing the scalar K and the matrix A in the
1 3 4)
KA =5 5 6 8
\9 10 11 12) 3x4

Multiplying each element of the matrix by the scalar 5, we get,

(5x1 5x2 5x3 5x4)
KA = 5 x5 5x6 5x7 5×8
5x9 5 x 10 5x11 5x 12)
(5 10 15 20)
25 30 35 40
45 50 55 60)
3×4

Properties of Scalar Multiplication

)) It is distributive over addition
This implies that K (A + B)= KA + KB.
EXAMPLE 8.From the following data prove that the scalar multiplication of matrices is distributiv
over addition
1 2 3) 4 5 7
and K= 8.
5 7 8/ 2×3 2 9 8) 2x3
 I.10 Matrices and Determinants

SOLUTION.
K(A According
to the property
+ B) = KA + KB
of scalar multiplication, we have

where. K (A+ B) = 8 2 3)
7 8

=8 1+4 2+5 3+7| 5 7 10|

5+2 7+9 8+8 16 16|
8x5 8x7 8x10] 40 56 80
[8x7 8x16 &x16|56 128 128 J2x3
And KA + KB = 8 2 3 (4 5 7)
7 2 9

=
8x1 8x2 8x3) 8x4 8×5 8x7)
\8x5 8x7 8x8) +8(8x2 8.9 8x8)
16 24) 40 56)
40 56 64) 72 64)
8+32
16+40 24+:
40+16 56+ 72 0 56 80
-64) 56 128 128) 2x3
Thus, it is proved thatK (A+ B) =
KA+ KB
5) Mutiplication proper (or
The multiplication between twoMultiplication of Matrices)
matribx is equal to the number of matrices is possible oniy when the
number of
rows words a matrix Acolumns
of the 2nd matrix. In other of the Ist
another matrix B for multiplication ie. AB is
number of rows in B. exists, only when the number of colunns in Aconformable to
equals to the
Procedure
(i) Place the
matrices in a horizontal line
(iú) Multiply each element of the first rowwithout
of the
putting any sign between them.
first column of the multiplicand by the corresponding element of the
the prouct matrix. multiplier, and get them totalled to obtain the first element of the first row of
(üü) Similarly, multiply each
element of the nth column element of the first row of the
of the multiplier and get multiplicand by the
first row of the product matrix. them totalled to obtain the nth corresponding
(iv) Continue the above element of the
procedure to obtain the elements of the other rows of
EXAMPLE 9. Find the product of the two matrices A and B where.
the product matrix.
(1 2 3)
(1 -2)
2x2 .B-( 2×1
(iü) A=4 5 6
(7 8 9)
B= 3 4
-5 6)
SOLUTION. The condition of
multtphcation proper is satisfied by the given
matrices, since the
 1.1i

iathc
Matrices and Determinants
the number of rows
equal to
the multiplicand matrix A (prefactor) is
number of columns in
multiplier matrix B (post factor).
line we get,
Placing the matrices in a horizontal

(i)

(1 2 3)(1 -2)
(v) AB =4 5 6 3 4
-6)
(lx1+ 2x3+3x-5 1x-2+2x-4+3x6)
+6x6
4x1+5 x3+6x-5 4x-2+5x-4+6
7x1+8×3+9x-5 7x-2+8x4+9x<6)

(1+6-15 -2-8+ 18 (-8 8)

4+15 -30 -8- 20+ 36 -11 8
(7+24-45 -14- 32+ 54) -14 8 3x2
5 -1| find AB.
and B =
EXAMPLE 10. If A= 2 0

SOLUTION.
f4 2
Given, and B-|3
the
multiplication proper is satisfied by the given matrices as the no. of columns of
The condition of factor-B.
pre factor-A is equal to no. of rows of post

5x4+(-1x3) 5x2+(-lx6)|
-2x4+0x3 -2x2+0x6|

AB =

ILLUSTRATION 1.
Compute AB and BA which ever exists in each of the following cases :
[1 2 31 1 -2|
(i) A=
|2 3
and B 3
2
4 5 6| and B || 0
(ü) A=
|0 1 2|
|1 2
 Motrlces and Determinanta
1,12

(ü) A= | -1 -2] and B=4

() Given, dB=

Since, order of A is 2 x3 and order of Bis 2 x 2.

. AB does not exist because no, of columns of A&No. of ows of B.
But BA exist as No, of coumn B = No. of rows of A.

BA
x1)]
|1x1+(-2x2) 1x2+(-2x3) 1x3+(-2
2x1+3x2 2x2+3x3 2x3+3x1|
[-3 -4
BA
l-4 2-6
|2+6 4+9 6+3 13 9
[1 21
6
() Given, and B=|1 0
1 2
2)
Since, order of A is2 x 3 and of B is 3 x 2.
. ABexists as D0. of columns of A = No, of rows of B. Also BA exists as No. of columns of B = No.
of rows of A.
2
[4+5+6 8+0+12] 15 20
AB
- l0+1+2 0+0+43 4

1 4+0 5+2 6+ 4| |4 7 10|

5 6
and BA =1 =|4+0 5+0 6+0=4 5 6
o 1 2
1 2 |4+0 5+2 6+44 7 10|
2
(üi) Given, A = (1 -1 -2 and B=4

Since, order of Ais 1 x 3 and that of B= 3x1.

. AB exists as no. of columns of A = No. of rows of B. Also BA exist as no. of columns of B = No.
of rows of A.

AB = (1 -1 -2||4=[1x2+(-1x4) +(-2x0)]=(-2)
Matrices and Determtnants
-2 -4
[2
BA = 4|1 -1 -2]=4 -4 -8

|0

LLUSTRATION 2.
Evaluate the following :
3 5)
(i) 4 6

1 0

(i) [1 2 3]|2 0 1
1 2|-3
SOLUTION
3

4 6

3
4 6
(14 32 50)
(4x1+5x2 4x3+5x4 4x5+5x6)(14
2x5+5x6) 12 26 40)
(2x1+5 ×2 2x3+5x4
0 2
w|1 2 3]l2|0 0
1 2|-3
1

21
-[1x1+2x2+3x0 lx0+2x0+3x1 1x2+2x1+3x2]| 1
|-3
21
-[s 3 10] 1=(5x2 +3x1+10x-3]=[-17]
-3
ILLUSTRATION 3.
0 21x
-alo 2
2 1||4|=0, then find x.
0

(ii) IFA=| ,then findA and A34

2 0|
 1.14 Matrices and Determinants

SOLUNON
|1 0 2
() Given, x -5 -1]0 2
|2 0

’ \*x1+(-$x0) +(-1x2) xx0+(-Sx2) +(-1x0) *x2+-5xl+(-Ix3)]| 4|

1
=0
(x)
’ -2 -10 2r-8||4 =0

x-2r- 40 + 2x -8] =0
x-48 =0 or x= ty48 or 6.93
0
(i) Given, A =
2 0

Thus, A =(A=0"=0
and A =(A)"=o"=0
Properties of Multiplication Proper
It may be noted that the matrix multiplication has the following important properties of which
one may take advantages in the course of computational works.
(a) It is not commutative. This means AB BA (always)
(b) It is associative. This means (AB)C = A(BC)
(c) It is distributive over addition. This means, A(B+C)=AB+AC
iv) Division of Matrices
Condition necessary
The number of columns in the dividend matrix (n) must be equal to the number of rows in the divisor
matrix (m).
Procedure
Proceed with the work of division just on the lines of multiplication proper explained above, except
that each element in the dividend is to be multiplied by the reciprocal of the coresponding element of the
divisor matrix (i.e. l/e).
ILLUSTRATION
Divide the matrix A by the matrix B where,
(4 2 3 (1 2)
and B=3 4
A=A 56) 2×3
(5 6 3x2
 1.15
Matrlices and Determtnants

SOLUTION
Proceeding along the procedure of multiplication proper we get,
(1 2)
A+B
5 6/
(4x1/1+2x1/3+3x1/5 4x1/2+ 2x1/4+3 x1/6)
l4x1/1l+5x1/3+6x1/5 4 x1/2+5x1/4 +6x1/6)
79/15 3
(4+2/3+3/5 2+1/2+1/2)
=
4+5/3+6/5 2+5/4+1 103/15 17/4) 2X2

5. TRANSPOSE OF MATRICES
the columns
A matrix which is obtained by changing the rows into their respective columns or
the first row (R,) of a
into their respective rows is called a transposed matrix. To obtain such a matrix,colamn (C2) and so on,
given matrix is made the first column (C), the second row (R) is made the second
second row (R)
or the first column (C) is made the first row (R), the second column (C) is made the
and so on. The transposed matrix is denoted by A' or A' etc.
(3 -1)
3 -5 4
; then A'=-5
EXAMPLES:
s:)KA=| 1
4 2)

(1 2 3) (1 4 7)
IfB=4 5 6: then B'= 2 5 8
7 9 9) 3 6 9)
Note. Transpose of a transposed matrix reproduces the original matrix.
ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix, which when multiplied by its transpose amounts to an identity matrix is called an
orthogonal matrix. Thus, if Ax A=I, then Ais an orthogonal matrix.
SYMMETRIC MATRIX:
Asquare matrix Ais said to be symmetric if A'= A
(1 2 3) (a h g)
EXAMPLES : 4 5 and h b flare symmetric matrices.
3 5 6)
SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX.
Asquare matrix is said to be Skew- Symmetric matrix, if A'= -A.
(0 1 2)
EXAMPLE: The matrix, A=| -1 0 3 is Skew-Symmetric since
-2 -3 0)
1.16

(0 -1 -2)
0 -3=-A.
2 3 0

ATON
8
and verify that (A +B= (A'+ B')

OLUTON
3 -5 -4 31
We have, A'=|2 0 and B'=5 1
|1 6 |-2 8
[3 -s] 4 3] [-1 -2]
A'+B'=2 o +|5 1|=-3 1
|1 66 l-2 8s -1 22
2
Also A+B=
1

-1 -2
(A+B)'= |-3 1
-1 1
Hence, (A+B'= A'+ B (Proved)
UST
|1 -1
|2 1 3] and B= 0 2. verify that (AB)'= B'A'
|4 1 0 5 0

We have,

AB 2
|4 1
0

[2x1+1x0+3x5 2x(-1) x1x2+3x0] 0

|4x1+ 1x0+0x5 4x(-1) +1x2+0x0 -2

(AB) =
Matrlces and Detemtnants

And B'A'=0
2

lx4+0x1+5x01
[1x2+0x1+5x3
l-)x2+2x1+0x3 (-1)x4+2x1+0xo

-
(AB) = B'A!
Hence,
ILLUSTRATION7
1
If A= 2 1 3, find A-5A+ 161.
|1 -1 0
SOLUTTON
2 0 1]
Given,
A =2 1 3
1 -1 o

Then, A-5A+ 161 = A xA -5 xA+ 16 xI

0
1)
[2 1|| 2
1 3+16I
2 1 3||2
0 1 -1 0
|1 -1 o||1 -1
5 -1 21 10 5 0 0
|9 -2 5 10 15|+16o 1

0 -1 -2| 5 -5
11 -1 -3]
-5 -1 -31| T16
16 0= 1 9 -10
=|-1 -7 -10+
-5 4 -2 o 0 0 16| -5 4 14|

ILLUSTRATION 8.

[2 3] then prove that A- 4A+A =0.

I 2
 16| 4+5+7-5
-3 2-5+0 0-5+0
-13 -3+5+0=
6 5
-0+7 -1 +00+5 =
2 7-5+0]
-8 -1 7-15+0 |2-10+7
7 0
-5|0 4|
10+o -3--5o5 5 -1lo2
7
01 0 15 10 77 7 2
|0 -1 1 -1| 1 -1|
1 01 01 1
0 1 1 12-5|-1 2|-1 0 -1
0
330
2 1| 3 2
21||
0 3 2
A'7I
-5A+ f(A)= Then,
-1 1
1
=-5x
+7 f() and 2 =-1 A
Given,
0
1| 3 2
SOLUTION
SA+4 =A
-1| 1 1
f(A). find then, =t-5x
+7 () afnd 2 |-1
0 = AIf
1 3
ILLUSTRATION9.
(Proved) A°+4A'
=0+A
28+2| 26- 15-16+1
48+31 45- 28+2 26-
|15
[26
[1s
26
A'+4A+A Thus,
26| 3]_ 21[2 =A'A A'
45] 26 |
Now.
Given.
SOLUTION
Deter Sotirlces
d 1.18
 119

2 men, 2
There are two families X and Y. There are 4 men 6 women and 2 children in family X and
: 2400,
women and 4 children in family Y. The recommended daily allowance for calories is : Man
woman : 1900, child: 1800 and for proteins is : Man: 55 gm, Woman :45 gm and Child :33 gm.
Represent the above information by matrices. Using matrix multiphcation, calculate total requirement
of calories and proteins for each of the two families.

MW C
F= X4 6 2]
Y\ 2 2 4|
And the recommended daily allowance of calories and proteins for each menber can be represented
by 3x2 matrix
Calories Proteins
M 2400 55
R=
W1900 45
c 1800 33

The total requirement of calories and proteins for each of the two families is given by the matrix
multiplication.
2400 55
[4 6 2li [4x2400+ 6x 1900 + 2×1800 4×55+6x45+2x 33
FR= 1900 45
2 2 4 2x 2400+2×1900 + 4× 1800 2x55+ 6x45+2x33|
1800 33|
X| 24,600 556
Y1S,800 332
Hence, family Xrequires 24,600 calories and 556 gm proteins and family Yequires 15,800 calories
and 332 gm proteins.
ILLUSTRATION 11.
Use matrix multiplication of divide 30,000 in two parts such that the total annual interest at 9% on
the first part and 11% on the second part amounts 3060.
SOLUTION
Let the two parts be xand (30;000-x) respectively. Let Abe the lx2
matrix representing these two parts.
Part I Part II
i.e. A=[ x 30,000- x]
Let Rdenote the 2x1 matrix representing the annual interest rates of interest on two parts i.e.
Part I O:091
R=
Part II0.11|
The total annuat interest on the two parts is given by the matrix mutiphcation AR.
1.20
Matrices and Determinant
fo.097 = 3060
AR = |x (30,00 -*)ou
9 11
0.09x +0.11 (30,000-x) = 3060 > (30,000-) = 3060
100 100
9x+3,30,000-1lx=3,06,000 ’x= 12,000
Hence, the two parts of 30,000 are 12,000 and 18,000 respectively.

EXERCISE(A)}
1. Present the following data relating to marks secured by three students in the form ofa matrix
Marks Secured
Roll No. Business Mathenmatics Statistics Accounting
80 70 60
60 90 70
3 50 80 40

2. Presegt the following linear equations in the form of matrices :

(i)2r+ 3y = 13 (ü) 5x+ 2y + 3z= 18
5x+. 2y = 16 3x+ 2y+ 4z= 16
2r +3y + 3z = 17
(iiü) 4x +3y + 2z +7=0 (iv) XË + =2
3x+y-3z +5 =0
X3 + X4 =0
3. Find A+B, A-B, 2A + 3B and 3A-2B from the following matrices :
(1 2 3) (0 1 2
A=
3 2x3
B 2 62x3
4. (i) Find 3A-B and 3B-A, if
0 2 3) (7 6 3
and
2 1 4/2x3 4 5
2x3

[2 3|
[4 2
5. If A = and B= -3 0
|3 -7 1
I-1 5J3x2
Find where possible A + B, A-B, AB and BA, stating the reason where operations are not
possible.
3 2
6. (i) If and 2X + Y =
Y=, 4).2×2 2x2

-1
Find the matrix X Ans.
-5/2 -1J2x2
2 7 12)
(ü) If 2A+3B = ,and A-2B =
13 12 23) 2x3 -4 -1 -62x3
 1.21
Metrlces and Deterninante

Find the matrices A and B. Ans.

7. Find the Product of the following matrices :

(2 5 1
(-13 8
)A=[ 3 and B=2) -8

5
3.
,and B=
(1 0 2)
(iii) A = (2 3 -1) and B=3 -2 4 [Ans. (9-7 (16)]
(2 1 0)

8. If A =
12
then verify that A - 12A - 1, =0 where I, is an identity matrix of order 2.
9. Find ABC
(1 3 2) (x)
If A =(x y ¿), B =3 2 1 and C= y
=| [Ans. x+2y'+32 + 6xy +2yz+ 4zx]
2 1 3
(2 -1 1) (5 -3 1) (11 -8 0)
10. If A, 0 1 2,findA' and A Ans. A =2 1 8 -1 8
0 3 -1 2) 8 4 3
10 2
11. If A=2 2 4 verify A'3A+ 21 =0.
2

0 -i|
12. IfA =||1 0|
and B= 0 where =-1.Verify that (A+B) =A+ B
1 2 3
13. For the matrix P= 2 1 -2,Verify that PP= I= PP, where P is the transpose of P
-2 2 -1
and I is the unit matrix of order 3.

14. Prove that the matrix Agiven by A= (a b

satisfy the relation
C d)
A-A(a+d) + (ad-bc) I = 0, where I is a unit matrix of order two.
[a 2 2|
15. Find the values of a, b, c if the matrix A given by A |2 1 b
2 C
Obeys the law A.A'=1 where A' is the transpose of A and I is the unit matrix of order 3.(Ans.
=1,b=-2, c=-2)
 1.22 Matrlces and Determinant

+2K 4K where K is any Positive integer.

16. If a matrix Prove that A=
K 1-2K

-1 1 -1| 4 3 [-1 1 -1
17. IfA= 3 -3 3 :B= 1 -3 3. Compute A. B. Ans. 3 -3 3
|-1 4 4 -5 5

1 -1 1
1 -1 0] |1 0|
18. Using matrices A, Band Cwhere, A=:B=0
|0 2
0 1 Verify that
1 1
ruie : (AB) C = A(BC)
19. A, B, C and X are four matrices given by
[1 2 -31 12 7
A=0 1
|0 0
2 :B==0
1 1
c 11 and X =

) Verify that : AB = BA = I (Tis a unit matrix of order 3)

(ü) If X= BC, find xË, x and x3.
20. There are two families A and B. There are 2 men, 3 women and 1 child in the family A and 1
man, 1 woman and2children in the family B. The recommended daily allowance for calories
is :Man : 2400, Woman : 1900, Child : 1800 and for proteins is : Man : 55 gms, Woman: 45
gms and Child:33 gms.
Represent the above information by matrices. Using matrix multiplication, calculate the total
requirement of calories and proteins for each of the two families.
[Ans. A: 12300, 2788 and B:7900, 166]
21. A man buys 8 doz of mangoes, 10 doz of apples, and 4 doz of bananas. Mangoes Cost ? 18 per
doz, apples 9per doz and bananas 6 per doz. Represent the quantities bought by a row
matrix and the price by a column matrix and hence find the total cost. [Ans. 258]
22. The following matrix gives the number of units of three products (P, Q and R) that can be
processed per hour on three machines (A, B and C) Determine by using matrix algebra, how
nany units of each product can be produced, if the hours available on machines A, B and Care
54, 46 and 48 respectively. [Ans. P= 1812 units, Q = 2168 units and R = 2364 units]
23. A student has 4 places where he can take his break fast. The college canteen charges 8 for an
egg roll, ?3 for Halwa and S for a soft drink. The campus coffee house charges 10 for an
egg roll, ? 2for Halwa and ? 4.50 for a soft drink. A fast food place charges ? 8 for an egg roll,
?4 for Halwa and 5 for a soft drink. A near by restaurant serves egg roll for? 12, Halwa for
5 and a free soft drink for any order.
Represent the above information in a 4x3 matrix. The student wishes to buy l egg roll, 2 orders
of Halwa and a soft drink. Using matrix algebra find the cost of break fast at each place. [Ans.
CC: 19, CH: 18.50, FFP:21 &R: 22]
24. A firm produces three product A, B and C which it sellin two markets. Annual sales in units are
given below :
 1.23
Matrlces and Determinante
Uníts Sold
Market A B C
4000 16000
8000
18000 9000
7000
respectively and he costs per
If the prices per unit of A, B and C are 2.50, 1.25 and 150 in each market by using
unit are 1.70, 1.20 and Re. 0.80 respectively, find the total profit
[Ans. -17800,
I II- 12800]
matrix algebra.
18 peons, 5 clerks
25. In a city there are 50 colleges and 400 schools. Each school and college has salary
and 1 cashier. Each College in addition has 1section officer and 1 librarian. The monthly
of each of them is as follows :
Peon-3000, Clerk- 5000,Cashier6000, Section offier7000 and Librarian- 900
Using matrix notation, find
(i) total number of posts of each kind in school and colleges taken together, and
() the total monthly salary bill of all the schools and colleges taken together.
[Ans. P-8100, C-2250, Cashier :450, S.O.-50, L-50, 39050000]
26. A fim produces three products P, P and P, requiring the mix-up of three materials M1, M, and
M3 The per unit requirement of each product for each material is as follows :
MË M2 M3
P 2 3 1
A= P 4 5

P, 2 4 2

Using matrix notations, find

(a) the total requirement of each material if the fim produces 100 units of each product (b) the
per unit cost of production of each product if the per unit costs of materials M, M, and M, are ?
5, 10and ? 5 respectively, and (c) the total cost of production,if the firm produces 200 units
of each product. [Ans. (a) 800,900, 800(b) 45,65, 60 and (c) ? 34000]
27. Three firms A, B and C supplied 40, 35 and 25 truck loads of stones and 10, 5, 8 truck loads of
sand respectively to a contractor. If the cost of stone and sand are 1200 and ? 500 per truck
load respectively, find the total amount paid by the contractor to each of these firms, by using
matrix method. [Ans. A 53000, B 44500, C?34000]
28. A firm has two machines M, and M, costing 45000 and 30,000. Each has 5 years life with
scrap value nil. Find depreciation of each machine for each year using matrix notation if (i) both
are depreciated by sum of the years digit method, (ii) first is depreciated by sum of the years
digit method and second by straight line method.
Ans. (i)
[15, 000 12, 000 9,000 6,000 3,000| M
16, 000 8,000 6, 000 4,000 2,000 |M,
15, 000 12,000 9,000 6,000 3,000M
6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 M,
6. DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
Determinant of a matrix can be defined as a numerical value obtained from a square matrix of the
coefficients of certain unknown variables enclosed by two bars by the process of diagonal expansion to
tell upon a given algebraic system.
 Matrlces and Determinanta
1.24

Consider the system of equations :

Let, a| x+ a12 y=0
a21 X + @2 y = 0
By climinating x and y, we get the expression as
express in the form ot
Now, we can write the coefficients of the above cquation in rows and
i 2 whjch is known as Determinant of Second Order. Thus, the determinant of 2nd order is defined
determinant.
as or 2 x2 order and the Aor D may be used as value of the
A= =aj4 2z21412
a21 22
Similarly, we can define the determinant of the order three or 3 x3 order be,
lau 12 13| az1 2
A= 1 C2 a23=au |+as
a31
a3 32 3
Or = ai(a2 asg - s2 zs)- a12 (a1 az3 as1 a3) +as(a21 32 as1 a2)
Examples:
O Let the square matrix of order 2 of the coefficients of certain variables, x and y be as follows :
A =
2x2

The determinant of such a matrix would be represented as

A= =1x4-3x2=46=-2

() Let the square matrix of order 3 of the coefficient of certain variables x,y and z be as
follows :
(1 2 3)
B=4 5 6
7 8 9) 3x3

The determinant of such a matrix would be represented by

1 2 3
B =4 5 6 and its numerical value would be
7 8 9
5 6 4 6 4 s
A=1
=1(5x9 6x8)-2 (4x9- 6x7) +3(4X8-5XT)
=1(45 48)-2(36-42) +3 (32-35)
=-3+ 12-9 = 0
 é1.25
Metrlces end Detenminants

ILLUSTRATION 12.
Find the determinant of the following matrices
(2 -1 -2)
(iü) B=o 2
3 -5 0.
)
sOLUTION
7 2 =7x6-3x2 =42-6 = 36
(i) Given,
3 6
2 -1 -2
(ii) Given, A= 0 2
3 -5 o
Expanding the above with the elements of first row we get.
2

3 5
=2 (0-5) +1 (0+ 3)-2 (06)\
=5

(ii) Given, A= =x.*-(x-)(x+)=*-(-)

= -+1 =1
7. COFACTORS AND MINOR OF ELEMENT
Cofactor
By the cofactor of an element of a determinant we mean the product of (-1) and the minor of the
concerned element (Mi). Symbolically it is given by
Cy=(-1*.Må
where C= the cofactor of the element in the ith row and jth column of the determinant.
(-1y *'= the factor determining the algebraic sign depending upon the number of rows () and
number of columns (i) in which the element occurs in the determinant.
Mi, = the minor of the element in the ith row and jth column of the determinant.
Thus, Cu=(-1)'+. Mi, C2=(-1)* Mi2 and C13 = (-1*. M3
Minor
By the minor of an element of a determinant we mean the subsquare- determinant of the given
determinant along which the particular element (a ) does not exit. It is obtained by deleting the row and
the column on which the particular element (a, ) lies. It is represented by M, which denotes the minor of
an element in the ith row and jh column of the determinant. Its value is obained by deducting the product
of its non-leading diagonal elements from the product of its leading diagonal elements.