CONTENTS

SL NO TOPICS Page no
1 Meaning & definition of matrices 2
2 Characteristics of matrices 2
3 Types of matrices 3-4
4 Addition of matrices 5
5 Subtraction of matrices 6
6 Bibliography 7

1
Meaning

A set of conditions that provides a system of which something grows or develops is called
matrix. Mathematically a group of numbers or other symbol arranged in a rectangle that can
be together as a single unit to solve, particular mathematical problems is called matrix.

Definitions

i. A matrix may be defined as an orderly arrangements of some number or symbols

in certain rows & columns enclosed by some brackets, subscripted by the
magnitude of its order and denominated by some capital letter.
ii. In other words a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and
columns enclosed by a pair of brackets and subject to certain rules of presentation.
The following are the specimens of a matrix.
1 2 3
(i) |4 5 6|
7 8 9
15 18
(ii) |20 15|
30 40
Essential characteristics

a. It consist of some numbers or symbols.

b. It consist of some rows & columns.
c. It must be enclosed by some brackets.
d. It must be subscripted by the magnitude of its order.
e. It must be denominated by some capital letter

Types of matrix

i. Row matrix
A matrix that appears with one row only is called a row matrix.
Example- A=[0 1 2 3]
B= [12 22 15]
ii. Column matrix
A matrix that appears with one column only is called a column matrix.
1
Example C = |2|
3

2
iii. Null or zero matrix
A matrix theat consists of zeros only is called a null or zero matrix. This is usually
denoted by the capital letter O and it is also popularly known as Null matrix.

0 0
Example O = | |
0 0
iv. Singleton matrix
A matrix that comprises one element only is called a singleton matrix.
Example A=[2]
v. Square matrix
A matrix that appears with equal number of rows and coloumns (i.e m=n) is called
a square matrix.

1 2
Example a. D=[4] b. A= | |
3 4
vi. Diagonal matrix
A square matrix in which all the principal diagonal elements are non zero and all
other elements are zeros is called a diagonal matrix.

1 0 0
Example A = |0 3 0|
0 0 8
vii. Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the leading diagonal elements are equal is called a
scalar matrix.

3 0 0
Example B = |0 3 0|
0 0 3
viii. Identity or unity matrix
A square matrix in which all the leading diagonal elements are unity or 1 and all
other elements are zeroes is called a identity or unity matrix. It is conventionally
denoted by the capital letter I.

1 0 0
Example I = |0 1 0|
0 0 1

3
ix. Triangular matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements above or below the principal diagonal
are zeros, and the rest are non zeros is called triangular matrix .

1 4 5
Example A= |0 3 6|
0 0 8
x. Equal matrix

A matrix is said to be equal matrix , if all its elements are equal to the
corresponding elements of the side another matrix.

2 4 6 2 4 6
If A= |9 3 7| , B = = |9 3 7| then A=B
1 5 8 1 5 8
In this case A is an equal matrix to B and vice versa.
xi. Comparable or equivalent matrix

A matrix is said to be comparable or equivalent to another matrix, if the number of

its rows and columns is equal to those of the other matrix i.e. m1 = m2

Example

2 4 6 3 4 6
If A = |9 3 7| and B = = |5 3 9| then A ~ B
1 5 8 7 1 8
xii. Sub matrix
A small matrix obtained by deleting some rows or (and) some columns of a given
matrix is called a sub matrix.

Example

2 4 6
If the matrix = |9 3 7| following will be the examples of its sub matrices.
1 5 8

2 4 2 6
A1= | | B1= | |
9 3 9 7

4
Addition of matrices

Conditions necessary-

The matrices to be added to each other must be added to each other must be comparable i.e
each of the matrices must have equal number of rows and columns. Symbolically m1 =
m2=m3 and so on , and n1=n2=n3 and so on.

Procedure

a. Place all the matrices to be added in a horizontal line and put + signs between each of
the pairs of them.
b. Add the corresponding elements of each of the matrices and put their sums in the
same order.

Example

Find the sum of addition of the following matrices :

1 2 3 10 11 12
A= |4 5 6| B= |13 14 15|
7 8 9 16 17 18

The condition of addition is satisfied as each of the two given matrices is in the same order .
thus placing the two matrices in horizontal line we get,

1 2 3 10 11 12
A + B = |4 5 6| + |13 14 15|
7 8 9 16 17 18
Adding the corresponding elements in each matrices we get,

1 + 10 2 + 12 3 + 12 11 13 15
|4 + 13 5 + 14 6 + 15| = |17 19 21|
7 + 16 8 + 17 9 + 18 23 25 27
Properties of matrix addition

a. It is commutative.
b. It is associative.
c. It has additive identity.
d. It has additive inverse.

5
Subtraction of matrices

Condition necessary

Both the matrices i.e. the subtrahenal and the minuend matrices must be equivalenet to each
other. This means that each of the matrices must have equality in respect of the number of
their rows and columns.

Procedure

a. Place both the matrices in a horizontal line and put a –ve sign between the minuend
and the subtrahenal matrices.
b. Substract the elements of the subtrahenal matrix from their corresponding elements in
the minued matrix and put their sums in the same order.

Example

9 8 7 5 4 3
A= |6 5 4| B= |1 2 3|
1 2 3 5 6 7

9 8 7 5 4 3
A – B =|6 5 4| - = |1 2 3|
1 2 3 5 6 7

9−5 8−4 7−3 4 4 4

= |6 − 1 5−2 4 − 3|= | 5 3 1|
1−5 2−6 3−7 −4 −4 −4

6
BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. BUSINESS MATHEMATIC AND STATISTICS

VK GLOBAL PUBLICATION Ltd.

2. BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

KALYANI PUBLISHER

3. BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

ODISHA STATE BUREAU OF TEXT BOOK PREPARATION AND PUBLICATION