LotsChapter14Gravitationalwaves10.9.2019

Lots of Calculations in GR – Gravitational Waves – Chapter14 10 September 2019
Susan Larsen
Content
14 Gravitational waves ............................................................................................................................... 3
14.1 Space-times ....................................................................................................................................... 3
14.2 The delta – 𝜹𝒖 and heavy-side – 𝚯𝒖 functions ................................................................................. 3
14.2.1 Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 3
14.2.2 Examples-formulas .................................................................................................................... 4
14.3 Linearized Metric ............................................................................................................................... 5
14.3.1 The metric tensor and it’s inverse ............................................................................................. 5
14.3.2 Christoffel symbols. ................................................................................................................... 5
14.3.3 The Riemann tensor. ................................................................................................................. 5
14.3.4 The Ricci tensor. ........................................................................................................................ 5
14.3.5 The Ricci scalar........................................................................................................................... 6
14.3.6 The Einstein tensor. ................................................................................................................... 6
14.3.7 Gauge transformation - The Einstein Gauge ............................................................................. 6
14.4 Plane waves ....................................................................................................................................... 8
14.4.1 The Riemann tensor of a plane wave ........................................................................................ 8
14.4.2 The line element of a plane wave in the Einstein gauge ......................................................... 11
14.4.3 The line element of a plane wave............................................................................................ 12
14.5 The Rosen line element ................................................................................................................... 13
14.5.1 The non-zero Christoffel symbols ............................................................................................ 13
14.5.2 The basis one forms ................................................................................................................. 14
14.5.3 Cartan’s First Structure equation and the calculation of the curvature one-forms ................ 14
14.5.4 The curvature two forms ......................................................................................................... 15
14.5.5 The Ricci tensor ....................................................................................................................... 17
14.5.6 The Ricci scalar......................................................................................................................... 18
14.5.7 The Einstein tensor .................................................................................................................. 18
14.5.8 The vacuum solution ............................................................................................................... 19
14.5.9 Transformation of the Rosen line-element ............................................................................. 19
14.6 The Penrose Kahn metric (Colliding gravitational waves) ............................................................... 20
14.6.1 The Christoffel symbols of the Kahn-Penrose space-time ...................................................... 21
14.6.2 The Ricci scalar of the Penrose Kahn metric ........................................................................... 21
14.7 The Brinkmann metric (Plane gravitational waves) ........................................................................ 22
14.7.1 The basis one forms ................................................................................................................. 22
14.7.2 The orthonormal null tetrad .................................................................................................... 23
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Susan Larsen
14.7.3 Christoffel symbols .................................................................................................................. 23

14.7.4 The spin coefficients calculated from the null tetrad.............................................................. 24
14.7.5 The Weyl Scalars and Petrov classification.............................................................................. 25
14.7.6 The Ricci tensor ....................................................................................................................... 26
14.7.7 The Weyl tensor calculated from the null tetrad .................................................................... 27
14.7.8 Finding the Ricci tensor of the Brinkmann metric using Cartan’s structure equation ............ 28
14.8 The Aichelburg-Sexl Solution – The passing of a black hole ............................................................ 32
14.9 Coordinate transformations ............................................................................................................ 33
14.9.1 Transformation of the Brinkmann line-element – a vacuum solution .................................... 33
14.9.2 Colliding gravity waves ............................................................................................................ 34
14.10 Impulsive gravitational wave Region III ....................................................................................... 35
14.10.1 The Christoffel symbols ....................................................................................................... 35
14.10.2 The Petrov type ................................................................................................................... 37
14.11 Two interacting waves ................................................................................................................. 41
14.11.2 The Petrov type ................................................................................................................... 42
14.11.3 The orthonormal null tetrad ................................................................................................ 43
14.11.4 The Weyl Scalars and Petrov classification.......................................................................... 45
14.12 Collision of a gravitational wave with an electromagnetic wave ................................................ 46
14.12.2 The basis one forms: ............................................................................................................ 47
14.12.3 The orthonormal null tetrad: ............................................................................................... 47
14.12.4 The spin coefficients calculated from the orthonormal tetrad ........................................... 48
14.13 The Nariai spacetime ................................................................................................................... 49
14.13.2 The basis one forms ............................................................................................................. 50
14.13.3 The orthonormal null tetrad ................................................................................................ 51
14.13.5 Newman-Penrose identities ................................................................................................ 53
14.14 The generalized Nariai spacetime ............................................................................................... 54
14.14.1 The basis one-forms ............................................................................................................ 55
14.14.2 Cartan’s First Structure equation and the calculation of the curvature one-forms ............ 55
14.14.3 The curvature two forms: .................................................................................................... 56
14.14.4 The Ricci tensor ................................................................................................................... 57
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14.14.7 Newman-Penrose identities ................................................................................................ 60
Referencer ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
14 Gravitational waves
14.1 Space-times
This document includes many different space-time examples. In order to keep track of them I have made
this list- in alphabetical order.
Space-time Line-element
= 4𝜇 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑟 − dx 2
Aichelburg-Sexl Solution 𝑑𝑠 2
− 𝑑𝑦 2
Brinkman space-time 𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝛿(𝑢)(𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 )𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑟 − 𝑑𝑋 2
Colliding gravitational waves
− 𝑑𝑌 2
Collision of a gravitational wave with a electromag-
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − cos2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
netic wave
𝐶
Generalized Nariai space-time 𝑑𝑠 2 = −𝐴Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢2 + 𝐵𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
Ω2
= 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − [1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑑𝑥 2
Impulsive gravitational wave 𝑑𝑠 2
− [1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑑𝑦 2
Linearized metric 𝑑𝑠 2 = (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜖ℎ𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
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Nariai space-time 𝑑𝑠 2 = −Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 2 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
Ω
Penrose-Kahn metric 𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − (1 − 𝑢)2 𝑑𝑥 2 − (1 + 𝑢)2 𝑑𝑦 2
Plane waves: ℎ𝑎𝑏 = ℎ𝑎𝑏 (𝑡 − 𝑧) 𝑑𝑠 2 = (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜖ℎ𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
Rosen line element 𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑈𝑑𝑉 − 𝑎2 (𝑈)𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑏 2 (𝑈)𝑑𝑦 2
Two interacting waves 𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 2 − cosh2 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦 2
14.2 aThe delta – 𝜹(𝒖) and heavy-side – 𝚯(𝒖) functions

14.2.1 Definitions
The delta-function
+∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 = 0
𝛿(𝑢) = { ;
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 ≠ 0
∞
∫ 𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 =1
−∞
he heavy-side-function
|𝑥|+𝑥 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 ≤ 0
Θ(𝑢) = ={ ;
2𝑥 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 > 0
𝑑Θ(𝑢)
= Θ′ (𝑢) = 𝛿(𝑢);
𝑑𝑢
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𝑢
Θ(𝑢) = ∫ 𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
−∞
14.2.2 Examples-formulas
∞ ∞
∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)Θ′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢
−∞ −∞
∞
= [𝑓(𝑢)Θ(𝑢)]∞ ′
−∞ − ∫ 𝑓 (𝑢)Θ(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
−∞
∞
′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢
= 𝑓(∞) − ∫ 𝑓
0
= 𝑓(∞) − (𝑓(∞) − 𝑓(0))
= 𝑓(0)
if 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢 we find
∞ ∞ ∞
∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 0 ⋅ 𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 0
−∞ −∞ −∞
We assume that 𝑢𝛿(𝑢) = 0.
Multiplying both sides with a test function 𝑔(𝑢) and integrating we get
𝑢𝛿(𝑢) = 0
∞ ∞
∫ 𝑢𝑔(𝑢)𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑢) ⋅ 0𝑑𝑢
−∞ −∞
⇔ 0 ⋅ 𝑔(0) = 0
which is consistent with our initial assumption.
Next we calculate
∞ ∞
∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝛿 ′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = [𝑓(𝑢)𝛿(𝑢)]∞ ′
−∞ − ∫ 𝑓 (𝑢)𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
−∞ −∞
∞
= [𝑓(𝑢)𝛿(𝑢)]∞
−∞ − ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑢)Θ′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢
−∞
∞
= [𝑓(𝑢)𝛿(𝑢)]∞
−∞ − ([𝑓 ′ (𝑢)Θ(𝑢)]∞ ′′
−∞ − ∫ 𝑓 (𝑢)Θ(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 )
−∞
∞
= 0 − (𝑓′(∞) − ∫ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢)
0
′ (∞) ′ (∞)
= − (𝑓 − (𝑓 − 𝑓 ′ (0)))
= −𝑓 ′ (0)
if 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢 we find
∞ ∞
∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝛿 ′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢𝛿′(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = −1
−∞ −∞
Next we assume that −𝛿(𝑢) = 𝑢𝛿′(𝑢).
Multiplying both sides with a test function 𝑓(𝑢) and integrating we get
∞ ∞
∫ −𝑓(𝑢)𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑢𝛿 ′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢
−∞ −∞
⇔ −𝑓(0) = −(𝑓(𝑢)𝑢)′ (𝑢 = 0) = −(𝑓 ′ (𝑢) ⋅ 𝑢 + 𝑓(𝑢))(𝑢 = 0) = −𝑓(0)
which is consistent with our initial assumption and we can therefore conclude that
−𝛿(𝑢) = 𝑢𝛿′(𝑢)
Collecting the results
Θ′ (𝑢) = 𝛿(𝑢)
∞
∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝛿(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓(0)
−∞
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∞
∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝛿 ′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 1 − 𝑓 ′ (0)
−∞
𝑢𝛿(𝑢) = 𝑢Θ′ (𝑢) = 0
𝑢𝛿′(𝑢) = −𝛿(𝑢)
14.3 bLinearized Metric
14.3.1 The metric tensor and it’s inverse
The metric tensor
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜖ℎ𝑎𝑏
We assume the inverse metric tensor can be written as
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 𝜂 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑘𝜖ℎ𝑎𝑏
We calculate, ignoring terms of order 𝜖 2
𝛿𝑎𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝑏𝑐
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜖ℎ𝑎𝑏 )(𝜂 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑘𝜖ℎ𝑏𝑐 )
= 𝜂𝑎𝑏 𝜂 𝑏𝑐 + 𝜖(ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜂 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑘𝜂𝑎𝑏 ℎ𝑏𝑐 )
= 𝛿𝑎𝑐 + 𝜖(ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜂 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑘𝜂𝑎𝑏 ℎ𝑏𝑐 ) + 𝑘𝜖 2 ℎ𝑎𝑏 ℎ𝑏𝑐
⇒ ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜂𝑏𝑐 = −𝑘𝜂𝑎𝑏 ℎ𝑏𝑐 = −𝑘𝜂𝑎𝑏 𝜂 𝑏𝑑 𝜂 𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑑𝑒 = −𝑘𝛿𝑎𝑑 𝜂 𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑑𝑒 = −𝑘𝜂 𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑒 = −𝑘𝜂 𝑐𝑏 ℎ𝑎𝑏
⇒ 𝑘 = −1
𝑎𝑏
⇒ 𝑔 = 𝜂 𝑎𝑏 − 𝜖ℎ𝑎𝑏
14.3.2 Christoffel symbols.
Ignoring terms of order 𝜖 2 .
1 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔𝑐𝑑 𝜕𝑔𝑏𝑐
Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 ( 𝑏𝑑 + − )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑑
1 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑐
= (𝜂 𝑎𝑑 − 𝜖ℎ𝑎𝑑 )𝜖 ( 𝑐 + − )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑑
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑐
= 𝜂 𝑎𝑑 ( 𝑐 + − )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑑
14.3.3 The Riemann tensor.
Ignoring terms of order 𝜖 2
𝑅 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 𝜕𝑐 Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑑 − 𝜕𝑑 Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + Γ 𝑒𝑏𝑑 Γ𝑎𝑒𝑐 − Γ 𝑒𝑏𝑐 Γ 𝑎𝑒𝑑
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑑𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜖 𝑎𝑓 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑓 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑓 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑐
= 𝜕𝑐 ( 𝜂 𝑎𝑒 ( 𝑑 + − )) − 𝜕𝑑 ( 𝜂 ( 𝑐 + − ))
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑒 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑓
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑑𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑓 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑓 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑐
= (𝜂 𝑎𝑒 ( 𝑐 𝑑 + 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑒 ) − 𝜂 𝑎𝑓 ( 𝑐 𝑑 + 𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑑 𝑓 ))
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑑𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑐
= 𝜂 𝑎𝑒 ( 𝑐 𝑑 + 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑒 − 𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑏 𝑑 + 𝑑 𝑒 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜖 𝑎𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑑𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑒 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑐
= 𝜂 ( 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑒 − 𝑏 𝑑 + 𝑑 𝑒)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑑𝑎 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑎 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑐
⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = ( 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑑 + 𝑑 𝑎)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
14.3.4 The Ricci tensor.
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅 𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑏
= 𝜕𝑐 Γ 𝑐𝑎𝑏 − 𝜕𝑏 Γ 𝑐𝑎𝑐
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑐
= 𝜕𝑐 ( 𝜂 𝑐𝑑 ( 𝑏 + 𝑎
− 𝑑
)) − 𝜕𝑏 ( 𝜂 𝑐𝑑 ( 𝑐 + − ))
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑑
∞
1
The general formula is ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑢)𝛿 (𝑛) (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = (−1)𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛) (0)
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𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑐

= 𝜂 𝑐𝑑 ( 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑑 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜖 𝑐𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑐
= 𝜂 ( 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑑)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑐 𝑏 𝜕ℎ 𝜕ℎ𝑐 𝑎
= 2 3 4 5 ( 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑐 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
14.3.5 The Ricci scalar.
𝑅 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑎𝑏
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑐 𝑏 𝜕ℎ 𝜕ℎ𝑐 𝑎
= 𝜂 𝑎𝑏 ( 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑐 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑐 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑐
= ( 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑊ℎ − 𝑊ℎ + 𝑏 𝑐 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑎𝑏
𝜕ℎ
= 𝜖 ( 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑊ℎ)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
14.3.6 The Einstein tensor.
1
𝐺𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅𝑎𝑏 − 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑅
2
1
= 𝑅𝑎𝑏 − 𝜂𝑎𝑏 𝑅
2
𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑐 𝑏 𝜕ℎ 𝜕ℎ𝑐 𝑎 𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏
= ( 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑐 ) − 𝜂𝑎𝑏 ( 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑊ℎ)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐𝑑
𝜖 𝜕ℎ 𝑏 𝜕ℎ 𝜕ℎ 𝑎 𝜕ℎ
= ( 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝜂𝑎𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 + 𝜂𝑎𝑏 𝑊ℎ)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
14.3.7 cGauge transformation - The Einstein Gauge
If we require that 𝑅 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 , 𝑅𝑎𝑏 and 𝑅 are unchanged under a gauge-transformation of first order in 𝜀, we
can show that this is fulfilled by the coordinate transformations
′
𝑥 𝑎 → 𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑎
′
ℎ𝑎𝑏 → ℎ𝑎𝑏 = ℎ𝑎𝑏 − 𝜙𝑎,𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏,𝑎
′𝑎
𝜓 𝑏,𝑎 → 𝜓 𝑏,𝑎 = 𝜓 𝑎𝑏,𝑎 − □𝜙𝑏
𝑎
where 𝜙 𝑎 is a function of position and |𝜙 𝑎,𝑏 | ≪ 1. We have

1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑑𝑓 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑓
𝑅 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑎𝑒 (− 𝑐 𝑓 + 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑑 𝑓 − 𝑑 𝑏 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐 𝑎 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐 𝑏 𝜕2ℎ
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝜀 ( 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
2 𝑐𝑑
𝜕 ℎ
𝑅 = 𝜀 ( 𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑊ℎ)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1
𝜓𝑎𝑏 = ℎ𝑎𝑏 − 𝜂𝑎𝑏 ℎ
2
2
Assuming ℎ𝑎𝑏 = ℎ𝑏𝑎
3
Defining 𝑊 = 𝜂 𝑐𝑑 𝜕𝑐 𝜕𝑑
4
Defining ℎ = 𝜂 𝑐𝑑 ℎ𝑐𝑑
𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑐 𝜕ℎ𝑑𝑎 𝜕ℎ𝑐 𝑎
5
𝜂 𝑐𝑑 = =
𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑐
6
Susan Larsen
The Einstein gauge transformation is a coordinate transformation that leaves 𝑅 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 , 𝑅𝑎𝑏 and 𝑅 un-
changed. The coordinate transformation that will do this is
𝑥 𝑎 → 𝑥 𝑎´ = 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑎
In order to show this you only have to convince yourself that the line element is unchanged. Checking
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 = (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
𝑑𝑠´2 = 𝑔𝑎´𝑏´ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎´ 𝑑𝑥 𝑏´ 1
= (𝜂´𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎´ 𝑑𝑥 𝑏´
= 6(𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )𝑑(𝑥 𝑎 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑎 )𝑑(𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑏 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝜕𝜙 𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝜙 𝑏
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 ) ( 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 + 𝜀 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 ) ( 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 + 𝜀 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )(𝛿𝑐 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜀𝜙 ,𝑐 𝑑𝑥 )(𝛿𝑑 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜀𝜙 ,𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 )
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑑
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )(𝛿𝑐𝑎 𝛿𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑎,𝑐 𝛿𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑏,𝑑 𝛿𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 ) + 𝜀 2 …

= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )(𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑎,𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑏,𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 )
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )(𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜀𝜂 𝑎𝑒 𝜙𝑒,𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜀𝜂 𝑏𝑓 𝜙𝑓,𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 )
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜂𝑎𝑏 (𝜀𝜂 𝑎𝑒 𝜙𝑒,𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜀𝜂 𝑏𝑓 𝜙𝑓,𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 ) + 𝜀 2 …
𝑓
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + (𝜀𝛿𝑏𝑒 𝜙𝑒,𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜀𝛿𝑎 𝜙𝑓,𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 )
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + (𝜀𝜙𝑏,𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜀𝜙𝑎,𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 )
Renaming the dummy variables
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + (𝜀𝜙𝑏,𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 + 𝜀𝜙𝑎,𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 )
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀𝜙𝑏,𝑎 + 𝜀𝜙𝑎,𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
If
ℎ´𝑎𝑏 = ℎ𝑎𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜙𝑎,𝑏 (I)
Next we are going to investigate the transformation of the derivative of the trace reverse
𝑎
𝜓 𝑎𝑏,𝑎 → 𝜓 ′ 𝑏,𝑎 = 𝜓 𝑎𝑏,𝑎 − □𝜙𝑏 (II)
′𝑎 𝑎𝑐 ′
𝜓 𝑏,𝑎 = 𝜂 𝜓𝑐𝑏,𝑎
1
= 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 (ℎ′ 𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜂𝑐𝑏 ℎ,𝑎 ′
)
2
1
= 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 (ℎ′ 𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜂𝑐𝑏 ℎ′𝑑𝑑,𝑎 )
2
1
= 𝜂 (ℎ 𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜂𝑐𝑏 𝜂 𝑒𝑑 ℎ′𝑒𝑑,𝑎 )
𝑎𝑐 ′
2
1
= 𝜂 (ℎ𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜙𝑏,𝑐𝑎 − 𝜙𝑐,𝑏𝑎 ) − 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 𝜂𝑐𝑏 𝜂𝑒𝑑 (ℎ𝑒𝑑,𝑎 − 𝜙𝑑,𝑒𝑎 − 𝜙𝑒,𝑑𝑎 )
𝑎𝑐
2
1 1
= 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 (ℎ𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜂𝑐𝑏 𝜂 𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑑,𝑎 ) − 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 (𝜙𝑏,𝑐𝑎 + 𝜙𝑐,𝑏𝑎 − 𝜂𝑐𝑏 𝜂 𝑒𝑑 (𝜙𝑑,𝑒𝑎 + 𝜙𝑒,𝑑𝑎 ))
2 2
1 1
= 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 (ℎ𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜂𝑐𝑏 ℎ𝑑𝑑,𝑎 ) − 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 𝜙𝑏,𝑐𝑎 − 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 (𝜙𝑐,𝑏𝑎 − 𝜂𝑐𝑏 𝜂 𝑒𝑑 (𝜙𝑑,𝑒𝑎 + 𝜙𝑒,𝑑𝑎 ))
2 2
1 1
= 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 (ℎ𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜂𝑐𝑏 ℎ,𝑎 ) − □𝜙𝑏 − (𝜂 𝑎𝑐 𝜙𝑐,𝑏𝑎 − 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 𝜂𝑐𝑏 𝜂 𝑒𝑑 (𝜙𝑑,𝑒𝑎 + 𝜙𝑒,𝑑𝑎 ))
2 2
1
= 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 𝜓𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − □𝜙𝑏 − (𝜂 𝑎𝑐 𝜙𝑐,𝑏𝑎 − 𝛿𝑏𝑎 𝜂 𝑒𝑑 (𝜙𝑑,𝑒𝑎 + 𝜙𝑒,𝑑𝑎 ))
2
1
= 𝜓 𝑎𝑏,𝑎 − □𝜙𝑏 − (𝜙 𝑎,𝑏𝑎 − 𝛿𝑏𝑎 (𝜙 𝑒,𝑒𝑎 + 𝜙 𝑑,𝑑𝑎 ))
2
6
𝜂´𝑎𝑏 = 𝜂𝑎𝑏
7
Susan Larsen
1
= 7𝜓 𝑎𝑏,𝑎 − □𝜙𝑏 − (𝜙 𝑎,𝑏𝑎 − (𝜙 𝑒 ,𝑒𝑏 + 𝜙 𝑑,𝑑𝑏 ))
2
1
= 𝜓 𝑎𝑏,𝑎 − □𝜙𝑏 − (𝜙 𝑎,𝑏𝑎 − (𝜙 𝑎,𝑎𝑏 + 𝜙 𝑎,𝑎𝑏 ))
2
𝑎
𝜓 ′ 𝑏,𝑎 = 𝜓 𝑎𝑏,𝑎 − □𝜙𝑏 (II)
𝑎
The choice of 𝜓 ′ 𝑏,𝑎 = 0 leads to8
𝑎 1 1 1
𝜓 ′ 𝑏,𝑎 = ℎ′ 𝑎 𝑏,𝑎 − ℎ′ ,𝑏 = 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 𝜓 ′ = 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 (ℎ′ 𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜂𝑐𝑏 ℎ′ ,𝑎 ) = 𝜂 𝑎𝑐 ℎ′ 𝑐𝑏,𝑎 − 𝛿𝑏𝑎 ℎ′ ,𝑎 = 0
2 𝑐𝑏,𝑎 2 2
14.4 Plane waves
14.4.1 dThe Riemann tensor of a plane wave
Here we want to show that the Riemann tensor only depends on ℎ𝑥𝑥 , ℎ𝑥𝑦 , ℎ𝑦𝑥 and ℎ𝑦𝑦 . For symmetry
reasons it is only necessary to show that the Riemann tensor does not depend on ℎ𝑡𝑡 and ℎ𝑡𝑥 . The Riemann
tensor
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑑𝑓 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑓
𝑅 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑎𝑓 ( 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑓 + 𝑑 𝑓 − 𝑑 𝑏 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
For plane waves we have
ℎ𝑎𝑏 = ℎ𝑎𝑏 (𝑡 − 𝑧)
𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏
⇒ = =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
We also need
𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕(𝑡 − 𝑧) 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏
= =−
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕(𝑡 − 𝑧) 𝜕(𝑡 − 𝑧)
𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕(𝑡 − 𝑧) 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏
= =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕(𝑡 − 𝑧) 𝜕(𝑡 − 𝑧)
𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏
⇒ =−
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑎𝑏
=
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑡 2
and
ℎ𝑡𝑡 ℎ𝑡𝑥 ℎ𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑡𝑧
ℎ𝑥𝑡 ℎ𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑦 ℎ𝑥𝑧
ℎ𝑎𝑏 =
ℎ𝑦𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑥 ℎ𝑦𝑦 ℎ𝑦𝑧
ℎ ℎ𝑧𝑥 ℎ𝑧𝑦 ℎ𝑧𝑧
( 𝑧𝑡 )
1
ℎ𝑡𝑡 ℎ𝑡𝑥 ℎ𝑡𝑦 − (ℎ𝑡𝑡 + ℎ𝑧𝑧 )
2
ℎ𝑡𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑦 −ℎ𝑡𝑥
=
ℎ𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑥𝑦 −ℎ𝑥𝑥 −ℎ𝑡𝑦
1
(ℎ )
( 2 𝑡𝑡 + ℎ𝑧𝑧 −ℎ𝑡𝑥 −ℎ𝑡𝑦
− ℎ𝑧𝑧 )
The Minkowski
1
−1
𝜂 𝑎𝑏 = ( )
−1
−1
The dependence on ℎ𝑡𝑡
7
Renaming the dummy variables
8
However I don’t know how to show that the Riemann-tensor keeps the same form if we make this choice
8
Susan Larsen
𝑑 = 𝑓 = 𝑡 (⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑡):
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑡
𝑅 𝑡 𝑏𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑡𝑡 ( 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 2 − )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 𝑏
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑡
𝑏 = 𝑡: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑡𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀( 𝑐 − 𝑐 + 2 − 2 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑡
2 2
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑐
𝑏 = 𝑥: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑥𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀( 𝑐 − 𝑐 + 2 − ) = 𝜀 (− 𝑐 + 2 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑡: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑥𝑡𝑡 = 𝜀 (− 2 + 2 ) = 0
2 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑥
2
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝑐 = 𝑥: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑥𝑥𝑡 = 𝜀 (− + 2 )= 𝜀 2
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦
𝑐 = 𝑦: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑥𝑦𝑡 = 𝜀 (− + 2 )= 𝜀 2
2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡
2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑧 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥
𝑐 = 𝑧: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑥𝑧𝑡 = 𝜀 (− + 2 ) = 𝜀( 2 − 2 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑡 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑐
𝑏 = 𝑦: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑦𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀( 𝑐 − 𝑐 + 2 − ) = 𝜀 (− 𝑐 + 2 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑦𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑦𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑡: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑦𝑡𝑡 = 𝜀 (− 2 + 2 ) = 0
2 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑥
𝑐 = 𝑥: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑦𝑥𝑡 = 𝜀 (− + 2 )= 𝜀 2
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡
2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑦𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑦𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑦
𝑐 = 𝑦: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑦𝑦𝑡 = 𝜀 (− + 2 )= 𝜀 2
2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡
2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑦𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑦𝑧 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑧: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑦𝑧𝑡 = 𝜀 (− + 2 ) = 𝜀( 2 − 2 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑡
𝑏 = 𝑧: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑧𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀( 𝑐 − 𝑐 + 2 − )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑡: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑧𝑡𝑡 = 𝜀( − 2 + 2 − )=0
2 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑡 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑥: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑧𝑥𝑡 = 𝜀( − + 2 − ) = 𝜀 (− 2 + 2 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑧𝑡 𝜕 ℎ 𝑧𝑦 𝜕 ℎ 𝑦𝑡 1 𝜕 ℎ 𝑡𝑦 𝜕 ℎ𝑦𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑦: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑧𝑦𝑡 = 𝜀( − + 2 − ) = 𝜀 (− 2 + 2 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑧 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑧: 𝑅 𝑡 𝑧𝑧𝑡 = 𝜀( 2 − + 2 − )
2 𝜕 𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧
1 1
2 𝜕 2 (− 2 (ℎ𝑡𝑡 + ℎ𝑧𝑧 )) 2 𝜕 2 (− 2 (ℎ𝑡𝑡 + ℎ𝑧𝑧 ))
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑧𝑧
= 𝜀 2
+ 2
+ 2 +
2 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕2𝑡
( )
=0
𝑏 = 𝑑 = 𝑡:
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑓 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑓
𝑅 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑎𝑓 ( 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑓 + − 2 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 𝑓 𝜕 𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑥(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑥):
9
Susan Larsen
1 𝑥𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑥

𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀𝜂 ( 𝑐 − 𝑐 + − 2 ) = − 𝜀( 𝑐 − 2 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
2 2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝑐 = 𝑥: 𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑥𝑡 = − 𝜀( − 2 )= 𝜀 2
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑥
𝑐 = 𝑦: 𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑦𝑡 = − 𝜀( − 2 )= 𝜀 2
2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡
2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 ℎ𝑧𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥
𝑐 = 𝑧: 𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑧𝑡 = − 𝜀( − 2 ) = − 𝜀 (− 2 + 2 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑦(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑦):
𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑦
𝑅 𝑡𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑦𝑦 ( 𝑐 − 𝑐 + − 2 ) = − 𝜀( 𝑐 − 2 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦
𝑐 = 𝑥: 𝑅 𝑡𝑥𝑡 = − 𝜀( − 2 )= 𝜀 2
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡
2 2
𝑦 1 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑦 𝜕 ℎ𝑦𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑦
𝑐 = 𝑦: 𝑅 𝑡𝑦𝑡 = − 𝜀( − 2 )= 𝜀 2
2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡
𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑧𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑦
𝑐 = 𝑧: 𝑅 𝑡𝑧𝑡 = − 𝜀( − 2 ) = − 𝜀 (− 2 + 2 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑡 2 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑧(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑧):
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑧 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑧
𝑅 𝑧𝑡𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑧𝑧 ( 𝑐 − 𝑐 + − 2 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑧 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑧
= − 𝜀( 𝑐 − 𝑐 + − 2 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑡
2 2 2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ 𝑡𝑧 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑧
𝑐 = 𝑥: 𝑅 𝑧𝑡𝑥𝑡 = − 𝜀 ( − + − 2 )=0
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑡
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑧 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑧
2 2 2
𝑐 = 𝑦: 𝑅 𝑧𝑡𝑦𝑡 = − 𝜀 ( − + − 2 )=0
2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑡
2 2 2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ 𝑡𝑧 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 ℎ𝑡𝑧 𝜕 ℎ𝑧𝑧
𝑐 = 𝑧: 𝑅 𝑧𝑡𝑧𝑡 = − 𝜀 ( − 2 + − 2 )=0
2 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑧 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑡
The dependence on ℎ𝑡𝑥
𝑑 = 𝑡, 𝑓 = 𝑥 (⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑥):
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑥
𝑅 𝑥𝑏𝑐𝑡 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑥𝑥 ( 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 + − ) = − 𝜀( 𝑐 𝑏 − )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 𝑏 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 𝑏
𝑏 = 𝑥: 𝑅 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑡 = 0
𝑏 = 𝑦: 𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑡 = 0
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑥
𝑏 = 𝑧: 𝑅 𝑥𝑧𝑐𝑡 = − 𝜀 ( 𝑐 − )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑧
𝑏 = 𝑡, 𝑑 = 𝑥:
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑓 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑓 1 𝑎𝑓 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑓 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥
𝑅 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑥 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑎𝑓 ( 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑓 + − ) = 𝜀𝜂 ( − )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑥 𝑓 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝑓
𝑎 = 𝑡(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑡):
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥
𝑅 𝑡 𝑡𝑐𝑥 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑡𝑡 ( 𝑐 − 𝑐 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑥(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑥):
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑐𝑥 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑥𝑥 ( 𝑐 − 𝑐 ) = − 𝜀 𝑐
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑦(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑦):
10
Susan Larsen
𝑦 1 𝑦𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦

𝑅 𝑡𝑐𝑥 = 𝜀𝜂 ( 𝑐 − 𝑐 ) = − 𝜀 𝑐
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑧(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑧):
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑧 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥
𝑅 𝑧𝑡𝑐𝑥 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑧𝑧 ( 𝑐 − 𝑐 ) = 𝜀𝜂 𝑧𝑧 (− 𝑐 + 𝑐 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑏 = 𝑡, 𝑐 = 𝑥:
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑑𝑓 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑑 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑓 1 𝑎𝑓 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑓
𝑅 𝑎𝑡𝑥𝑑 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑎𝑓 ( − + − ) = 𝜀𝜂 ( − )
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑥 𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑡(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑡):
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑡
𝑅 𝑡 𝑡𝑥𝑑 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑡𝑡 ( 𝑑 − 𝑑 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑥(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑥):
1 𝑥𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑥𝑑 = 𝜀𝜂 ( 𝑑 − 𝑑 ) = 𝜀 𝑑
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑦(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑦):
𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦
𝑅 𝑡𝑥𝑑 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑦𝑦 ( 𝑑 − 𝑑 ) = 𝜀 𝑑
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑧(⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑧):
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑧 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥
𝑅 𝑧𝑡𝑥𝑑 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑧𝑧 ( 𝑑 − 𝑑 ) = − 𝜀 (− 𝑑 + 𝑑 ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑡, 𝑓 = 𝑥(⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑥):
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑑𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑏𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑑𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥
𝑅 𝑥𝑏𝑡𝑑 = 𝜀𝜂 𝑥𝑥 ( − + − ) = − 𝜀 ( − )
2 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 2 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑏
The nonzero calculated elements of the Riemann tensor, from which we can conclude that the Riemann
tensor only depends on ℎ𝑥𝑥 , ℎ𝑥𝑦 , ℎ𝑦𝑥 and ℎ𝑦𝑦 :
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑥 𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦
𝑅 𝑡 𝑥𝑥𝑡 = 𝜀 𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑥𝑡 = 𝜀 𝑅 𝑡𝑥𝑡 = 𝜀
2 𝜕2𝑡 2 𝜕2𝑡 2 𝜕2𝑡
2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑦 2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑥 𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦
𝑅 𝑡 𝑥𝑦𝑡 = 𝜀 𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑥𝑧 = − 𝜀 𝑅 𝑡𝑥𝑧 = − 𝜀
2 𝜕2𝑡 2 𝜕2𝑡 2 𝜕2𝑡
2 2
1 𝜕 ℎ 1 𝜕 ℎ 𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑦
𝑅 𝑡 𝑦𝑥𝑡 = 𝜀 𝑦𝑥 𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑦𝑡 = 𝜀 𝑦𝑥 𝑅 𝑡𝑦𝑡 = 𝜀
2 𝜕2𝑡 2 𝜕2𝑡 2 𝜕2𝑡
2
1 𝜕 ℎ 1 𝜕 2
ℎ 𝑦 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦
𝑅 𝑡 𝑦𝑦𝑡 = 𝜀 𝑦𝑦
𝑅 𝑥𝑡𝑧𝑥 = 𝜀 𝑥𝑥
𝑅 𝑡𝑧𝑥 = 𝜀
2 𝜕2𝑡 2 𝜕2𝑡 2 𝜕2𝑡
2
1 𝜕 ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝑅 𝑥𝑧𝑥𝑡 = − 𝜀
2 𝜕2𝑡
1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑦𝑥
𝑅 𝑥𝑧𝑦𝑡 = − 𝜀
2 𝜕2𝑡
14.4.2 eThe line element of a plane wave in the Einstein gauge
The perturbation
1
ℎ𝑡𝑡 ℎ𝑡𝑥 ℎ𝑡𝑦 − (ℎ𝑡𝑡 + ℎ𝑧𝑧 )
2
ℎ𝑡𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑦 −ℎ𝑡𝑥
ℎ𝑎𝑏 =
ℎ𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑥𝑦 −ℎ𝑥𝑥 −ℎ𝑡𝑦
1
(ℎ )
(− 2 𝑡𝑡 + ℎ𝑧𝑧 −ℎ𝑡𝑥 −ℎ𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑧𝑧 )
the perturbation in the Einstein gaugef
11
Susan Larsen
0 0 0 0
0 ℎ′ 𝑥𝑥 ℎ′ 𝑥𝑦 0
ℎ′𝑎𝑏 = ( )
0 ℎ′ 𝑥𝑦 −ℎ′ 𝑥𝑥 0
0 0 0 0
with the transformation
ℎ´𝑎𝑏 = ℎ𝑎𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏,𝑎 − 𝜙𝑎,𝑏
where we assume the plane wave condition 𝜙𝑎 = 𝜙𝑎 (𝑡 − 𝑧).
ℎ𝑥𝑥 and ℎ𝑥𝑦 are unchanged by the transformation:
𝜕𝜙
ℎ´𝑥𝑥 = ℎ𝑥𝑥 − 𝜙𝑥,𝑥 − 𝜙𝑥,𝑥 = ℎ𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥 = ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜙𝑦 𝜕𝜙𝑥
ℎ´𝑥𝑦 = ℎ𝑥𝑦 − 𝜙𝑦,𝑥 − 𝜙𝑥,𝑦 = ℎ𝑥𝑦 − − = ℎ𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
′
Choosing the remaining elements ℎ𝑎𝑏 = 0 leaves ℎ𝑥𝑥 and ℎ𝑥𝑦 unchanged
𝜕𝜙
ℎ´𝑡𝑡 = ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝜙𝑡,𝑡 − 𝜙𝑡,𝑡 = ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 2 𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜙𝑡
⇔ ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 2
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
ℎ´𝑡𝑥 = ℎ𝑡𝑥 − 𝜙𝑥,𝑡 − 𝜙𝑡,𝑥 = ℎ𝑡𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑡 = ℎ𝑡𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜙𝑥
⇔ ℎ𝑡𝑥 =
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
ℎ´𝑡𝑦 = ℎ𝑡𝑦 − 𝜙𝑦,𝑡 − 𝜙𝑡,𝑦 = ℎ𝑡𝑦 − 𝑦 − 𝑦 = ℎ𝑡𝑦 − 𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜙𝑦
⇔ ℎ𝑡𝑦 =
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
ℎ´𝑡𝑧 = ℎ𝑡𝑧 − 𝜙𝑧,𝑡 − 𝜙𝑡,𝑧 = ℎ𝑡𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜙𝑡 𝜕𝜙𝑧
ℎ´𝑧𝑡 = ℎ𝑧𝑡 − 𝜙𝑡,𝑧 − 𝜙𝑧,𝑡 = ℎ𝑧𝑡 − − =0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
⇔ ℎ𝑡𝑧 = ℎ𝑧𝑡 = 𝑧 + 𝑡
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜙
ℎ´𝑧𝑧 = ℎ𝑧𝑧 − 𝜙𝑧,𝑧 − 𝜙𝑧,𝑧 = ℎ𝑧𝑧 − 2 𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜙𝑧
⇔ ℎ𝑧𝑧 = 2
𝜕𝑧
14.4.3 gThe line element of a plane wave
With
0 0 0 0
0 ℎ𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑦 0
ℎ𝑎𝑏 =( )
0 ℎ𝑥𝑦 −ℎ𝑥𝑥 0
0 0 0 0
we find the line element
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ𝑎𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
= 9𝑑𝑡 2 − (1 − 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝜀ℎ𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (1 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑧 2
9
= (𝜂𝑡𝑡 + 𝜀ℎ𝑡𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 2 + (𝜂𝑡𝑥 + 𝜀ℎ𝑡𝑥 )𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑥 + (𝜂𝑡𝑦 + 𝜀ℎ𝑡𝑦 )𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑦 + (𝜂𝑡𝑧 + 𝜀ℎ𝑡𝑧 )𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑧 + (𝜂𝑥𝑡 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑡 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑡 +
(𝜂𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝜂𝑥𝑦 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑦 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + (𝜂𝑥𝑧 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑧 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + (𝜂𝑦𝑡 + 𝜀ℎ𝑦𝑡 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑡 + (𝜂𝑦𝑥 + 𝜀ℎ𝑦𝑥 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 +
(𝜂𝑦𝑦 + 𝜀ℎ𝑦𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 2 + (𝜂𝑦𝑧 + 𝜀ℎ𝑦𝑧 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + (𝜂𝑧𝑡 + 𝜀ℎ𝑧𝑡 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑡 + (𝜂𝑧𝑥 + 𝜀ℎ𝑧𝑥 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 + (𝜂𝑧𝑦 + 𝜀ℎ𝑧𝑦 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦 +
(𝜂𝑧𝑧 + 𝜀ℎ𝑧𝑧 )𝑑𝑦 2 =
12
Susan Larsen
= 𝑑𝑡 2 − (1 − 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 2 − (1 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑧 2 + 2𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

ℎ𝑥𝑦 = 0: 𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑡 2 − (1 − 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 2 − (1 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑧 2
ℎ𝑥𝑥 = 0: 𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑧 2 + 2𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Considering the following transformation
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 ′ =
√2
′ =
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
√2
1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑑𝑥 ′ + 𝑑𝑦 ′ )
√2
1
𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑑𝑥 ′ − 𝑑𝑦 ′ )
√2
1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 ′2 + 𝑑𝑦 ′2 + 𝑑𝑥′𝑑𝑦′
2 2
1 1
𝑑𝑦 2 = 𝑑𝑥 ′2 + 𝑑𝑦 ′2 − 𝑑𝑥′𝑑𝑦′
2 2
1
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 ′2 )
′2
2
𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 𝑑𝑥 ′2 + 𝑑𝑦 ′2
we can rewrite the line element
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑧 2 + 2𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑥 ′2 − 𝑑𝑦 ′2 − 𝑑𝑧 2 − 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ′2 − 𝑑𝑦 ′2 )
= 𝑑𝑡 2 − (1 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 ′2 − (1 − 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 ′2 − 𝑑𝑧 2
14.5 hThe Rosen line element

The line element:
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑈𝑑𝑉 − 𝑎2 (𝑈)𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑏 2 (𝑈)𝑑𝑦 2
The metric tensor:
1
2
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 =
2
−𝑎2 (𝑈)
{ −𝑏 2 (𝑈)}
And the inverse
2
2
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = − 2
𝑎 (𝑈)
1
− 2
{ 𝑏 (𝑈)}
14.5.1 iThe non-zero Christoffel symbols
1
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝜕𝑎 𝑔𝑏𝑐 + 𝜕𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑎 − 𝜕𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑
2
1 𝑎̇
Γ𝑈𝑥𝑥 = Γ𝑥𝑈𝑥 = 10 − (𝜕𝑈 (𝑎2 (𝑈))) = −𝑎𝑎̇ ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑥𝑈 = Γ 𝑥𝑈𝑥 = 11𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑥𝑈𝑥 =
2 𝑎
10 1 1
= (𝜕𝑈 𝑔𝑥𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑈𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑈𝑥 ) = (𝜕𝑈 𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) =
2 2
11
= 𝑔 𝑥𝑑 Γ𝑥𝑈𝑑 =
13
Susan Larsen
1
Γ𝑥𝑥𝑈 = 12 (𝜕𝑈 (𝑎2 (𝑈))) = 𝑎𝑎̇ ⇒ Γ 𝑉𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑉𝑑 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑑 = 𝑔𝑉𝑈 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑈 = 2𝑎𝑎̇
2
1 𝑦 𝑏̇
Γ𝑈𝑦𝑦 = Γ𝑦𝑈𝑦 = 13 − (𝜕𝑈 (𝑏 2 (𝑈))) = −𝑏𝑏̇ ⇒ Γ 𝑦𝑈 =Γ
𝑦
𝑈𝑦 = 14𝑔 𝑦𝑦 Γ𝑦𝑈𝑦 =
2 𝑏
1 1
Γ𝑦𝑦𝑈 = 15 − (𝜕𝑈 𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = (𝜕𝑈 (𝑏 2 (𝑈))) = 𝑏𝑏̇ ⇒ Γ 𝑉𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑉𝑑 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑑 = 𝑔𝑉𝑈 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑢 = 2𝑏𝑏̇
2 2
14.5.2 The basis one forms
Finding the basis one forms is not so obvious, we write:
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑈𝑑𝑉 − 𝑎2 (𝑈)𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑏 2 (𝑈)𝑑𝑦 2
2 2 2 2
= (𝜔0̂ ) − (𝜔1̂ ) − (𝜔2̂ ) − (𝜔3̂ )
2 2
= (𝜔0̂ + 𝜔1̂ )(𝜔0̂ − 𝜔1̂ ) − (𝜔2̂ ) − (𝜔3̂ )
⇒ 𝑑𝑈 = 𝜔0̂ + 𝜔1̂
𝑑𝑉 = 𝜔0̂ − 𝜔1̂
1
𝜔0̂ = (𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑉) 𝑑𝑈 = 𝜔0̂ + 𝜔1̂
2
1
𝜔1̂ = (𝑑𝑈 − 𝑑𝑉) 𝑑𝑉 = 𝜔0̂ − 𝜔1̂
2
1
𝜔2̂ = 𝑎(𝑈)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜔2̂
𝑎(𝑈)
1
𝜔3̂ = 𝑏(𝑈)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜔3̂
𝑏(𝑈)
1
−1
𝜂 𝑖̂𝑗̂ ={ }
−1
−1
14.5.3 Cartan’s First Structure equation and the calculation of the curvature one-forms
̂
𝑑𝜔𝑎̂ = −Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑏
1
𝑑𝜔0̂ = 𝑑 ( (𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑉)) = 0
2
1
𝑑𝜔1̂ = 𝑑 ( (𝑑𝑈 − 𝑑𝑉)) = 0
2
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑎 0̂ 1 1 𝑑𝑎 2̂
𝑑𝜔2̂ = 𝑑(𝑎(𝑈)𝑑𝑥) = 𝑑𝑈 ∧ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝜔 + 𝜔1̂ ) ∧ 𝜔2̂ = − 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔0̂ + 𝜔1̂ )
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑎(𝑈) 𝑎 𝑑𝑈
𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑏 0̂ 1 1 𝑑𝑏 3̂
𝑑𝜔3̂ = 𝑑(𝑏(𝑈)𝑑𝑦) = 𝑑𝑈 ∧ 𝑑𝑦 = (𝜔 + 𝜔1̂ ) ∧ 𝜔3̂ = − 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔0̂ + 𝜔1̂ )
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑏(𝑈) 𝑏 𝑑𝑈
The curvature one-forms summarized in a matrix
12 1 1
= (𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑥𝑈 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑥𝑈 − 𝜕𝑈 𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = − (𝜕𝑈 𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) =
2 2
13 1 1
= (𝜕𝑈 𝑔𝑦𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑈𝑦 − 𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑈𝑦 ) = (𝜕𝑈 𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) =
2 2
14
= 𝑔 𝑦𝑑 Γ𝑦𝑈𝑑 =
15 1
= (𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑦𝑈 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑈𝑦 − 𝜕𝑈 𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) =
2
14
Susan Larsen
1 𝑑𝑎 2̂ 1 𝑑𝑏 3̂
0 0 𝜔 (𝐴) 𝜔 (𝐵)
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 𝑏 𝑑𝑈
1 𝑑𝑎 2̂ 1 𝑑𝑏 3̂
0 0 𝜔 (𝐴) 𝜔 (𝐵)
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = 𝑎 𝑑𝑈 𝑏 𝑑𝑈
1 𝑑𝑎 2̂ 1 𝑑𝑎 2̂
𝜔 (𝐴) − 𝜔 (−𝐴) 0 0
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 𝑎 𝑑𝑈
1 𝑑𝑏 3̂ 1 𝑑𝑏 3̂
𝜔 (𝐵) − 𝜔 (−𝐵) 0 0
{𝑏 𝑑𝑈 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 }
Where 𝑎̂ refers to column and 𝑏̂ to row and A and B will be used later, to make the calculations easier
14.5.4 The curvature two forms
1
Ω𝑎̂ 𝑏̂= 𝑑Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ + Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑏̂ = 𝑅 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂𝑑̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑑
̂
2
First we will calculate
1 𝑑𝑎 2̂
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑 ( 𝜔 )
𝑎 𝑑𝑈
𝑑𝑎
= 𝑑 ( 𝑑𝑥)
𝑑𝑈
𝑑2 𝑎
= 𝑑𝑈 ∧ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑈 2
𝑑2 𝑎 0̂ 1
= 2 (𝜔 + 𝜔1̂ ) ∧ 𝜔2̂
𝑑𝑈 𝑎
1 𝑑2 𝑎 0̂
= (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔2̂ )
2̂
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2
1 𝑑𝑏 3̂
𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑 ( 𝜔 )
𝑏 𝑑𝑈
𝑑𝑏
= 𝑑 ( 𝑑𝑦)
𝑑𝑈
𝑑2 𝑏
= 𝑑𝑈 ∧ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑈 2
2
𝑑 𝑏 0̂ 1
= 2 (𝜔 + 𝜔1̂ ) ∧ 𝜔3̂
𝑑𝑈 𝑏
1 𝑑2 𝑏 0̂
= (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔3̂ + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔3̂ )
𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2
Now we are ready to calculate the curvature two-forms
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Ω0 0̂ = 𝑑Γ 0 0̂ + Γ 0 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 0̂ = Γ 0 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 0̂ + Γ 0 1̂ ∧ Γ1 0̂ + Γ 0 2̂ ∧ Γ 2 0̂ + Γ 0 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 0̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Ω1 ̂0 = 𝑑Γ1 0̂ + Γ1 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ ̂0 = Γ1 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 0̂ + Γ1 1̂ ∧ Γ1 0̂ + Γ1 2̂ ∧ Γ 2 0̂ + Γ1 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 0̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂
Ω2 ̂0 = 𝑑Γ 2 0̂ + Γ 2 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ ̂0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
= 𝑑Γ 2 0̂ + Γ 2 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 0̂ + Γ 2 1̂ ∧ Γ1 0̂ + Γ 2 2̂ ∧ Γ 2 0̂ + Γ 2 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 0̂
1 𝑑2 𝑎 0̂
= (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔2̂ + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔2̂ )
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2
̂ ̂ ̂
Ω3 ̂0 = 𝑑Γ 3 0̂ + Γ 3 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ ̂0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
= 𝑑Γ 3 0̂ + Γ 3 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 0̂ + Γ 3 1̂ ∧ Γ1 0̂ + Γ 3 ̂2 ∧ Γ 2 ̂0 + Γ 3 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 0̂
1 𝑑2 𝑏 0̂
= (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔3̂ + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔3̂ )
𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Ω1 ̂1 = 𝑑Γ1 1̂ + Γ1 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ ̂1 = Γ1 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 1̂ + Γ1 1̂ ∧ Γ1 1̂ + Γ1 2̂ ∧ Γ 2 1̂ + Γ1 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 1̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂
Ω2 ̂1 = 𝑑Γ 2 1̂ + Γ 2 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ ̂1
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
= 𝑑Γ 2 1̂ + Γ 2 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 1̂ + Γ 2 1̂ ∧ Γ1 1̂ + Γ 2 2̂ ∧ Γ 2 1̂ + Γ 2 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 1̂
15
Susan Larsen
1 𝑑2 𝑎 0̂
= (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔2̂ + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔2̂ )
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2
̂ ̂ ̂
Ω3 1̂ = 𝑑Γ 3 1̂ + Γ 3 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 1̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
= 𝑑Γ 3 1̂ + Γ 3 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 1̂ + Γ 3 1̂ ∧ Γ1 1̂ + Γ 3 ̂2 ∧ Γ 2 ̂1 + Γ 3 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 1̂
1 𝑑2 𝑏 0̂
= (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔3̂ + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔3̂ )
𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Ω2 2̂ = 𝑑Γ 2 2̂ + Γ 2 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 2̂ = Γ 2 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 2̂ + Γ 2 1̂ ∧ Γ1 2̂ + Γ 2 2̂ ∧ Γ 2 2̂ + Γ 2 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 2̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂
Ω3 ̂2 = 𝑑Γ 3 2̂ + Γ 3 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ ̂2
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
= Γ 3 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 2̂ + Γ 3 1̂ ∧ Γ1 2̂ + Γ 3 2̂ ∧ Γ 2 2̂ + Γ 3 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 2̂
1 𝑑𝑏 3̂ 1 𝑑𝑎 2̂ 1 𝑑𝑏 3̂ 1 𝑑𝑎 2̂
= 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 + 𝜔 ∧ (− 𝜔 )
𝑏 𝑑𝑈 𝑎 𝑑𝑈 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 𝑎 𝑑𝑈
=0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Ω3 ̂3 = 𝑑Γ 3 3̂ + Γ 3 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ ̂3 = Γ 3 0̂ ∧ Γ 0 3̂ + Γ 3 1̂ ∧ Γ1 3̂ + Γ 3 2̂ ∧ Γ 2 3̂ + Γ 3 3̂ ∧ Γ 3 3̂ = 0
Summarized in a matrix:
1 𝑑2 𝑎 0̂ 1 𝑑2 𝑏 0̂
0 0 (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔2̂ + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔2̂ ) (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔3̂ + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔3̂ )
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2
2
Ω𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = 0 0 1 𝑑 𝑎 (𝜔0̂ ∧ 𝜔2̂ + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔2̂ ) 1 𝑑2 𝑏 0̂
(𝜔 ∧ 𝜔3̂ + 𝜔1̂ ∧ 𝜔3̂ )
𝑆 𝐴𝑆 0 0
{𝑆 𝐴𝑆 0 0 }
Where 𝑎̂ refers to column and 𝑏̂ to row
Now we can write down the independent elements of the Riemann tensor in the non-coordinate basis:
̂ 1 𝑑2 𝑎 ̂
3 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝑅 20̂2̂0̂ = − 𝑅 ̂3
0 ̂0̂ =−
2
̂ 1 𝑑 𝑎 ̂
3 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝑅 20̂2̂1̂ = − 𝑅 ̂ ̂
031 ̂ = −
2
̂ 1𝑑 𝑎 ̂
3 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝑅 21̂2̂1̂ = − 𝑅 ̂
13̂ ̂
1 = −
j
14.5.4.1 The Riemann tensor in the coordinate basis
The transformation:
̂
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = Λ𝑒̂𝑎 Λ𝑓𝑏 Λ𝑔̂𝑐 Λℎ̂𝑑 𝑅𝑒̂ 𝑓̂𝑔̂ℎ̂
1 1
2 2
̂ 1 1
Λ𝑏𝑎 = 16 −
2 2
𝑎(𝑈)
{ 𝑏(𝑈)}
𝑒̂ 𝑓̂ 𝑔̂ ℎ̂
𝑅0202 = Λ 0 Λ 2 Λ 0 Λ 2 𝑅𝑒̂ 𝑓̂𝑔̂ℎ̂
2 𝑔̂
= Λ𝑒̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ 0 𝑅𝑒̂ 2̂𝑔̂2̂
2 𝑔̂ 2 𝑔̂
= Λ0̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ 0 𝑅0̂2̂𝑔̂2̂ + Λ1̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ 0 𝑅̂12̂𝑔̂2̂
2 2 2 2
= Λ0̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ0̂0 𝑅0̂2̂0̂2̂ + Λ1̂0 (Λ̂22 ) Λ0̂0 𝑅1̂2̂0̂2̂ + Λ0̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ1̂0 𝑅0̂2̂1̂2̂ + Λ1̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ̂10 𝑅1̂2̂1̂2̂
̂ ̂
16
𝜔𝑏 = Λ𝑏𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
16
Susan Larsen
1 2
= 17 (𝑎(𝑈)) (𝑅0̂2̂̂02̂ + 2𝑅0̂2̂1̂̂2 + 𝑅1̂2̂̂12̂ )
4
1 2
= (𝑎(𝑈)) (𝑅2̂0̂2̂0̂ + 2𝑅2̂0̂2̂1̂ + 𝑅2̂1̂2̂1̂ )
4
1 2 ̂ ̂ ̂
= (𝑎(𝑈)) 𝜂2̂2̂ (𝑅 20̂2̂0̂ + 2𝑅 20̂2̂1̂ + 𝑅 21̂2̂1̂ )
4
1 2 1 𝑑2 𝑎
= − (𝑎(𝑈)) 4 (− )
4 𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2
𝑑2 𝑎
= 𝑎(𝑈)
𝑑𝑈 2
𝑅0303 𝑒̂ 𝑓̂ 𝑔̂ ℎ ̂
= Λ 0 Λ 3 Λ 0 Λ 3 𝑅𝑒̂ 𝑓̂𝑔̂ℎ̂
2 𝑔̂
= Λ𝑒̂0 (Λ3̂3 ) Λ 0 𝑅𝑒̂ 3̂𝑔̂3̂
2 𝑔̂ 2 𝑔̂
= Λ0̂0 (Λ3̂3 ) Λ 0 𝑅0̂3̂𝑔̂3̂ + Λ1̂0 (Λ3̂3 ) Λ 0 𝑅1̂3̂𝑔̂3̂
2 2 2 2
= Λ0̂0 (Λ3̂3 ) Λ0̂0 𝑅0̂3̂0̂3̂ + Λ1̂0 (Λ3̂3 ) Λ0̂0 𝑅1̂3̂0̂3̂ + Λ0̂0 (Λ3̂3 ) Λ1̂0 𝑅0̂3̂1̂3̂ + Λ1̂0 (Λ3̂3 ) Λ1̂0 𝑅1̂3̂1̂3̂
1 2
= 18 (𝑏(𝑈)) (𝑅0̂3̂0̂3̂ + 2𝑅0̂3̂1̂3̂ + 𝑅1̂3̂1̂3̂ )
4
1 2
= (𝑏(𝑈)) (𝑅3̂0̂3̂0̂ + 2𝑅3̂0̂3̂1̂ + 𝑅3̂1̂3̂1̂ )
4
1 2 ̂ ̂ ̂
= (𝑏(𝑈)) 𝜂3̂3̂ (𝑅 30̂3̂0̂ + 2𝑅 30̂3̂1̂ + 𝑅 31̂3̂1̂ )
4
1 2 1 𝑑2 𝑏
= − (𝑏(𝑈)) 4 (− )
4 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2
𝑑2 𝑏
= 𝑏(𝑈)
𝑑𝑈 2
𝑓̂ 𝑔̂ ̂
𝑅0212 = Λ𝑒̂0 Λ 2 Λ 1 Λℎ2 𝑅𝑒̂ 𝑓̂𝑔̂ℎ̂
2 𝑔̂
= Λ𝑒̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ 1 𝑅𝑒̂ 2̂𝑔̂2̂
2 𝑔̂ 2 𝑔̂
= Λ0̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ 1 𝑅0̂2̂𝑔̂2̂ + Λ1̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ 1 𝑅1̂2̂𝑔̂2̂
2 2 2 2
= Λ0̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ0̂1 𝑅0̂2̂0̂̂2 + Λ1̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ0̂1 𝑅1̂̂20̂2̂ + Λ0̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ1̂1 𝑅0̂2̂1̂2̂ + Λ1̂0 (Λ2̂2 ) Λ1̂1 𝑅1̂2̂̂12̂
=0
14.5.5 The Ricci tensor
𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑎̂𝑐̂𝑏̂
𝑐̂ ̂
0 ̂
1 ̂
2 ̂
3 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝑅0̂0̂ =𝑅 ̂𝑐̂0
0 ̂ =𝑅 ̂0
0 ̂0
̂ +𝑅 ̂1
0 ̂0
̂ +𝑅 ̂2
0 ̂0
̂ +𝑅 ̂3
0 ̂0
̂ = −( + )
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝑅1̂0̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 1̂𝑐̂0̂ = 𝑅 01̂0̂0̂ + 𝑅11̂1̂0̂ + 𝑅 21̂2̂0̂ + 𝑅 31̂3̂0̂ = −( + )
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝑅2̂0̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 2̂𝑐̂0̂ = 𝑅 02̂0̂0̂ + 𝑅12̂1̂0̂ + 𝑅 22̂2̂0̂ + 𝑅 32̂3̂0̂ =0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝑅3̂0̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 3̂𝑐̂0̂ = 𝑅 03̂0̂0̂ + 𝑅13̂1̂0̂ + 𝑅 23̂2̂0̂ + 𝑅 33̂3̂0̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝑅0̂1̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 0̂𝑐̂1̂ = 𝑅 00̂0̂1̂ + 𝑅10̂1̂̂1 + 𝑅 20̂̂21̂ + 𝑅 30̂3̂1̂ = − ( + )
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝑅1̂1̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 1̂𝑐̂1̂ = 𝑅 01̂0̂1̂ + 𝑅11̂1̂1̂ + 𝑅 21̂2̂1̂ + 𝑅 31̂3̂1̂ = −( + )
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝑅1̂2̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 1̂𝑐̂2̂ = 𝑅 01̂0̂2̂ + 𝑅11̂1̂2̂ + 𝑅 21̂2̂2̂ + 𝑅 31̂3̂2̂ =0
17
𝑅1̂2̂0̂2̂ = 𝑅0̂2̂1̂2̂
18
𝑅1̂3̂0̂3̂ = 𝑅0̂3̂1̂3̂
17
Susan Larsen
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝑅1̂3̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 1̂𝑐̂3̂ = 𝑅 01̂0̂3̂ + 𝑅11̂1̂3̂ + 𝑅 21̂2̂3̂ + 𝑅 31̂3̂3̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝑅0̂2̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 0̂𝑐̂2̂ = 𝑅 00̂0̂2̂ + 𝑅10̂1̂2̂ + 𝑅 20̂2̂2̂ + 𝑅 30̂3̂2̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝑅1̂2̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 1̂𝑐̂2̂ = 𝑅 01̂0̂2̂ + 𝑅11̂1̂2̂ + 𝑅 21̂2̂2̂ + 𝑅 31̂3̂2̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑎
𝑅2̂2̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 2̂𝑐̂2̂ = 𝑅 02̂0̂2̂ + 𝑅12̂1̂2̂ + 𝑅 22̂2̂2̂ + 𝑅 32̂3̂2̂ = − =0
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2
𝑅3̂2̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 3̂𝑐̂2̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝑅0̂3̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 0̂𝑐̂3̂ = 𝑅 00̂0̂3̂ + 𝑅10̂1̂3̂ + 𝑅 20̂2̂3̂ + 𝑅 30̂3̂3̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝑅1̂3̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 1̂𝑐̂3̂ = 𝑅 01̂0̂3̂ + 𝑅11̂1̂3̂ + 𝑅 21̂2̂3̂ + 𝑅 31̂3̂3̂ = 0
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ 1 𝑑2 𝑏 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝑅3̂3̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 3̂𝑐̂3̂ = 𝑅 03̂0̂3̂ + 𝑅13̂1̂̂3 + 𝑅 23̂̂23̂ + 𝑅 33̂3̂3̂ = − =0
𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2
1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
−( + ) −( + ) 0 0
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2
2 2 2 2
𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = − (1 𝑑 𝑎 + 1 𝑑 𝑏 ) − (1 𝑑 𝑎 + 1 𝑑 𝑏 ) 0 0
0 0 0 0
{ 0 0 0 0}
14.5.6 The Ricci scalar
̂ 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝑅 = 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑅0̂0̂ − 𝑅1̂1̂ − 𝑅2̂2̂ − 𝑅3̂3̂ = − ( + ) − (− ( + )) = 0
14.5.7 The Einstein tensor
1
𝐺𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ − 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂
2
1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
−( + ) − ( + ) 0 0
2 2 2 2
𝐺𝑎̂𝑏̂ = − (1 𝑑 𝑎 + 1 𝑑 𝑏 ) − (1 𝑑 𝑎 + 1 𝑑 𝑏 ) 0 0
0 0 0 0
{ 0 0 0 0}
14.5.7.1 The Einstein tensor in the coordinate basis
The transformation:
𝐺𝑎𝑏 = Λ𝑐̂𝑎 Λ𝑑̂𝑏 𝐺𝑐̂𝑑̂
1 1
2 2
̂ 1 1
Λ𝑏𝑎 = 19 −
2 2
𝑎(𝑈)
{ 𝑏(𝑈)}
̂ ̂
19
𝜔𝑏 = Λ𝑏𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
18
Susan Larsen
̂
𝐺00= Λ𝑐̂0 Λ𝑑0 𝐺𝑐̂𝑑̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
= Λ0̂0 Λ𝑑0 𝐺̂0𝑑̂ + Λ1̂0 Λ𝑑0 𝐺1̂𝑑̂ + Λ2̂0 Λ𝑑0 𝐺2̂𝑑̂ + Λ3̂0 Λ𝑑0 𝐺3̂𝑑̂
= Λ0̂0 Λ0̂0 𝐺0̂0̂ + Λ0̂0 Λ1̂0 𝐺0̂1̂ + Λ1̂0 Λ0̂0 𝐺1̂0̂ + Λ1̂0 Λ1̂0 𝐺1̂1̂
1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
= 20 − ( + )
𝐺10 = Λ𝑐̂1 Λ𝑑̂0 𝐺𝑐̂𝑑̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
= Λ0̂1 Λ𝑑0 𝐺̂0𝑑̂ + Λ1̂1 Λ𝑑0 𝐺1̂𝑑̂ + Λ2̂1 Λ𝑑0 𝐺2̂𝑑̂ + Λ3̂1 Λ𝑑0 𝐺3̂𝑑̂
= Λ0̂1 Λ0̂0 𝐺0̂0̂ + Λ0̂1 Λ1̂0 𝐺0̂1̂ + Λ1̂1 Λ0̂0 𝐺1̂0̂ + +Λ1̂1 Λ1̂0 𝐺1̂1̂
=0
𝐺20 = Λ𝑐̂2 Λ𝑑̂0 𝐺𝑐̂𝑑̂ = Λ0̂2 Λ𝑑̂0 𝐺0̂𝑑̂ + Λ1̂2 Λ𝑑̂0 𝐺̂1𝑑̂ + Λ2̂2 Λ𝑑̂0 𝐺̂2𝑑̂ + Λ3̂2 Λ𝑑̂0 𝐺3̂𝑑̂ =0
𝐺11 = Λ𝑐̂1 Λ𝑑̂1 𝐺𝑐̂𝑑̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
= Λ0̂1 Λ𝑑1 𝐺0̂𝑑̂ + Λ1̂1 Λ𝑑1 𝐺1̂𝑑̂ + Λ2̂1 Λ𝑑1 𝐺2̂𝑑̂ + Λ3̂1 Λ𝑑1 𝐺3̂𝑑̂
= Λ0̂1 Λ0̂1 𝐺0̂0̂ + Λ0̂1 Λ1̂1 𝐺0̂1̂ + Λ1̂1 Λ0̂1 𝐺1̂0̂ + Λ1̂1 Λ1̂1 𝐺1̂1̂
=0
𝐺31 = Λ𝑐̂3 Λ𝑑̂1 𝐺𝑐̂𝑑̂ = Λ0̂3 Λ𝑑̂1 𝐺0̂𝑑̂ + Λ1̂3 Λ𝑑̂1 𝐺1̂𝑑̂ + Λ2̂3 Λ𝑑̂1 𝐺2̂𝑑̂ + Λ3̂3 Λ𝑑̂1 𝐺3̂𝑑̂ =0
1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
−( + ) 0 0 0
𝐺𝑎𝑏 = 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
{ 0 0 0 0}
Which leaves us with the single Einstein equation
1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏
𝐺00 = − ( + )
14.5.8 The vacuum solution
𝐺00
=0
𝑎′′ (𝑈) 𝑏 ′′ (𝑈)
⇒ 0 = +
𝑎 𝑏
So a vacuum solution requires
𝑎′′ (𝑈) 𝑏 ′′ (𝑈)
=−
𝑎 𝑏
14.5.9 kTransformation of the Rosen line-element
Often the Rosen line-element is written
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 𝑓 2 (𝑢)𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑔2 (𝑢)𝑑𝑦 2
This corresponds to the transformation
𝑈 = √2𝑢
𝑉 = √2𝑣
𝑥 =𝑥
𝑦 =𝑦
20 1 1 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2𝑏 1 1 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2𝑏 1 1 1 𝑑2𝑎 1 𝑑2𝑏 1 1 1 𝑑2𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏

=− ⋅ ( + )− ⋅ ( + )− ⋅ ( + )− ⋅ ( + )=
2 2 𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2 2 2 𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2 2 2 𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2 2 2 𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2
19
Susan Larsen
𝑎(𝑈) = 𝑓(𝑢)
𝑏(𝑈) = 𝑔(𝑢)
1
1
⇒ 𝑔𝑎𝑏 ={ −𝑓 2 (𝑢) }
−𝑔2 (𝑢)
𝑑𝑎(𝑈) 𝑑𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑓(𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑓(𝑢)
= = =
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑢 √2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑏(𝑈) 𝑑𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑔(𝑢) 1 𝑑ℎ(𝑢)
= = =
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑢 √2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑎2 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑓(𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑓(𝑢) 1 𝑑2 𝑓
= ( )= ( )=
𝑑𝑈 2 𝑑𝑈 √2 𝑑𝑢 √2 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢2
𝑑 𝑏2 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑔(𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑔(𝑢) 1 𝑑2 𝑔
= ( )= ( )=
𝑑𝑈 2 𝑑𝑈 √2 𝑑𝑢 √2 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢2
The independent elements of the Riemann tensor
̂ ̂ ̂ 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 1 𝑑2 𝑓
𝑅 20̂2̂0̂ = 𝑅 20̂2̂1̂ = 𝑅 2̂12̂1̂ = − = −
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 2 𝑓 𝑑𝑢2
2
̂ 1𝑑 𝑏 1 1 𝑑2 𝑔
𝑅 30̂̂30̂ = 𝑅 3̂0̂3̂1̂ = 𝑅 3̂1̂3̂1̂ = − = −
𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2 2 ℎ 𝑑𝑢2
The non-zero components of the Ricci tensor
1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏 1 1 𝑑2 𝑓 1 𝑑2 𝑔
𝑅0̂0̂ = 𝑅1̂0̂ = 𝑅0̂̂1 = 𝑅1̂1̂ = − ( + ) = − ( + )
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2 2 𝑓 𝑑𝑢2 𝑔 𝑑𝑢2
The Ricci scalar
𝑅 =0
The non-zero components of the Einstein tensor
1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏 1 1 𝑑2 𝑓 1 𝑑2 𝑔
𝐺00 = − ( + ) = − ( + )
𝑎 𝑑𝑈 2 𝑏 𝑑𝑈 2 2 𝑓 𝑑𝑢2 𝑔 𝑑𝑢2
With the vacuum solution
𝑓 ′′ (𝑢) 𝑔′′ (𝑢)
=−
𝑓 ℎ
14.6 The Penrose Kahn metric (Colliding gravitational waves)

The line element:
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − (1 − 𝑢)2 𝑑𝑥 2 − (1 + 𝑢)2 𝑑𝑦 2
The metric tensor:
1
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 ={ }
−(1 − 𝑢)2
−(1 + 𝑢)2
and its inverse:
1
1
−1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = (1 − 𝑢)2
−1
{ (1 + 𝑢)2 }
Notice: The Penrose Kahn space-time is a Rosen space-time with
𝑓(𝑢) = 1 − 𝑢
20
Susan Larsen
𝑔(𝑢) = 1 + 𝑢
Because
𝑓 ′′ (𝑢) = −𝑔′′ (𝑢) = 0
The Kahn-Penrose space-time is a no-curvature vacuum solution
14.6.1 lThe Christoffel symbols of the Kahn-Penrose space-time

The non-zero Christoffel symbols
1
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝜕𝑎 𝑔𝑏𝑐 + 𝜕𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑎 − 𝜕𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑
2
1 1
Γ𝑢𝑥𝑥 = Γ𝑥𝑢𝑥 = 21 − (𝜕𝑢 (1 − 𝑢)2 ) = 1 − 𝑢 ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑥𝑢 = Γ 𝑥𝑢𝑥 = 22𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑥𝑢𝑥 = −
2 1−𝑢
1
Γ𝑥𝑥𝑢 = 23 (𝜕𝑢 (1 − 𝑢)2 ) = −(1 − 𝑢) ⇒ Γ 𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑣𝑑 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑑 = 𝑔𝑣𝑢 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑢 = −(1 − 𝑢)
2
1 𝑦 𝑦 1
Γ𝑢𝑦𝑦 = Γ𝑦𝑢𝑦 = 24 − (𝜕𝑢 (1 + 𝑢)2 ) = −(1 + 𝑢) ⇒ Γ 𝑦𝑢 =Γ 𝑢𝑦 = 25𝑔 𝑦𝑦 Γ𝑦𝑢𝑦 = 26
2 1+𝑢
1 1
Γ𝑦𝑦𝑢 = 27 − (𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = (𝜕𝑢 (1 + 𝑢)2 ) = 1 + 𝑢 ⇒ Γ 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑣𝑑 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑑 = 𝑔𝑣𝑢 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑢 =1+𝑢
2 2
14.6.2 mThe Ricci scalar of the Penrose Kahn metric
28
The Ricci scalar:
𝑅 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑎𝑏
The Ricci tensor
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅 𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑏
Sum over 𝑎 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑥, 𝑦:
𝑅 = 𝑔𝑢𝑏 𝑅𝑢𝑏 + 𝑔𝑣𝑏 𝑅𝑣𝑏 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑏 𝑅𝑥𝑏 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑏 𝑅𝑦𝑏
Sum over 𝑏 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑥, 𝑦:
= 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑅𝑢𝑣 + 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑅𝑣𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑦
= 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑅𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑣 + 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑅𝑐 𝑣𝑐𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑐 𝑥𝑐𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅 𝑐 𝑦𝑐𝑦
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 𝑅𝑐𝑑𝑎𝑏 = −𝑅𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑑 = −𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑑𝑐 :
= 294𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑣 + 4𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑔𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑣 + 2𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑥𝑦𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
= 4𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑅 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑣 + 4𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑅 𝑢𝑦𝑣 + 2𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑥
Notice we can rewrite this into to a general expression for a non-diagonal metric of the type:
21 1 1
= (𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑥𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑢𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑢𝑥 ) = (𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) =
2 2
22
= 𝑔 𝑥𝑑 Γ𝑥𝑢𝑑 =
23 1 1
= (𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑥𝑢 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑥𝑢 − 𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = − (𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) =
2 2
24 1 1
= (𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑦𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑢𝑦 − 𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑢𝑦 ) = (𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) =
2 2
25
= 𝑔 𝑦𝑑 Γ𝑦𝑢𝑑 =
26 1
= 2
(1 + 𝑢) =
(1+𝑢)
27 1
= (𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑦𝑢+ 𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑢𝑦 − 𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) =
2
28
This calculation is purely instructive because we already know that the curvature is zero (𝑅 = 0)
𝑦 𝑦
29
Sum over 𝑐 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑥, 𝑦: = 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑅 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑣 + 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑅 𝑢𝑦𝑣 + 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑅 𝑥𝑣𝑥𝑢 + 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑅 𝑣𝑦𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑢𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑣𝑥𝑣𝑥 +
𝑦
𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅 𝑢𝑦𝑢𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑣𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦 . 𝑔𝑢𝑣 = 𝑔𝑣𝑢 : = 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑣 + 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑔𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑣 +
𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑔𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑣𝑥𝑢 + 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑣𝑦𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑅𝑣𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑅𝑢𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑅𝑣𝑦𝑢𝑦 +
𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑅𝑢𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦
21
Susan Larsen
𝑔12
𝑔12
𝑔𝑎𝑏 =
𝑔33
{ 𝑔44 }
We write
𝑅 = 4𝑔12 𝑅3132 + 4𝑔12 𝑅4142 + 2𝑔33 𝑅4343
𝑦 𝑦
Now we need to calculate the three elements in the Riemann tensor: 𝑅 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑣 ; 𝑅 𝑢𝑦𝑣 ; 𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑥
𝑅 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥 Γ 𝑥𝑢𝑣 − 𝜕𝑣 Γ 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + Γ 𝑒𝑢𝑣 Γ 𝑥𝑒𝑥 − Γ 𝑒𝑢𝑥 Γ 𝑥𝑒𝑣 = 0
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑅 𝑢𝑦𝑣 = 𝜕𝑦 Γ 𝑢𝑣 − 𝜕𝑣 Γ 𝑢𝑦 + Γ 𝑒𝑢𝑣 Γ 𝑒𝑦 − Γ 𝑒𝑢𝑦 Γ 𝑒𝑣 = 0
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑥 = 𝜕𝑦 Γ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 Γ 𝑥𝑦 + Γ 𝑒𝑥𝑥 Γ 𝑒𝑦 − Γ 𝑒𝑥𝑦 Γ 𝑒𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑅 =0
14.7 nThe Brinkmann metric (Plane gravitational waves)

The line element:
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2
The metric tensor:
𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦) 1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = { 1 }
−1
−1
and its inverse:
1
1 −𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 30 { }
−1
−1
2 2 2 2
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2 = (𝜔𝑢̂ ) − (𝜔𝑣̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
2 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑢[𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢 + 2𝑑𝑣] − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝑣̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
⇒ 𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ = 𝑑𝑢
𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝑣̂ = 𝐻𝑑𝑢 + 2𝑑𝑣
𝜔 𝑥̂ = 𝑑𝑥
𝜔 𝑦̂ = 𝑑𝑦
1
𝜔𝑢̂ = (𝐻 + 1)𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂
2
1 1 1
𝜔𝑣̂ = (1 − 𝐻)𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = (1 − 𝐻)𝜔𝑢̂ − (1 + 𝐻)𝜔𝑣̂
2 2 2
𝜔 𝑥̂ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜔 𝑥̂
𝜔 𝑦̂ = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜔 𝑦̂
1
−1
𝜂 𝑖𝑗 = { }
−1
−1
𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦) 1 1 1
30 1 1 −𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦) 1
Checking: { }{ }={ }
−1 −1 1
−1 −1 1
22
Susan Larsen
14.7.2 The orthonormal null tetrad

Now we can use the basis one-forms to construct a orthonormal null tetrad
𝑙 1 1 0 0 𝜔𝑢̂ 𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ 𝑑𝑢
𝑛 1 1 −1 0 0 𝑣̂ 1 ̂
𝑢 ̂
𝑣 1 𝐻𝑑𝑢 + 2𝑑𝑣
( ) = ( ) ( 𝜔𝑥̂ ) = ( 𝜔𝑥̂ − 𝜔 𝑦̂ ) = ( 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦 )
𝑚 √2 0 0 1 𝑖 𝜔 √2 𝜔 + 𝑖𝜔 √2
𝑚̅ 0 0 1 −𝑖 𝜔 𝑦̂
𝜔 𝑥̂ − 𝑖𝜔 𝑦̂ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖𝑑𝑦
Written in terms of the coordinate basis
1
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
√2
1
𝑛𝑎 = (𝐻, 2, 0, 0)
√2
1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, 1, 𝑖)
√2
1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, 1, −𝑖)
√2
Next we use the metric to rise the indices
𝑙 𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑙𝑣 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
1 1
𝑙 𝑣 = 𝑔𝑎𝑣 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑙𝑢 + 𝑔𝑣𝑣 𝑙𝑣 = 1 ⋅ ( ) + (−𝐻) ⋅ 0 =
√2 √2
𝑙𝑥 = 𝑙𝑦 = 0
2
𝑛𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑛𝑣 = 1 ⋅ ( ) = √2
√2
1 2 1
𝑛𝑣 = 𝑔𝑎𝑣 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑛𝑢 + 𝑔𝑣𝑣 𝑛𝑣 = 1 ⋅ ( 𝐻) + (−𝐻) ⋅ ( ) = − 𝐻
√2 √2 √2
𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑦 = 0
𝑚𝑢 = 𝑚𝑣 = 0
1 1
𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑥 = (−1) ⋅ =−
√2 √2
1 1
𝑚𝑦 = 𝑔𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑦 = (−1) ⋅ 𝑖 = −𝑖
√2 √2
1 1
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0) 𝑙𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
√2 √2
1 1
𝑛𝑎 = (𝐻, 2, 0, 0) 𝑛𝑎 = (2, −𝐻, 0, 0)
√2 √2
1 1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, 1, 𝑖) 𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, −1, −𝑖)
√2 √2
1 1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, 1, −𝑖) 𝑚 ̅𝑎 = (0, 0, −1, 𝑖)
√2 √2
14.7.3 Christoffel symbols
The non-zero Christoffel symbols of first kind The non-zero Christoffel symbols of second kind
1
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝜕𝑎 𝑔𝑏𝑐 + 𝜕𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑎 − 𝜕𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) ⇒ Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑
2
1 1 𝜕𝐻 1 𝜕𝐻
Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 = (𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑢𝑢 ) = Γ 𝑣𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑣𝑑 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑑 = 31Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 =
2 2 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢
31
= 𝑔𝑣𝑢 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑔𝑣𝑣 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑣 =
23
Susan Larsen
1 1 𝜕𝐻 1 𝜕𝐻
Γ𝑥𝑢𝑢 = Γ𝑢𝑥𝑢 = (𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑢𝑢 ) = Γ 𝑣𝑥𝑢 = Γ 𝑣𝑢𝑥 = 𝑔𝑣𝑑 Γ𝑥𝑢𝑑 = 32Γ𝑥𝑢𝑢 =
2 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝜕𝐻 1 𝜕𝐻
Γ𝑢𝑢𝑥 = − (𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑢𝑢 ) = − Γ 𝑥𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑥 =
2 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝜕𝐻 1 𝜕𝐻
Γ𝑦𝑢𝑢 = Γ𝑢𝑦𝑢 = (𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑢𝑢 ) = Γ 𝑣𝑦𝑢 = 𝑔𝑣𝑑 Γ𝑦𝑢𝑑 = 33Γ𝑦𝑢𝑢 =
2 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
1 1 𝜕𝐻 𝑦 1 𝜕𝐻
Γ𝑢𝑢𝑦 = − (𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑢𝑢 ) = − Γ 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑦 =
2 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
14.7.4 The spin coefficients calculated from the null tetrad
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏
= −∇𝑣 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑣
= −∇𝑣 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝑣
= −(𝜕𝑣 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑣 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙𝑣 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑛𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑣 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝑣
=0
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏
= −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑣 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑣
𝑥 𝑢
= −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑛 − ∇𝑢 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑣 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑛𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑣
= 34Γ 𝑣𝑥𝑢 𝑛𝑣 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 + Γ 𝑣𝑦𝑢 𝑛𝑣 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢
= (Γ 𝑣𝑥𝑢 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + Γ 𝑣𝑦𝑢 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 )𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑢
1 𝜕𝐻 −1 1 𝜕𝐻 1
=( ( )+ 𝑖 ) √2 ⋅ √2
2 𝜕𝑥 √2 2 𝜕𝑦 √2
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
= (− +𝑖 )
√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑏
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛 𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑦
= 35 − ∇𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅𝑦
=0
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = 0
𝜅 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚 𝑙𝑏
𝑎
= ∇𝑣 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙 𝑣
= ∇𝑣 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑙 𝑣 + ∇𝑣 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑙 𝑣
= (∂𝑣 𝑙𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑥 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑥 𝑙 𝑣 + (∂𝑣 𝑙𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑦 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝑦 𝑙 𝑣
=0
𝜏 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑏
= ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑢 + ∇𝑣 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑣
= ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 + ∇𝑣 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛𝑣 + ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑢 + ∇𝑣 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑣
= 360
𝜌 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑏
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑦
32
= 𝑔𝑣𝑢 Γ𝑥𝑢𝑢 + 𝑔𝑣𝑣 Γ𝑥𝑢𝑣 =
33
= 𝑔𝑣𝑢 Γ𝑦𝑢𝑢 + 𝑔𝑣𝑣 Γ𝑦𝑢𝑣 =
34
= −(𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑢 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − (𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑢 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑣 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑣 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑛𝑦 −
𝑐 𝑦 𝑣
Γ 𝑦𝑣 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚̅ 𝑛 =
35
= −(𝜕𝑥 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑥 − (𝜕𝑥 𝑛𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑦 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − (𝜕𝑦 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑥 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑦 − (𝜕𝑦 𝑛𝑦 −
Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅𝑦 =
36
= (𝜕𝑢 𝑙𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑢𝑥 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 + (𝜕𝑣 𝑙𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑥 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑥 𝑛𝑣 + (𝜕𝑢 𝑙𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑢𝑦 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑢 + (𝜕𝑣 𝑙𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑦 𝑙𝑐 )∇𝑣 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑣 =
24
Susan Larsen
= 37∇𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 + ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅𝑦
=0
𝜎 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = 0
1
𝜀 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏 )
2
1
= (∇𝑣 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙 𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑣 )
2
1 1
= 38 (∇𝑣 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑙 𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝑣 ) + (∇𝑣 𝑙𝑣 𝑛𝑣 𝑙𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝑣 )
2 2
=0
1
𝛾 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 )
2
1 1
= (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 ) + (∇𝑣 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑣 )
2 2
= 390
1
𝛼 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑏)
2
1 1
= (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚̅ 𝑥 ) + (∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑦)
2 2
= 400
1
𝛽 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 ) = 0
2
The non-zero spin-coefficient
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
𝜈 = (− +𝑖 )
√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
14.7.5 The Weyl Scalars and Petrov classification

Ψ0 = 𝐷𝜎 − 𝛿𝜅 − 𝜎(𝜌 + 𝜌̅ ) − 𝜎(3𝜀 − 𝜀̅) + 𝜅(𝜋 − 𝜋̅ + 𝛼̅ + 3𝛽)
Ψ1 = 𝐷𝛽 − 𝛿𝜀 − 𝜎(𝛼 + 𝜋) − 𝛽(𝜌̅ − 𝜀̅) + 𝜅(𝜇 + 𝛾) + 𝜀(𝛼̅ − 𝜋̅)
Ψ2 = 𝛿̅𝜏 − Δ𝜌 − 𝜌𝜇̅ − 𝜎𝜆 + 𝜏(𝛽̅ − 𝛼 − 𝜏̅) + 𝜌(𝛾 + 𝛾̅ ) + 𝜅𝜈 − 2Λ
Ψ3 = 𝛿̅𝛾 − Δα + 𝜈(𝜌 + 𝜀) − 𝜆(𝜏 + 𝛽) + 𝛼(𝛾̅ − 𝜇̅ ) + 𝛾(𝛽̅ − 𝜏̅)
Ψ4 = 𝛿̅𝜈 − Δλ + 𝜆(𝜇 + 𝜇̅ ) − 𝜆(3𝛾 − 𝛾̅ ) + 𝜈(3𝛼 + 𝛽̅ + 𝜋 − 𝜏̅)
Where
𝐷 = 𝑙 𝑎 ∇𝑎
37
= (𝜕𝑥 𝑙𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + (𝜕𝑦 𝑙𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑥 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 + (𝜕𝑥 𝑙𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑦 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + (𝜕𝑦 𝑙𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅𝑦 =
1 1
38
= 2 ((𝜕𝑣 𝑙𝑢 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑢 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑢 𝑙 𝑣 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝑣 ) + 2 ((𝜕𝑣 𝑙𝑣 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑣 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑣 𝑙𝑣 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑚𝑦 −
Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝑣 ) =
1 1 1
39
= 2 (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 ) + 2 (∇𝑣 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑚𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑣 ) + 2 (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑣 𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 ) +
1 1 1
2
(∇𝑣 𝑙𝑣 𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑣 ) = 2 ((𝜕𝑢 𝑙𝑢 − Γ 𝑐𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢 − (𝜕𝑢 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑢𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 ) + 2 ((𝜕𝑣 𝑙𝑢 −
1
Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑢 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑣 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑣 ) + 2 ((𝜕𝑢 𝑙𝑣 − Γ 𝑐𝑢𝑣 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑢 − (𝜕𝑢 𝑚𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑢𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 ) +
1
2
((𝜕𝑣 𝑙𝑣 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑣 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑣 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑚𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑣𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑣 ) =
1 1 1
40
= 2 (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 ) + 2 (∇𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑦 ) + 2 (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑣 𝑛𝑣 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚̅ 𝑥) +
1 1
2
(∇𝑦 𝑙𝑣 𝑛𝑣 𝑚̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚̅ 𝑦 ) = 2 ((𝜕𝑥 𝑙𝑢 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑢 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑢 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − (𝜕𝑥 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅ 𝑥) +
1 1
((𝜕𝑦 𝑙𝑢 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑢 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑢 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − (𝜕𝑦 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑦 ) + ((𝜕𝑥 𝑙𝑣 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑣 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑣 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − (𝜕𝑥 𝑚𝑦 −
2 2
1
Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 ) + 2 ((𝜕𝑦 𝑙𝑣 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑣 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑣 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − (𝜕𝑦 𝑚𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚̅ 𝑦) =
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Susan Larsen
Δ = 𝑛 𝑎 ∇𝑎
𝛿 = 𝑚 𝑎 ∇𝑎
𝛿̅ = 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 ∇𝑎
We see that Ψ0 = Ψ1 = Ψ2 = Ψ3 = 0 and
Ψ4 = 𝛿̅𝜈
=𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 ∇𝑎 𝜈
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
=𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 ∂𝑎 ( (− +𝑖 ))
√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
= [𝑚̅ 𝑥 ∂x (− +𝑖 )+𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝜕y (− +𝑖 )]
√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 1 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻
= [(− ) (− 2 + 𝑖 ) + (𝑖 ) (− + 𝑖 2 )]
√2 √2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 √2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
2 2 2
1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜕 𝐻 𝜕 𝐻
= [ 2 − 2 − 2𝑖 ]
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Ψ4 ≠ 0: This is a Petrov type N, which means there is a single principal null direction of multiplicity 4.
This corresponds to transverse gravity waves.
Φ22 = 𝛿𝜈 − Δ𝜇 − 𝜇2 − 𝜆𝜆̅ − 𝜇(𝛾 + 𝛾̅ ) + 𝜈̅ 𝜋 − 𝜈(𝜏 − 3𝛽 − 𝛼̅)
= 𝛿𝜈
= 𝑚 𝑎 ∇𝑎 𝜈
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
= 𝑚𝑎 𝜕𝑎 ( (− +𝑖 ))
√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻 1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
= 𝑚 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ( (− +𝑖 )) + 𝑚𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ( (− +𝑖 ))
√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 √2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 1 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻 1 1 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻
= (− ) ( ) (− 2 + 𝑖 ) + (−𝑖 ) ( ) (− + 𝑖 2)
√2 √2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 √2 √2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
2 2
1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜕 𝐻
= [ 2 + 2]
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1
Φ22 = − 𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏
2
1 1
= − 𝑅𝑢𝑏 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑏 − 𝑅𝑣𝑏 𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑏
2 2
1 1 1 1
= − 𝑅𝑢𝑢 𝑛 𝑛 − 𝑅𝑣𝑢 𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑢 − 𝑅𝑢𝑣 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑣 − 𝑅𝑣𝑣 𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑣
𝑢 𝑢
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
= − 𝑅𝑢𝑢 √2 ⋅ √2 − 𝑅𝑢𝑣 √2 ⋅ (− 𝐻) − 𝑅𝑣𝑣 (− 𝐻) ⋅ (− 𝐻)
2 √2 2 √2 √2
𝐻2
= −𝑅𝑢𝑢 + 𝐻𝑅𝑢𝑣 − 𝑅
4 𝑣𝑣
2 2
1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜕 𝐻
= [ 2 + 2]
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜕2𝐻
2
⇒ 𝑅𝑢𝑢 = 41 − [ 2 + 2 ]
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅𝑢𝑣 = 𝑅𝑣𝑣 = 0
41
According to the Cartan calculation further below the sign is wrong
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Susan Larsen
14.7.7 The Weyl tensor calculated from the null tetrad

This calculation show that the spin coefficients and the Weyl scalars depend on the chosen null tetrad, and
the Ricci tensor does not (of course).
The null tetrad
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0) 𝑙 𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
1 1
𝑛𝑎 = ( 𝐻, 1, 0, 0) 𝑛𝑎 = (1, − 𝐻, 0, 0)
2 2
1 1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, 1, −𝑖) 𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, −1, 𝑖)
√2 √2
1 1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, 1, 𝑖) ̅𝑎 =
𝑚 (0, 0, −1, −𝑖)
√2 √2
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏
= −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑣 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑣
𝑥 𝑢
= −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑛 − ∇𝑢 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑣 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑣
= 42Γ 𝑣𝑥𝑢 𝑛𝑣 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 + Γ 𝑣𝑦𝑢 𝑛𝑣 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢
= (Γ 𝑣𝑥𝑢 𝑚̅ 𝑥 + Γ 𝑣𝑦𝑢 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 )𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑢
1 𝜕𝐻 −1 1 𝜕𝐻 1
=( ( )+ (−𝑖 )) 1 ⋅ 1
2 𝜕𝑥 √2 2 𝜕𝑦 √2
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
=− ( +𝑖 )
2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Ψ4 = 𝛿̅𝜈
=𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 ∇𝑎 𝜈
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
=𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 ∂𝑎 (− ( +𝑖 ))
2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
= (− ) [𝑚̅ 𝑥 ∂x ( +𝑖 )+𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝜕y ( +𝑖 )]
2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 1 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻
= (− ) [(− ) ( 2 + 𝑖 ) + (−𝑖 ) ( + 𝑖 2 )]
2√2 √2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 √2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻
= [ 2 − 2 + 2𝑖 ]
4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Φ22 = 𝛿𝜈
= 𝑚 𝑎 ∇𝑎 𝜈
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
= 𝑚𝑎 𝜕𝑎 (− ( +𝑖 ))
2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻 1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
= 𝑚 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (− ( +𝑖 )) + 𝑚𝑦 𝜕𝑦 (− ( +𝑖 ))
2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 −1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻
= (− ) [( ) ( 2 + 𝑖 ) + (𝑖 ) ( + 𝑖 2 )]
2√2 √2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 √2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
2 2
1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜕 𝐻
= [ 2 + 2]
4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
42
= −(𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑢 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − (𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑢 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑣 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑣 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑛𝑦 −
Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑣 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑣 =
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Susan Larsen
1
Φ22 = 43 − 𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏
2
1 1 1 1
= − 𝑅𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢 − 𝑅𝑣𝑢 𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑢 − 𝑅𝑢𝑣 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑣 − 𝑅𝑣𝑣 𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑣
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2
= − 𝑅𝑢𝑢 1 ⋅ 1 − 𝑅𝑣𝑢 1 (− 𝐻) − 𝑅𝑣𝑣 (− 𝐻)
2 2 2 2
1 𝐻 𝐻2
= − 𝑅𝑢𝑢 + 𝑅𝑣𝑢 − 𝑅
2 2 8 𝑣𝑣
2 2
1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜕 𝐻
= [ 2 + 2]
4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜕2𝐻
2
⇒ 𝑅𝑢𝑢 = 44 − [ 2 + 2 ]
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅𝑢𝑣 = 𝑅𝑣𝑣 = 0
14.7.8 Finding the Ricci tensor of the Brinkmann metric using Cartan’s structure equation
14.7.8.1 Cartan’s First Structure equation and the calculation of the curvature one-forms
̂
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = Γ 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂ 𝜔𝑐̂
1
𝑑𝜔𝑢̂ = 𝑑 ( (𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦) + 1)𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣)
2
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
= ( 𝑑𝑥 ∧ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 ∧ 𝑑𝑢)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻 𝑦̂
= ( 𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ))
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1
𝑑𝜔𝑣̂ = 𝑑 ( (1 − 𝐻)𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑣)
2
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
= − ( 𝑑𝑥 ∧ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 ∧ 𝑑𝑢)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻 𝑦̂
= − ( 𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ))
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝜔 𝑥̂ =0
𝑑𝜔 𝑦̂ =0
The curvature one-forms summarized in a matrix:

1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂ 1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂
0 0 (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(𝐴) (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(𝐵)
2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂ 1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂
0 0 (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(𝐴) (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(𝐵)
𝑎̂ 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
Γ 𝑏̂
=
1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂ 1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂
(𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(𝐴) − (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(−𝐴) 0 0
2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂ 1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂
(𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(𝐵) − (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(−𝐵) 0 0
{2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 }
Where 𝑎̂ refers to column and 𝑏̂ to row.
A and B will be used later in order to make the calculations easier.
1
43
𝑛𝑎 = (1, − 2 𝐻, 0, 0)
44
According to the Cartan calculation further below the sign is wrong
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Susan Larsen
14.7.8.2 The curvature two forms

1
Ω𝑎̂ 𝑏̂
= 𝑑Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ + Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑏̂ = 𝑅 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂𝑑̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑑
̂
2
First we will calculate
1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂ 1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂
𝐴∧𝐴 = (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ ) ∧ (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝐻 2 𝑢̂
=( ) (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑢̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑣̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝐻 2 𝑢̂
=( ) (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑣̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑢̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝐻 2 𝑢̂
=( ) (𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑣̂ − 𝜔𝑢̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥
=0
1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂ 1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂
𝐵∧𝐵 = (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ ) ∧ (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ ) = 0
2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑 ( (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ ))
2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑑( 𝑑𝑢)
2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕 2 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦) 1 𝜕 2 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑑𝑥 ∧ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 ∧ 𝑑𝑢
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕 2 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥̂ ̂ 𝑣̂
1 𝜕 2 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦̂
= 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔 𝑢
+ 𝜔 ) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝐻 𝑢̂
𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑 ( (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑣̂ ))
2 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑑( 𝑑𝑢)
2 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
= 𝑑𝑥 ∧ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 ∧ 𝑑𝑢
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂
= 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Now we are ready to calculate the curvature two-forms
Ω𝑢̂𝑢̂ : 𝑑Γ 𝑢̂𝑢̂ = 0
Γ 𝑢̂𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑢̂ = Γ 𝑢̂𝑢̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑢̂𝑣̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑢̂𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑢̂𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑦̂𝑢̂
𝑦̂
= Γ 𝑢̂𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑢̂𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂
=𝐴∧𝐴+𝐵∧𝐵
=0
⇒ Ω𝑢̂𝑢̂ = 𝑑Γ 𝑢̂𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑢̂𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑢̂ = 0
Ω𝑣̂ 𝑢̂ : 𝑑Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑢̂ =0
𝑦̂
Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑢̂ = Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑢̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑣̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂
𝑦̂
= Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂
= (−𝐴) ∧ (𝐴) + (−𝐵) ∧ (𝐵)
=0
⇒ Ω𝑣̂ 𝑢̂ =0
Ω𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ : 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂
𝑑Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔 ̂
𝑢
+ 𝜔 𝑣̂
) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
29
Susan Larsen
𝑦̂
Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑢̂ = Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂ = 0
1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂
⇒ Ω𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ = 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔 𝑢̂
+ 𝜔 𝑣̂
) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂
Ω ̂:
𝑢 Γ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑢̂ = Γ 𝑢̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ + Γ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂ = 0
𝑦̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ ̂ 𝑣̂
1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂
⇒ Ω ̂
𝑢 = 𝑢
𝜔 ∧ (𝜔 + 𝜔 ) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Ω𝑣̂ 𝑣̂ 𝑑Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑣̂ =0
Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑣̂ 𝑦̂
= Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑢̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑣̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂
𝑦̂
= Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂
= −(𝐴) ∧ (𝐴) − (𝐵) ∧ (𝐵)
=0
⇒ Ω𝑣̂ 𝑣̂ =0
1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂
Ω𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ : 𝑑Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔 ̂
𝑢
+ 𝜔 𝑣̂
) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑣̂ 𝑦̂
= Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ = 0
1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂
⇒ Ω𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ = 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔 ̂
𝑢
+ 𝜔 𝑣̂
) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂
Ω 𝑣̂ : 𝑑Γ 𝑣̂ = 𝑑𝐵 = 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂
Γ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑣̂ = Γ 𝑢̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ + Γ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ = 0
𝑦̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂
⇒ Ω 𝑣̂ = 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ) + 𝜔 ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑥̂ 𝑥̂
Ω 𝑥̂ : 𝑑Γ 𝑥̂ =0
Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑥̂ 𝑦̂
= Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂𝑥̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑣̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑥̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑥̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ = (𝐴) ∧ (𝐴) − (𝐴) ∧ (𝐴) = 0
⇒ Ω𝑥̂ 𝑥̂ =0
𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑦̂
Ω 𝑥̂ : Γ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑥̂ = Γ 𝑢̂ ∧ Γ 𝑢̂𝑥̂ + Γ 𝑣̂ ∧ Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑥̂ + Γ 𝑥̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑥̂ + Γ 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ = (𝐵) ∧ (𝐴) − (𝐵) ∧ (𝐴) = 0
𝑦̂
⇒ Ω 𝑥̂
=0
𝑦̂
⇒ Ω 𝑦̂ =0
1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂ ̂ 𝑣̂
1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑥̂ 1 𝜕 2 𝐻 𝑦̂
0 0 [ 𝜔 + 𝜔 ] ∧ (𝜔 𝑢
+ 𝜔 ) [ 𝜔 + 𝜔 ] ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
2 2 2 2
Ω𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = 0 0 [1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜔 𝑥̂ + 1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜔 𝑦̂ ] ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ ) [1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜔 𝑥̂ + 1 𝜕 𝐻 𝜔 𝑦̂ ] ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑆 𝐴𝑆 0 0
{𝑆 𝐴𝑆 0 0 }
1 𝜕2𝐻 𝑦̂ 1 𝜕2𝐻
R𝑥̂ 𝑢̂𝑥̂𝑢̂ (𝐶) = R 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑢̂ (𝐸) =
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
2
1𝜕 𝐻 𝑦̂ 1 𝜕2𝐻
R𝑥̂ 𝑢̂𝑥̂𝑣̂ (𝐶) = R 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑣̂ (𝐸) =
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
30
Susan Larsen
1 𝜕2𝐻 𝑦̂ 1 𝜕2𝐻
R𝑥̂ 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑢̂ (𝐷) = R 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑣̂ (𝐸) =
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
2
1𝜕 𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
R 𝑥̂ 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑣̂ (𝐷) = R𝑥̂ 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑢̂ (𝐷) =
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕 2
𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
R𝑥̂ 𝑣̂𝑥̂𝑣̂ (𝐶) = R𝑥̂ 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑣̂ (𝐷) =
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Where C,D and E will be used later, to make the calculations easier
14.7.8.3 The Ricci tensor
𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑎̂𝑐̂𝑏̂
𝑅𝑢̂𝑢̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑢̂𝑐̂𝑢̂
𝑦̂
= 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑢̂𝑢̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑢̂𝑣̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑢̂𝑥̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑢̂
=𝐶+𝐸
1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
= +
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑅𝑣̂𝑢̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑣̂𝑐̂𝑢̂
𝑦̂
= 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑣̂𝑢̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑣̂𝑣̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑣̂𝑥̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑢̂
=𝐶+𝐸
1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
= +
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑅𝑥̂𝑢̂ = 0
𝑅𝑦̂𝑢̂ = 0
𝑅𝑣̂𝑣̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑣̂𝑐̂𝑣̂
𝑦̂
= 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑣̂𝑢̂𝑣̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑣̂𝑣̂𝑣̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑣̂𝑥̂𝑣̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑣̂
=𝐶+𝐸
1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
= +
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑅𝑥̂𝑣̂ = 0
𝑅𝑦̂𝑣̂ = 0
𝑦̂
𝑅𝑥̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑥̂𝑐̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑥̂𝑢̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑥̂𝑣̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑥̂𝑥̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂ = −𝐶 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑦̂
𝑅𝑦̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑦̂𝑐̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑢̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑣̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑦̂𝑦̂𝑥̂ = −𝐷 + 𝐷 =0
𝑦̂
𝑅𝑦̂𝑦̂ =𝑅 𝑐̂
𝑦̂𝑐̂𝑦̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑢̂𝑦̂ +𝑅 𝑣̂
𝑦̂𝑣̂𝑦̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂𝑦̂ + 𝑅 𝑦̂𝑦̂𝑦̂ = −𝐸 + 𝐸 =0
1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
+ + 0 0
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2 2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
2 2 2 2
𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 1 𝜕 𝐻 + 1 𝜕 𝐻 1 𝜕 𝐻 + 1 𝜕 𝐻 0 0
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2 2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
0 0 0 0
{ 0 0 0 0}
14.7.8.4 The Ricci tensor in the coordinate basis
The transformation:
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = Λ𝑐̂𝑎 Λ𝑑̂𝑏 𝑅𝑐̂𝑑̂
𝑅𝑢𝑢 = Λ𝑐̂𝑢 Λ𝑑̂𝑢 𝑅𝑐̂𝑑̂
31
Susan Larsen
̂ ̂
= Λ𝑢̂𝑢 Λ𝑑𝑢 𝑅𝑢̂𝑑̂ + Λ𝑣̂𝑢 Λ𝑑𝑢 𝑅𝑣̂𝑑̂
= Λ𝑢̂𝑢 Λ𝑢̂𝑢 𝑅𝑢̂𝑢̂ + Λ𝑢̂𝑢 Λ𝑣̂𝑢 𝑅𝑢̂𝑣̂ + Λ𝑣̂𝑢 Λ𝑢̂𝑢 𝑅𝑣̂𝑢̂ + Λ𝑣̂𝑢 Λ𝑣̂𝑢 𝑅𝑣̂𝑣̂
= 45(𝐶 + 𝐸)
1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
= +
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
̂
𝑅𝑢𝑣 = Λ𝑐̂𝑢 Λ𝑑𝑣 𝑅𝑐̂𝑑̂
̂ ̂
= Λ𝑢̂𝑢 Λ𝑑𝑣 𝑅𝑢̂𝑑̂ + Λ𝑣̂𝑢 Λ𝑑𝑣 𝑅𝑣̂𝑑̂
= Λ𝑢̂𝑢 Λ𝑢̂𝑣 𝑅𝑢̂𝑢̂ + Λ𝑢̂𝑢 Λ𝑣̂𝑣 𝑅𝑢̂𝑣̂ + Λ𝑣̂𝑢 Λ𝑢̂𝑣 𝑅𝑣̂𝑢̂ + Λ𝑣̂𝑢 Λ𝑣̂𝑣 𝑅𝑣̂𝑣̂
= 460
̂
𝑅𝑣𝑣 = Λ𝑐̂𝑣 Λ𝑑𝑣 𝑅𝑐̂𝑑̂
̂ ̂
= Λ𝑢̂𝑣 Λ𝑑𝑣 𝑅𝑢̂𝑑̂ + Λ𝑣̂𝑣 Λ𝑑𝑣 𝑅𝑣̂𝑑̂
= Λ𝑢̂𝑣 Λ𝑢̂𝑣 𝑅𝑢̂𝑢̂ + Λ𝑢̂𝑣 Λ𝑣̂𝑣 𝑅𝑢̂𝑣̂ + Λ𝑣̂𝑣 Λ𝑢̂𝑣 𝑅𝑣̂𝑢̂ + Λ𝑣̂𝑣 Λ𝑣̂𝑣 𝑅𝑣̂𝑣̂
= 1 ⋅ 1(𝐶 + 𝐸) + 1(−1)(𝐶 + 𝐸) + (−1)1(𝐶 + 𝐸) + (−1)(−1)(𝐶 + 𝐸)
=0
𝑅𝑥𝑥 = 𝑅𝑦𝑦 = 𝑅𝑥𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑅 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 0 ⋅ 𝑅𝑢𝑢 = 0
1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
+ 0 0 0
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
{ 0 0 0 0}
Where 𝑎 refers to column and 𝑏 to row
1 𝜕2𝐻 1 𝜕2𝐻
⇒ 𝐺𝑢𝑢 = +
2 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑦 2
14.8 oThe Aichelburg-Sexl Solution – The passing of a black hole

The line element
𝑑𝑠 2 = 4𝜇 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑟 − dx 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2
Comparing with the Brinkmann metric
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2
We see that we can copy the results from the Brinkmann calculations with 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝜇 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
The only non-zero spin-coefficient is:
1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
𝜈 =− ( +𝑖 )
2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕(4𝜇 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )) 𝜕(4𝜇 log(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ))
=− ( +𝑖 )
2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2
1 1 1 1 1
45
= ( (𝐻 + 1)) (𝐶 + 𝐸) + (𝐻 + 1) (1 − 𝐻)(𝐶 + 𝐸) + (1 − 𝐻) (𝐻 + 1)(𝐶 + 𝐸) +
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
( (1 − 𝐻)) (𝐶 + 𝐸) =
2
1 1 1 1
46
= 2 (𝐻 + 1) ⋅ 1(𝐶 + 𝐸) + 2 (𝐻 + 1)(−1)(𝐶 + 𝐸) + 2 (1 − 𝐻) ⋅ 1(𝐶 + 𝐸) + 2 (1 − 𝐻)(−1)(𝐶 + 𝐸) =
32
Susan Larsen
4𝜇 2𝑥 2𝑦
=− ( 2 + 𝑖 )
2√2 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 𝑦
= −2√2𝜇 ( 2 + 𝑖 )
𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
14.9 Coordinate transformations
14.9.1 pTransformation of the Brinkmann line-element – a vacuum solution
The Brinkmann line-element
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝐻(𝑈, 𝑌, 𝑍)𝑑𝑈 2 + 𝑑𝑈𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑𝑌 2 − 𝑑𝑍 2
We can use the following coordinate transformation and show that the Brinkmann space-time is a Rosen
spacetime.
𝑈 =𝑢
𝑉 = 𝑣 + 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑓 ′ + 𝑧 2 𝑔𝑔′
𝑌 = 𝑓𝑦
𝑍 = 𝑔𝑧
where
𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑓(𝑈)
𝑔 = 𝑔(𝑢) = 𝑔(𝑈)
⇒ 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑣 + 2𝑦𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 [(𝑓 ′ )2 + 𝑓𝑓 ′′ ]𝑑𝑢 + 2𝑧𝑔𝑔′ 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧 2 [(𝑔′ )2 + 𝑔′′ ]𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑣 + 2𝑦𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑔𝑔′ 𝑑𝑧 + (𝑦 2 [(𝑓 ′ )2 + 𝑓𝑓 ′′ ] + 𝑧 2 [(𝑔′ )2 + 𝑔′′ ])𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑌 = 𝑓𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑍 = 𝑔𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧𝑔′ 𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑑𝑈 2 = 𝑑𝑢2
𝑑𝑈𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 2𝑦𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑔𝑔′ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑧 + (𝑦 2 [(𝑓 ′ )2 + 𝑓𝑓 ′′ ] + 𝑧 2 [(𝑔′ )2 + 𝑔′′ ])𝑑𝑢2
𝑑𝑌 2 = (𝑓𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑢)2 = 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑓 ′ )2 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑦𝑓𝑓′𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑍 2 = (𝑔𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧𝑔′ 𝑑𝑢)2 = 𝑔2 𝑑𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 (𝑔′ )2 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑧𝑔𝑔′ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝐻(𝑈, 𝑌, 𝑍)𝑑𝑈 2 + 𝑑𝑈𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑𝑌 2 − 𝑑𝑍 2
= 47𝐻(𝑈, 𝑌, 𝑍)𝑑𝑢2 + 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 + (𝑦 2 𝑓𝑓 ′′ + 𝑧 2 𝑔′′ )𝑑𝑢2 − 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑔2 𝑑𝑧 2
= [𝐻(𝑈, 𝑌, 𝑍) + 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑓 ′′ + 𝑧 2 𝑔𝑔′′ ]𝑑𝑢2 + 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑔2 𝑑𝑧 2
Which equals the Rosen line-element if
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑔2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝐻(𝑈, 𝑌, 𝑍) = −𝑦 2 𝑓𝑓 ′′ − 𝑧 2 𝑔𝑔′′
In the vacuum case
𝑓 ′′ 𝑔′′
=− = ℎ(𝑢)
𝑓 𝑔
⇒ 𝐻(𝑈, 𝑌, 𝑍) = −𝑦 2 𝑓 2 ℎ(𝑢) + 𝑧 2 𝑔2 ℎ(𝑢) = ℎ(𝑈)(𝑍 2 − 𝑌 2 )
⇒ 𝑑𝑠 2 = ℎ(𝑈)(𝑍 2 − 𝑌 2 )𝑑𝑈 2 + 𝑑𝑈𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑𝑌 2 − 𝑑𝑍 2
14.9.1.1 The inverse transformation and the transformation matrices
The inverse transformation
𝑢 =𝑈
𝑌 2 𝑍 2 𝑓′ 𝑔′
𝑣 = 𝑉 − 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑓 ′ − 𝑧 2 𝑔𝑔′ = 𝑉 − ( ) 𝑓𝑓 ′ − ( ) 𝑔𝑔′ = 𝑉 − 𝑌 2 − 𝑍 2
𝑓 𝑔 𝑓 𝑔
𝑌
𝑦 =
𝑓
47
= 𝐻(𝑈, 𝑌, 𝑍)𝑑𝑢2 + 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 2𝑦𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑔𝑔′ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑧 + (𝑦 2 [(𝑓 ′ )2 + 𝑓𝑓 ′′ ] + 𝑧 2 [(𝑔′ )2 + 𝑔𝑔′′ ])𝑑𝑢2 −
(𝑓 2 𝑑𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑓 ′ )2 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑦𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦) − (𝑔2 𝑑𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 (𝑔′ )2 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑧𝑔𝑔′ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑧) =
33
Susan Larsen
𝑍
𝑧 =
𝑔
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑈
𝑓′ 2
𝑓 ′′ 2
(𝑓 ′ )2 𝑔′ 2
𝑔′′ 2
(𝑔′ )2
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑉 − 2𝑌 𝑑𝑌 − 𝑌 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑌 𝑑𝑈 − 2𝑍 𝑑𝑍 − 𝑍 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑍 𝑑𝑈
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓2 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔2
𝑓′ 𝑔′ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑓 ′ )2 𝑔′′ (𝑔′ )2
= 𝑑𝑉 − 2𝑌 𝑑𝑌 − 2𝑍 𝑑𝑍 − (𝑌 2 [ − 2 ] + 𝑍 2 [ − 2 ]) 𝑑𝑈
𝑓 𝑔 𝑓 𝑓 𝑔 𝑔
1 𝑌𝑓′
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑌 − 2 𝑑𝑈
𝑓 𝑓
1 𝑍𝑔′
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑍 − 2 𝑑𝑈
𝑔 𝑔
The transformation matrices
𝑑𝑈 1 0 0 0 𝑑𝑢
2 [(𝑓 ′ )2 ′′ ] 2 [(𝑔′ )2 ′′ ] ′ ′
𝑑𝑉 𝑦 + 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑧 + 𝑔 1 2𝑦𝑓𝑓 2𝑧𝑔𝑔 𝑑𝑣
{ } ={ }{ }
𝑑𝑌 𝑦𝑓 ′ 0 𝑓 0 𝑑𝑦
′
𝑑𝑍 𝑧𝑔 0 0 𝑔 𝑑𝑧
1 0 0 0
2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑓 ′ )2 2
𝑔′′ (𝑔′ )2 𝑓′ 𝑔′
𝑑𝑢 𝑌 [ − 2 ] + 𝑍 [ − 2 ] 1 −2𝑌 −2𝑍
𝑓 𝑓 𝑔 𝑔 𝑓 𝑔 𝑑𝑈
𝑑𝑣 𝑌𝑓′ 1 𝑑𝑉
{ } = { }
𝑑𝑦 − 2 0 0 𝑑𝑌
𝑓 𝑓
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑍
𝑍𝑔′ 1
− 2 0 0
{ 𝑔 𝑔 }
1 0 0 0
𝑦 2 [𝑓𝑓′′ − (𝑓 ′ )2 ] + 𝑧 2 [𝑔𝑔′′ − (𝑔′ )2 ] 1 −2𝑦𝑓′ −2𝑧𝑔′ 𝑑𝑈
𝑦𝑓 ′ 1 𝑑𝑉
= − 0 0 { }
𝑓 𝑓 𝑑𝑌
′
𝑧𝑔 1 𝑑𝑍
− 0 0
{ 𝑔 𝑔 }
14.9.2 qColliding gravity waves
The metric of a plane gravitational wave
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝛿(𝑢)(𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 )𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑟 − 𝑑𝑋 2 − 𝑑𝑌 2
is a special case (vacuum-solution) of the Brinkmann space-time with 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝛿(𝑢)(𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 ). rIt can
be written in terms of the null coordinates 𝑢 and 𝜈 by using the following coordinate transformation
𝑢 =𝑢
1 1
𝑟 = 𝜈 − Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢)𝑥 2 + Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢)𝑦 2
2 2
𝑋 = (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑥
𝑌 = (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑢
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝜈 + 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝜈 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
34
Susan Larsen
1
= 48𝑑𝜈 − (𝛿(𝑢)(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − Θ(𝑢)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ))𝑑𝑢 − Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢)𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
+ Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢)𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑋 = (−Θ(𝑢) − 𝑢Θ′ (𝑢))𝑥𝑑𝑢 + (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑑𝑥 = −Θ(𝑢)𝑥𝑑𝑢 + (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑌 = (Θ(𝑢) + 𝑢Θ′ (𝑢))𝑦𝑑𝑢 + (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑑𝑦 = Θ(𝑢)𝑦𝑑𝑢 + (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 = (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑥 2 − (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑦 2 = (1 + 𝑢2 Θ2 (𝑢))(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑢Θ(𝑢)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝛿(𝑢)(𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 ) = 𝛿(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢2 Θ2 (𝑢))(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 𝛿(𝑢)2𝑢Θ(𝑢)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝛿(𝑢)(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
2
𝑑𝑋 2 = (−Θ(𝑢)𝑥𝑑𝑢 + (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑑𝑥)
2
= Θ2 (𝑢)𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢2 + (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑥𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑌 2 = (Θ(𝑢)𝑦𝑑𝑢 + (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑑𝑦)
2
= Θ2 (𝑢)𝑦 2 𝑑𝑢2 +(1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑦 2 + 2Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑦𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦
2
𝑑𝑋 2 + 𝑑𝑌 2 = 49Θ2 (𝑢)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑢2 + (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑥𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑥
2
+ (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑦 2 + 2Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑦𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝛿(𝑢)(𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 )𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑟 − 𝑑𝑋 2 − 𝑑𝑌 2
2 2
= 50 512𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑥 2 − (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑦 2
s
14.10 Impulsive gravitational wave Region III
The line element:
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − [1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑑𝑥 2 − [1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑑𝑦 2
Notice: This space-time is a Rosen space-time with
𝑓(𝜈) = 1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)
𝑔(𝜈) = 1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)
We have
𝑓′(𝜈) = −Θ(𝜈) − 𝜈𝛿(𝜈) = −Θ(𝜈)
𝑔′(𝜈) = Θ(𝜈) + 𝜈𝛿(𝜈) = Θ(𝜈)
⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝜈) = −𝛿(𝜈)
𝑔′′ (𝜈) = 𝛿(𝜈)
𝑅0202 = 𝑓(𝜈)𝑓 ′′ (𝜈) = (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))(−𝛿(𝜈)) = −𝛿(𝜈)
𝑅0303 = 𝑔(𝜈)𝑔′′ (𝜈) = (1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))𝛿(𝜈) = 𝛿(𝜈)
Because
𝑓 ′′ (𝜈) = −𝑔′′ (𝜈) = −𝛿(𝜈)
This space-time is a no-curvature vacuum solution with a non-vanishing Riemann tensor
14.10.1 The Christoffel symbols
To find the Christoffel symbols we calculate the geodesic from the Euler-Lagrange equation
1 1
48
= 𝑑𝜈 − ( (Θ′ (𝑢)(1 − 𝑢) − Θ(𝑢))𝑥 2 − (Θ′ (𝑢)(1 + 𝑢) + Θ(𝑢))𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑢 − Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢)𝑥𝑑𝑥 + Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢)𝑦𝑑𝑦 =
2 2
1 1
𝑑𝜈 − ( (𝛿(𝑢) − Θ(𝑢))𝑥 2 − (𝛿(𝑢) + Θ(𝑢))𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑢 − Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢)𝑥𝑑𝑥 + Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢)𝑦𝑑𝑦 [𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒: 𝑢Θ′ (𝑢) =
2 2
𝑢𝛿(𝑢) = 0] =
2 2
49
= Θ2 (𝑢)𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢2 + (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑥𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑥 + Θ2 (𝑢)𝑦 2 𝑑𝑢2 + (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑦 2 +
2Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑦𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦 =
1
50
= 𝛿(𝑢)(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢 (𝑑𝜈 − (𝛿(𝑢)(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − Θ(𝑢)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ))𝑑𝑢 − Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢)𝑥𝑑𝑥 +
2
2 2
Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢)𝑦𝑑𝑦) − (Θ2 (𝑢)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑢2 + (1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑥𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑦 2 +
2
2Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑦𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦) = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 + 2𝑑𝑢(−Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢)𝑥𝑑𝑥 + Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢)𝑦𝑑𝑦) − ((1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑥 2 −
2
2Θ(𝑢)(1 − 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑥𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑦 2 + 2Θ(𝑢)(1 + 𝑢Θ(𝑢))𝑦𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦) =
51 2 (𝑢)
Θ = Θ(𝑢)
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Susan Larsen
𝑑 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
0 = ( 𝑎) − 𝑎
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥̇ 𝜕𝑥
Where
𝐹 = 2𝑢̇ 𝜈̇ − [1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑥̇ 2 − [1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑦̇ 2
𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑢:
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝜈̇
𝜕𝑢̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = 2𝜈̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑢̇
⇒ 0 = 𝜈̈
𝑥𝑎 = 𝜈:
𝜕𝐹
= 2Θ(𝜈)[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑥̇ 2 − 2Θ(𝜈)[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑦̇ 2
𝜕𝜈
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑢̇
𝜕𝜈̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = 2𝑢̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜈̇
⇒ 0 = 𝑢̈ − Θ(𝜈)[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑥̇ 2 + Θ(𝜈)[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑦̇ 2
𝑥𝑎 = 𝑥:
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= −2[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑥̇
𝜕𝑥̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹 𝑑Θ(𝜈)
( ) = −2 (−𝜈̇ Θ(𝜈) − 𝜈𝜈̇ ) 2[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑥̇ − 2[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑥̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥̇ 𝑑𝜈
= 524(Θ(𝜈) + 𝜈𝛿(𝜈))[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑥̇ 𝜈̇ − 2[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑥̈
⇒ 0 = 53[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑥̈ − 2Θ(𝜈)[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑥̇ 𝜈̇
2Θ(𝜈)
⇔ 0 = 𝑥̈ − 𝑥̇ 𝜈̇
[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]
𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑦:
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
= −2[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑦̇
𝜕𝑦̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹 𝑑Θ(𝜈)
( ) = −2 (𝜈̇ Θ(𝜈) + 𝜈𝜈̇ ) 2[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑦̇ − 2[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑦̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑦̇ 𝑑𝜈
= −4(Θ(𝜈) + 𝜈𝛿(𝜈))[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑦̇ 𝜈̇ − 2[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑦̈
⇒ 0 = [1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 𝑦̈ + 2Θ(𝜈)[1 + Θ(𝜈)]𝑦̇ 𝜈̇
2Θ(𝜈)
⇔ 0 = 𝑦̈ + 𝑦̇ 𝜈̇
[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]
0 = 𝜈̈
0 = 𝑢̈ − Θ(𝜈)[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑥̇ 2 + Θ(𝜈)[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]𝑦̇ 2
52 𝑑Θ(𝜈)
= 𝛿(𝜈)
𝑑𝜈
53
𝜈𝛿(𝜈) = 0
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Susan Larsen
2Θ(𝜈)
0 = 𝑥̈ − 𝑥̇ 𝜈̇
[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]
2Θ(𝜈)
0 = 𝑦̈ + 𝑦̇ 𝜈̇
[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]
We can now find the Christoffel symbols:
Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = −Θ(𝜈)[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]
Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = Θ(𝜈)[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]
Θ(𝜈)
Γ 𝑥𝜈𝑥 = −
[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]
𝑦 Θ(𝜈)
Γ 𝑦𝜈 =
[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]
14.10.2 The Petrov type
The line element
The metric tensor:
1
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = { }
−[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2
−[1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2
and its inverse:
1
1
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = −
[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2
1
−
{ [1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)]2 }
The basis one forms
2 2 2 2
= (𝜔𝑢̂ ) − (𝜔𝜈̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
2 2
= (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )(𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
⇒ √2𝑑𝑢 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2𝑑𝜈 = (𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ )
1 1
𝜔𝑢̂ = (𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝜈) 𝑑𝑢 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2 √2
1 1
𝜔𝜈̂ = (𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝜈) 𝑑𝜈 = (𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2 √2
1
𝜔 𝑥̂ = (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜔 𝑥̂
⇒ 1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)
1
𝜔 𝑦̂ = (1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜔 𝑦̂
1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)
1
−1
𝜂 𝑖𝑗 = { }
−1
−1
The orthonormal null tetrad
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Susan Larsen
𝑙 1 1 0 0 𝜔𝑢̂
𝑛 1 1 −1 0 0 ̂
𝜈
( ) = ( ) ( 𝜔 𝑥̂ )
𝑚 √2 0 0 1 𝑖 𝜔
𝑚
̅ 0 0 1 −𝑖 𝜔 𝑦̂
𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂
1 𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂
= ( )
√2 𝜔 𝑥̂ + 𝑖𝜔 𝑦̂
𝜔 𝑥̂ − 𝑖𝜔 𝑦̂
√2𝑑𝑢
1 √2𝑑𝜈
=
√2 (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))𝑑𝑦
((1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))𝑑𝑦)
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)), 𝑖(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)))
√2
1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)), −𝑖(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)))
√2
𝑙 𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑙𝜈 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
𝑙 𝜈 = 𝑔𝑎𝜈 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝜈 𝑙𝑢 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
𝑙𝑥 = 𝑙𝑦 = 0
𝑛𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑛𝜈 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
𝑛𝜈 = 𝑔𝑎𝜈 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝜈 𝑛𝑢 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑦 = 0
𝑚𝜈 = 𝑚𝑢 = 0
𝑥𝑥
1 1 1 1
𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑚𝑥 = − [1 2
⋅ ⋅ (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)) = −
− 𝜈Θ(𝜈)] √2 √2 (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑦 = − [1 2
⋅ 𝑖(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)) = −𝑖
+ 𝜈Θ(𝜈)] √2 √2 (1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
𝑙 𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)), 𝑖(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)))
√2
1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, − , −𝑖 )
√2 (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)) (1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)), −𝑖(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)))
√2
1 1 1
𝑚̅𝑎 = (0, 0, − , 𝑖 )
√2 (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)) (1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
The spin coefficients calculated from the orthonormal tetrad
1
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏 𝜅 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙𝑏 𝜀 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏 )
2
1
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 𝜏 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑏 𝛾 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 )
2
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Susan Larsen
1
𝜆 ̅ 𝑎𝑚
= −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑏 𝜌 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅𝑏 𝛼 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚̅ 𝑏)
2
1
𝜇 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏
= −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 𝜎 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑏 𝛽 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 )
2
Calculating the spin-coefficients
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙 𝑏 = −∇ν 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙 𝜈 = −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝜈 − ∇𝜈 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝜈 = 0
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 = 0
𝑎 𝑥
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑚 ̅ − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑚 ̅ − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑚 ̅ − ∇𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅𝑦
= 54Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑢 𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑢 𝑚̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅𝑦
=0
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑢 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 + Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑢 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑚𝑦 = 0
𝜅 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙𝑏 = ∇𝜈 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙𝜈 = ∇𝜈 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑙 𝜈 + ∇𝜈 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑙 𝜈 = 0
𝜏 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑏 = ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑢 = ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 + ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑢 𝑛𝜈 = 0
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑚 ̅ + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑚 ̅ + ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅𝑦
= 55 − (Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑢 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 + Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦)
Θ(𝜈) 1 1
= 56 ( − )
2 (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)) (1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
𝜈Θ(𝜈)
= 57
(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))(1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
𝜎 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑏
Θ(𝜈) 1 1
= ( + )
2 (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)) (1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
Θ(𝜈)
=
(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))(1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
1
2
1
= (∇𝜈 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙 𝜈 − ∇𝜈 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝜈 )
2
1
= (∇𝜈 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑙 𝜈 − ∇𝜈 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙𝜈 − ∇𝜈 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝜈 )
2
1
= − ((𝜕𝜈 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝜈𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + (𝜕𝜈 𝑚𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝜈𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦)
2
1 𝑦
= − ((𝜕𝜈 (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)) − Γ 𝑥𝜈𝑥 𝑚𝑥 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝜈 + (𝜕𝜈 (𝑖(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))) − Γ 𝜈𝑦 𝑚𝑦 ) 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝜈 )
2
54
= −(𝜕𝑥 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑥 − (𝜕𝑦 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑥 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅ 𝑦 − (𝜕𝑥 𝑛𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑦 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅ 𝑥 − (𝜕𝑦 𝑛𝑦 −
Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅𝑦 =
55
̅𝑦 =
1 1 1
56
= − (−Θ(𝜈)[1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈)] 2 (− ) (− ) + Θ(𝜈)[1 +
(1−𝜈Θ(𝜈)) (1−𝜈Θ(𝜈))
1 1 1
𝜈Θ(𝜈)] 2 (−𝑖 ) (𝑖 )) =
(1+𝜈Θ(𝜈)) (1+𝜈Θ(𝜈))
57
Θ2 (𝜈) = Θ(𝜈)
39
Susan Larsen
= 580
1
2
1
= (∇u 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 )
2
1
= (∇u 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 )
2
=0
1
𝛼 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑏)
2
1 1
= (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 ) + (∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚
̅ 𝑦)
2 2
= 590
1
2
Collecting the results:
𝜋 =0 𝜅 =0 𝜀 =0
𝜈 =0 𝜏 =0 𝛾 =0
𝜈Θ(𝜈)
𝜆 =0 𝜌 = 𝛼 =0
(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))(1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
Θ(𝜈)
𝜇 =0 𝜎 = 𝛽 =0
(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈))(1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))
The Weyl Scalars and Petrov classification
Where
𝛿̅ = 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 ∇𝑎
= 𝐷𝜎 − 2𝜎𝜌
Θ(𝜈) 𝜈Θ(𝜈)
= 60𝑙 𝜈 ∂ν ( )−2 2
(1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))(1 + 𝜈Θ(𝜈)) (1 − 𝜈 2 Θ(𝜈))
Θ(𝜈) 𝜈Θ(𝜈)
= ∂ν ( 2 )−2 2
1 − 𝜈 Θ(𝜈) (1 − 𝜈 2 Θ(𝜈))
1 Θ(𝜈)
58
̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝜈 + (𝑖(Θ(𝜈) + 𝜈𝛿(𝜈)) −
= − ((−Θ(𝜈) − 𝜈𝛿(𝜈) − (− [1−𝜈Θ(𝜈)]) (1 − 𝜈Θ(𝜈))) 𝑚
2
Θ(𝜈)
[1+𝜈Θ(𝜈)]
𝑖(1 + ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝜈 ) =
𝜈Θ(𝜈))) 𝑚
1
59
= (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅ 𝑦) =
2
Θ(𝜈) Θ(𝜈) 𝜈Θ(𝜈)
60
= 𝑙 𝑎 ∇𝑎 ( ) − 2( ) =
(1+𝜈Θ(𝜈))(1−𝜈Θ(𝜈)) (1+𝜈Θ(𝜈))(1−𝜈Θ(𝜈)) (1+𝜈Θ(𝜈))(1−𝜈Θ(𝜈))
40
Susan Larsen
𝛿(𝜈)(1 − 𝜈 2 Θ(𝜈)) − Θ(𝜈)(−2𝜈Θ(𝜈) − 𝜈 2 𝛿(𝜈)) 𝜈Θ(𝜈)

= 2 −2 2
(1 − 𝜈 2 Θ(𝜈)) (1 − 𝜈 2 Θ(𝜈))
= 𝛿(𝜈)
Ψ1 =0
= −Δ𝜌
= −𝑛𝑎 ∇𝑎 𝜌
= −𝑛𝑢 ∇𝑢 𝜌
=0
Ψ3 = 0
Ψ4 = 0
tΨ ≠ 0: This is a Petrov type N, which means there is a single principal null direction of multiplicity 4. This
0
corresponds to transverse gravity waves in region III.
u
14.11 Two interacting waves
The line element:
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 2 − cosh2 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑓(𝜈) = cos2 𝑎𝜈
𝑔(𝜈) = cosh2 𝑎𝜈
We have
𝑓′(𝜈) = −2𝑎 cos(𝑎𝜈) sin(𝑎𝜈)
𝑔′(𝜈) = 2𝑎 cosh(𝑎𝜈) sinh(𝑎𝜈)
⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝜈) = 2𝑎2 sin2(𝑎𝜈) − 2𝑎2 cos 2(𝑎𝜈)
𝑔′′ (𝜈) = 2𝑎2 sinh2 (𝑎𝜈) + 2𝑎2 cosh2(𝑎𝜈) = −2𝑎2 sin2 (𝑖𝑎𝜈) + 2𝑎2 cos 2(𝑖𝑎𝜈)
Because
𝑓 ′′ (𝜈) ≠ −ℎ′′ (𝜈)
this is not a vacuum solution. If we change the line-element
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 2 − cosh2 𝑏𝜈 𝑑𝑦 2
this is a vacuum solution if
𝑎 = 𝑖𝑏
0 = ( 𝑎) − 𝑎
Where
𝐹 = 2𝑢̇ 𝜈̇ − cos 2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̇ 2 − cosh2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̇ 2
𝑥 𝑎 = 𝜈:
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̇ 2 − 2𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝜈 sinh 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̇ 2
𝜕𝜈
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑢̇
𝜕𝜈̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = 2𝑢̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜈̇
⇒ 0 = 𝑢̈ − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝜈 sinh 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̇ 2
𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑢:
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑢
41
Susan Larsen
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝜈̇
𝜕𝑢̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = 2𝜈̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑢̇
⇒ 0 = 𝜈̈
𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑥:
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= −2 cos 2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̇
𝜕𝑥̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = 4𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇ − 2 cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥̇
⇒ 0 = 2𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇ − cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̈
⇔ 0 = 𝑥̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇
𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑦:
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
= −2 cosh2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̇
𝜕𝑦̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = −4𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝜈 sinh 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇ − 2 cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑦̇
⇒ 0 = −2𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝜈 sinh 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇ − cosh2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̈
⇔ 0 = 𝑦̈ + 2𝑎 tanh 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇
0 = 𝜈̈
0 = 𝑢̈ − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝜈 sinh 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̇ 2
0 = 𝑥̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇
0 = 𝑦̈ + 2𝑎 tanh 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇
Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = −𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈
Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝜈 sinh 𝑎𝜈
Γ 𝑥𝑥𝜈 = −𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈
Γ 𝑥𝜈𝑥 = −𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈
𝑦
Γ 𝑦𝜈 = 𝑎 tanh 𝑎𝜈
𝑦
Γ 𝜈𝑦 = 𝑎 tanh 𝑎𝜈
14.11.2 The Petrov type
The line element
The metric tensor:
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = { 1 }
− cos 2 𝑎𝜈
− cosh2 𝑎𝜈
and its inverse:
1
1
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = −
cos 2 𝑎𝜈
1
{ −
cosh2 𝑎𝜈 }
42
Susan Larsen
The basis one forms

2 2 2 2
= (𝜔𝑢̂ ) − (𝜔𝜈̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
2 2
= (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )(𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
⇒ √2𝑑𝑢 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2𝑑𝜈 = (𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ )
𝜔 𝑥̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥
𝜔 𝑦̂ = cosh 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦
1 1
𝜔𝑢̂ = (𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝜈) 𝑑𝑢 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2 √2
1 1
𝜔 ̂ =
𝜈 (𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝜈) 𝑑𝜈 = (𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2 √2
𝑥̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥
1
𝜔 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜔 𝑥̂
cos 𝑎𝜈
1
𝜔 𝑦̂ = cosh 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜔 𝑦̂
cosh 𝑎𝜈
1
𝑖𝑗 ={ −1 }
𝜂
−1
−1
𝑙 1 1 0 0 𝜔𝑢̂
𝑛 1 1 −1 0 0 ̂
𝜈
( ) = ( ) ( 𝜔 𝑥̂ )
𝑚 √2 0 0 1 𝑖 𝜔
𝑚
̅ 0 0 1 −𝑖 𝜔 𝑦̂
̂
𝑢 ̂
𝜈
𝜔 +𝜔
1 𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂
= ( )
√2 𝜔 𝑥̂ + 𝑖𝜔 𝑦̂
𝜔 𝑥̂ − 𝑖𝜔 𝑦̂
√2𝑑𝑢
1 √2𝑑𝜈
=
√2 cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖 cosh 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦
(cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖 cosh 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦)
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , 𝑖 cosh 𝑎𝜈)
√2
1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , −𝑖 cosh 𝑎𝜈)
√2
𝑙 𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑙𝜈 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
𝑙 𝜈 = 𝑔𝑎𝜈 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝜈 𝑙𝑢 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
𝑙𝑥 = 𝑙𝑦 = 0
𝑛𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑛𝜈 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
𝑛𝜈 = 𝑔𝑎𝜈 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝜈 𝑛𝑢 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑦 = 0
43
Susan Larsen
𝑚𝜈 = 𝑚𝑢 = 0
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑥 = − 2
⋅ ⋅ cos 𝑎𝜈 = −
cos 𝑎𝜈 √2 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑦 = − 2
⋅ 𝑖 cosh 𝑎𝜈 = −𝑖
cosh 𝑎𝜈 √2 √2 cosh 𝑎𝜈
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
𝑙 𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , 𝑖 cosh 𝑎𝜈)
√2
1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, − , −𝑖 )
√2 cos 𝑎𝜈 cosh 𝑎𝜈
1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , −𝑖 cosh 𝑎𝜈)
√2
1 1 1
𝑚̅𝑎 = (0, 0, − , 𝑖 )
√2 cos 𝑎𝜈 cosh 𝑎𝜈
Calculating the spin-coefficients
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙 𝑏 = −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙 𝜈 = −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝜈 − ∇ν 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝜈 = 0
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 = 0
𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 𝑎 𝑏
̅ 𝑚 ̅
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑦
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅𝑦
=0
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = 0
𝜅 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚 𝑙𝑏 = ∇ν 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙ν = ∇ν 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑙 ν + ∇ν 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑙 ν = 0
𝑎
𝜏 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑏 = ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑢 = ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 + ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑢 = 0
𝑎 𝑥
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑚 𝑚 ̅ + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑦
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 + ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅𝑦
= 61 − (Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑢 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 + Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦)
𝑎
= 62 (tan 𝑎𝜈 − tanh 𝑎𝜈)
2
𝑎
𝜎 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = −(Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑢 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 + Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚𝑦 ) = (tan 𝑎𝜈 + tanh 𝑎𝜈)
2
1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝜀 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛 𝑙 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑙 )
2
1
= (∇ν 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙 ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙ν )
2
1
= (∇ν 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑙ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν)
2
1
= − ((𝜕𝜈 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝜈𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν + (𝜕𝜈 𝑚𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝜈𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν )
2
61
̅𝑦 =
1 2 1 1
62
= − (−𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (− 2 cos 𝑎𝜈
) + 𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝜈 sinh 𝑎𝜈 (−𝑖 2 cosh 𝑎𝜈
) (𝑖 2 cosh 𝑎𝜈)) =
√ √ √
44
Susan Larsen
1 1 1 𝑦
= − ((𝜕𝜈 cos 𝑎𝜈 − Γ 𝑥𝜈𝑥 𝑚𝑥 ) 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν + (𝜕𝜈 𝑖 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν )
cosh 𝑎𝜈 − Γ 𝜈𝑦 𝑚𝑦 ) 𝑚
2 √2 √2
= 630
1
2
1
= (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 )
2
1
= (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 )
2
=0
1
̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑏)
2
1 1
= (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 ) + (∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚
̅ 𝑦)
2 2
=0
1
2
𝜋 =0 𝜅 =0 𝜀 =0
𝜈 =0 𝜏 =0 𝛾 =0
𝑎
𝜆 = 0 𝜌 = (tan 𝑎𝜈 − tanh 𝑎𝜈) 𝛼 = 0
2
𝑎
𝜇 = 0 𝜎 = (tan 𝑎𝜈 + tanh 𝑎𝜈) 𝛽 = 0
2
14.11.4 The Weyl Scalars and Petrov classification
where
𝛿̅ =𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 ∇𝑎
Ψ0 = 𝐷𝜎 − 𝜎(𝜌 + 𝜌̅ )
= 𝐷𝜎 − 2𝜎𝜌
= 𝑙 𝑎 ∇𝑎 𝜎 − 2𝜎𝜌
= 𝑙 𝜈 𝜕𝜈 𝜎 − 2𝜎𝜌
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑙 𝜈 𝜕𝜈 ( (tan 𝑎𝜈 + tanh 𝑎𝜈)) − 2 ( (tan 𝑎𝜈 + tanh 𝑎𝜈)) ( (tan 𝑎𝜈 − tanh 𝑎𝜈))
2 2 2
2 2
𝑎 𝑎
= ( (1 + tan2 𝑎𝜈 + 1 − tanh2 𝑎𝜈)) − ( (tan2 𝑎𝜈 − tanh2 𝑎𝜈))
2 2
= 𝑎2
Ψ1 =0
Ψ2 = −Δ𝜌 = −𝑛𝑎 ∇𝑎 𝜌 = −𝑛𝑢 ∂𝑢 𝜌 = 0
1 1 1 1 1
63
= − 2 ((−𝑎 ̅𝑥
sin 𝑎𝜈 — 𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈) 2 cos 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚 + (𝑖𝑎 sinh 𝑎𝜈 − 𝑎 tanh 𝑎𝜈 𝑖 ̅𝑦
cosh 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚 =
√2 √ √2 √2
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Susan Larsen
Ψ3 = 0
Ψ4 = 0
Ψ0 ≠ 0: This is a Petrov type N, which means there is a single principal null direction (𝑛𝑎 ) of multiplicity 4.
v
14.12 Collision of a gravitational wave with an electromagnetic wave
The line element in region 𝜈 ≥ 0:
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − cos2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
The metric tensor:
1
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = { }
− cos 2 𝑎𝜈
− cos2 𝑎𝜈
and its inverse:
1
1
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = −
cos 2 𝑎𝜈
1
{ −
cos2 𝑎𝜈 }
𝑓(𝜈) = 𝑔(𝜈) = cos 2 𝑎𝜈
Because
𝑓 ′′ (𝜈) ≠ −𝑔′′ (𝜈)
this is not a vacuum solution.
0 = ( 𝑎) − 𝑎
Where
𝐹 = 2𝑢̇ 𝜈̇ − cos 2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )
𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑢:
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝜈̇
𝜕𝑢̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = 2𝜈̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑢̇
⇒ 0 = 2𝜈̈
𝑥 𝑎 = 𝜈:
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )
𝜕𝜈
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑢̇
𝜕𝜈̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = 2𝑢̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜈̇
⇒ 0 = 𝑢̈ − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )
𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑥:
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= −2 cos 2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̇
𝜕𝑥̇
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Susan Larsen
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = 4𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇ − 2 cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥̇
⇒ 0 = 2𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇ − cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̈
⇔ 0 = 𝑥̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇
𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑦:
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
= −2 cos 2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̇
𝜕𝑦̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = 4𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇ − 2 cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑦̇
⇒ 0 = 2𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇ − cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̈
⇔ 0 = 𝑦̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇
0 = 𝜈̈
0 = 𝑢̈ − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )
0 = 𝑥̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇
0 = 𝑦̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇
Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = −𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = −𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈
Γ 𝑥𝑥𝜈 = −𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 Γ 𝑥𝜈𝑥 = −𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈
𝑦 𝑦
Γ 𝑦𝜈 = −𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 Γ 𝜈𝑦 = −𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈
14.12.2 The basis one forms:
2
𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − cos2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
2 2 2 2
= (𝜔𝑢̂ ) − (𝜔𝜈̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
2 2
= (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )(𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
⇒ √2𝑑𝑢 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2𝑑𝜈 = (𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ )
𝜔 𝑥̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥
𝜔 𝑦̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦
1 1
𝜔𝑢̂ = (𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝜈) 𝑑𝑢 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2 √2
1 1
𝜔 ̂ =
𝜈 (𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝜈) 𝑑𝜈 = (𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2 √2
𝑥̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 1
𝜔 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜔 𝑥̂
cos 𝑎𝜈
1
𝜔 𝑦̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜔 𝑦̂
cos 𝑎𝜈
1
𝑖𝑗 = { −1 }
𝜂
−1
−1
14.12.3 The orthonormal null tetrad:
𝑙 1 1 0 0 𝜔𝑢̂ 𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ √2𝑑𝑢
𝑛 1 1 −1 0 0 ̂
𝜈 1 ̂
𝑢 ̂
𝜈 1
( ) = ( ) ( 𝜔 𝑥̂ ) = ( 𝜔𝑥̂ − 𝜔 𝑦̂ ) = √2𝑑𝜈
𝑚 √2 0 0 1 𝑖 𝜔 √2 𝜔 + 𝑖𝜔 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦
𝑚
̅ 0 0 1 −𝑖 𝜔 𝑦̂ 𝑥̂
𝜔 − 𝑖𝜔 ̂
𝑦 (cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦)
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Susan Larsen

𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈)
√2
1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , −𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈)
√2
𝑙 𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑙𝜈 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
𝑙 𝜈 = 𝑔𝑎𝜈 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝜈 𝑙𝑢 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
𝑙𝑥 = 𝑙𝑦 = 0
𝑛𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑛𝜈 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
𝑛𝜈 = 𝑔𝑎𝜈 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝜈 𝑛𝑢 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑦 = 0
𝑚𝜈 = 𝑚𝑢 = 0
1 1 1 1
𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑥 = − 2
⋅ ⋅ cos 𝑎𝜈 = −
𝑦𝑦
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑚𝑦 = − 2
⋅ 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈 = −𝑖
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0) 𝑙 𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0) 𝑛𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, − , −𝑖 )
√2 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈 cos 𝑎𝜈
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , −𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚 ̅𝑎 = (0, 0, − , 𝑖 )
√2 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈 cos 𝑎𝜈
14.12.4 The spin coefficients calculated from the orthonormal tetrad
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙 𝑏 = −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑙 𝜈 = −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝜈 − ∇ ν 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝜈 = 0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑢 𝑥 𝑢
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑛 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑛 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑛 − ∇𝑢 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 = 0
𝑎 𝑥
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑚 ̅ − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚̅𝑦
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦𝑚̅ 𝑥 − ∇ 𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅𝑦
=0
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = 0
𝑎
𝜌 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅𝑏
𝑎 𝑥
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑚 𝑚 ̅ + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑚 ̅ + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑚 ̅ + ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅𝑦
= 64 − (Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑢 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦)
2
1 1 1
= − (−𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (− ) − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (−𝑖 ) (𝑖 ))
√2 cos 𝑎𝜈 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈
= 𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈
𝜎 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑏
= −(Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑢 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 + Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚𝑦 )
64
̅𝑦 =
48
Susan Larsen
2 2
1 1
= − (−𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (− ) − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (−𝑖 ) )
√2 cos 𝑎𝜈 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈
=0
1
𝜀 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏 )
2
1
= (∇ν 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙 ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎 𝑙ν )
2
1
= (∇ν 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑙ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν)
2
1
= − ((𝜕𝜈 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝜈𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν + (𝜕𝜈 𝑚𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝜈𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν )
2
1 1 1 𝑦
= − ((𝜕𝜈 cos 𝑎𝜈 − Γ 𝑥𝜈𝑥 𝑚𝑥 ) 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν + (𝜕𝜈 𝑖 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν )
cosh 𝑎𝜈 − Γ 𝜈𝑦 𝑚𝑦 ) 𝑚
2 √2 √2
= 650
1
2
1
= (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 )
2
1
= (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 )
2
=0
1
𝛼 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎𝑚̅ 𝑏)
2
1 1
= (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 ) + (∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚
̅ 𝑦)
2 2
=0
1
2
The only non-zero spin-coefficient is 𝜌 = 𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈. This means that – 𝑅𝑒(𝜌) ≠ 0 and there is expansion (or
pure focusing=divergence).
w
14.13 The Nariai spacetime
The line element:
1
𝑑𝑠 2
= −Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 2 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
Ω
Λ 2 2
Ω = 661 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
2
Later we need
1 𝜕 (Ω) Λ𝑥
𝜕𝑥 (𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝜕𝑥 (𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = 𝜕𝑥 (− 2 ) = 2 𝑥 3 = 2 3
Ω Ω Ω
1 𝜕𝑦 (Ω) Λ𝑦
𝜕𝑦 (𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝜕𝑦 (𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = 𝜕𝑦 (− ) = 2 =2 3
Ω 2 Ω 3 Ω
The metric tensor
1 1 1 1 1
65
= − ((−𝑎 sin 𝑎𝜈 − (−𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈) ̅ 𝑥 + (−𝑖𝑎
cos 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚 sin 𝑎𝜈 + 𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝑖 ̅ 𝑦) =
cos 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚
2 √2 √2 √2 √2
Λ
66
In the next chapter we will argue that Ω should rightfully be Ω = 1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
4
49
Susan Larsen
−Λν2 1
1
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = −
Ω2
1
{ −
Ω2 }
and its inverse:
1
𝑔 𝑎𝑏 = {1 Λν2 }
−Ω2
−Ω2
1
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝜕𝑎 𝑔𝑏𝑐 + 𝜕𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑐 − 𝜕𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑
2
1 1
Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 = − (𝜕𝜈 𝑔𝑢𝑢 ) = 𝜕𝜈 (Λ𝜈 2 ) = Λ𝜈 ⇒ Γ 𝜈𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝜈𝑑 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑑 = 𝑔𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 + 𝑔𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 67Λ2 𝜈 3
2 2
Γ 𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑢𝑑 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑑 = 𝑔𝑢𝑢 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑔𝑢𝜈 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 = Λ𝜈
1
Γ𝜈𝑢𝑢 = Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 = (𝜕𝜈 𝑔𝑢𝑢 ) = −Λ𝜈 ⇒ Γ 𝑢𝜈𝑢 = Γ 𝑢𝑢𝜈 = 𝑔𝑢𝑑 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑑 = 680
2
Γ 𝜈𝜈𝑢 = Γ 𝜈𝑢𝜈 = 𝑔𝜈𝑑 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑑 = 69 − Λ𝜈
1 Λ𝑥 Λ𝑥 Λ𝑥
Γ𝑥𝑥𝑥 = (𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = 3 ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑥 = (−Ω2 ) 3 = −
2 Ω Ω Ω
1 Λ𝑦 𝑦 Λ𝑦 Λ𝑦
Γ𝑥𝑥𝑦 = − 𝜕𝑦 (𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = − 3 ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑦 = (−Ω2 ) (− 3 ) =
2 Ω Ω Ω
1 Λ𝑦 Λ𝑦
Γ𝑦𝑥𝑥 = Γ𝑥𝑦𝑥 = 𝜕𝑦 (𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = 3 ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑦𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑥
= Γ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑔 Γ𝑦𝑥𝑥 = − 70
2 Ω Ω
1 Λ𝑦 𝑦 𝑦𝑦 2
Λ𝑦 Λ𝑦
Γ𝑦𝑦𝑦 = (𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = 3 ⇒ Γ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑦 = (−Ω ) 3 = −
2 Ω Ω Ω
1 Λ𝑥 Λ𝑥 Λ𝑥
Γ𝑦𝑦𝑥 = − 𝜕𝑥 (𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = − 3 ⇒ Γ 𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 2
= 𝑔 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑥 = (−Ω ) (− 3 ) =
2 Ω Ω Ω
1 Λ𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 Λ𝑥 Λ𝑥
Γ𝑥𝑦𝑦 = Γ𝑦𝑥𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥 (𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = 3 ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑦 = Γ 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 Γ𝑥𝑦𝑦 = (−Ω2 ) 3 = −
2 Ω Ω Ω
1 2 2 2 2
−Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 2 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 ) = (𝜔𝑢̂ ) − (𝜔𝑣̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
Ω
1 1 2 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑢[−Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢 + 2𝑑𝑣] − 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝑦 2 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝑣̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
Ω Ω
⇒ 𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ = 𝑑𝑢
𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝑣̂ = −Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢 + 2𝑑𝑣
1
Ω
1
Ω
̂
𝑢 1 2 𝑢̂ 𝑣̂
𝜔 = (−Λ𝜈 + 1)𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜔 + 𝜔
2
67
= Λν2 (Λ𝜈) =
68
= 𝑔𝑢𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 + 𝑔𝑢𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 =
69
= 𝑔𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 + 𝑔𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 =
Λ𝑦
70
= (−Ω2 ) 3 =
Ω
50
Susan Larsen
1 1 1
𝜔𝑣̂ = (Λ𝜈 2 + 1)𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = (1 + Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑢̂ − (1 − Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑣̂
2 2 2
1
𝜔 𝑥̂ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = Ω𝜔 ̂
𝑥
Ω
1
𝜔 𝑦̂ = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = Ω𝜔 𝑦̂
Ω
1
−1
𝜂 𝑖𝑗 ={ }
−1
−1
𝑑𝑢
̂
𝑢 ̂
𝑢 𝑣̂ 2
𝑙 1 1 0 0 𝜔 𝜔 +𝜔 −Λ𝜈 𝑑𝑢 + 2𝑑𝑣
𝑛 1 1 −1 0 0 𝜔 𝑣̂ 1 𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝑣̂ 1 1 1
( ) = ( ) ( 𝑥̂ ) = ( 𝑥̂ ) = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑑𝑦
𝑚 √2 0 0 1 𝑖 𝜔 √2 𝜔 + 𝑖𝜔 𝑦̂ √2 Ω Ω
𝑚̅ 0 0 1 −𝑖 𝜔 𝑦̂ 𝜔 𝑥̂ − 𝑖𝜔 𝑦̂ 1 1
( Ω 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖 Ω 𝑑𝑦 )
1
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
√2
1
𝑛𝑎 = (−Λ𝜈 2 , 2, 0, 0)
√2
1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, , 𝑖 )
√2 Ω Ω
1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, , −𝑖 )
√2 Ω Ω
𝑙 𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑙𝑣 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
1 1
𝑙 𝑣 = 𝑔𝑎𝑣 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑙𝑢 + 𝑔𝑣𝑣 𝑙𝑣 = 1 ⋅ ( ) + Λ𝜈 2 ⋅ 0 =
√2 √2
𝑙𝑥 = 𝑙𝑦 = 0
2
𝑛𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝑣𝑢 𝑛𝑣 = 1 ⋅ ( ) = √2
√2
1 2 1
𝑛𝑣 = 𝑔𝑎𝑣 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑛𝑢 + 𝑔𝑣𝑣 𝑛𝑣 = 1 ⋅ ( (−Λ𝜈 2 )) + Λ𝜈 2 ⋅ ( ) = Λ𝜈 2
√2 √2 √2
𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑦 = 0
𝑚𝑢 = 𝑚𝑣 = 0
1 1 Ω
𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑥 = (−Ω2 ) ⋅ =−
√2 Ω √2
1 1 Ω
𝑚𝑦 = 𝑔𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑦 = (−Ω2 ) ⋅ 𝑖 = −𝑖
√2 Ω √2
1
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
√2
1
𝑙𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
√2
1
𝑛𝑎 = (−Λ𝜈 2 , 2, 0, 0)
√2
51
Susan Larsen
1
𝑛𝑎 = (2, Λ𝜈 2 , 0, 0)
√2
1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, , 𝑖 )
√2 Ω Ω
1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, −Ω, −𝑖Ω)
√2
1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, , −𝑖 )
√2 Ω Ω
𝑎
1
𝑚
̅ = (0, 0, −Ω, 𝑖Ω)
√2
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏
= −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝜈
= −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝜈 − ∇ν 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝜈
= −(𝜕𝜈 𝑛𝑥 − Γ c 𝜈𝑥 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝜈 − (𝜕𝜈 𝑛𝑦 − Γ c 𝜈𝑦 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝜈
=0
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑛𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 = 0
𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑏
𝑎 𝑥
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑚 ̅ − ∇𝑦 𝑛 𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚̅𝑦
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦𝑚̅𝑦
=0
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = 0
𝜅 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚 𝑙 = ∇ν 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙ν = ∇ν 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑙 ν + ∇ν 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑙 ν = 0
𝑎 𝑏
𝜌 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅𝑏
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑚̅ + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑚 ̅ + ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅𝑦
= 710
1
2
1
2
1
= (∇ν 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑙ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν)
2
=0
1
2
1
2
1
= (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 )
2
1
= (𝜕𝑢 𝑙𝑢 − Γ 𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢
2
1
= − Γ 𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢
2
71
̅𝑦 =
52
Susan Larsen
1 1 2 2
= − Λ𝜈 ( )
2 √2 √2
1
=− Λ𝜈
√2
1
𝛼 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎𝑚
̅ 𝑏)
2
1 1
= (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎𝑚
̅ 𝑥 ) + (∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚
̅ 𝑦)
2 2
1 𝑖 1 𝑖 1
= 72 − (− Λ𝑦 − Λ𝑥 − Λ𝑦 − Λ𝑥)
2 2√2 2√2 2√2 2√2
Λ
= (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
2√2
𝜋 =0 𝜅 =0 𝜀 =0
1
𝜈 =0 𝜏 =0 𝛾 =− Λ𝜈
√2
Λ
𝜆 =0 𝜌 =0 𝛼 =− (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
2√2
Λ
𝜇 =0 𝜎 =0 𝛽 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
2√2
14.13.5 Newman-Penrose identities
The Newman-Penrose identities
𝐷𝛾 − Δ𝜀 = 𝛼(𝜏 + 𝜋̅) + 𝛽(𝜏̅ + 𝜋) − 𝛾(𝜀 + 𝜀̅) + 𝜏𝜋 − 𝜈𝜅 + Ψ2 − Λ NP + Φ11
𝛿𝛼 − 𝛿̅𝛽 = 𝜌𝜇 − 𝜎𝜆 + 𝛼𝛼̅ + 𝛽𝛽̅ − 2𝛼𝛽 + 𝛾(𝜌 − 𝜌̅ ) + 𝜀(𝜇 − 𝜇̅ ) − Ψ2 + Λ NP + Φ11
Δ𝜌 − 𝛿̅𝜏 = −𝜌𝜇̅ − 𝜎𝜆 + 𝜏(𝛽̅ − 𝛼 − 𝜏̅) + 𝜌(𝛾 + 𝛾̅ ) + 𝜅𝜈 − Ψ2 − 2Λ NP
Where
𝛿̅ = 𝑚̅ 𝑎 ∇𝑎
Reduces to
𝐷𝛾 = Ψ2 − Λ NP + Φ11
𝛿𝛼 − 𝛿̅𝛽 = 𝛼𝛼̅ + 𝛽𝛽̅ − 2𝛼𝛽 − Ψ2 + Λ NP + Φ11
0 = −Ψ2 − 2Λ NP
These we can solve
Ψ2 − Λ NP + Φ11 = 𝐷𝛾
1
= 𝑙 𝑎 ∇𝑎 (− Λ𝜈)
√2
1
= 𝑙 𝜈 𝜕𝜈 (− Λ𝜈)
√2
1 1
= (− Λ)
√2 √2
1
=− Λ
2
Ψ2 − Λ NP − Φ11 = 𝛼𝛼̅ + 𝛽𝛽̅ − 2𝛼𝛽 − 𝛿𝛼 + 𝛿̅𝛽
72 1 𝑖 Λ𝑦 Ω 2 𝑖 Λ𝑥 Ω 𝑖Ω 1 Λ𝑦 𝑖Ω Ω 1 Λ𝑥 𝑖Ω 𝑖Ω
= − (− (− ) + (− ) (− )+ ( ) (− )− ( ) (− )) =
2 √2 Ω2 √2 √2 Ω2 √2 √2 √2 Ω2 √2 √2 √2 Ω2 √2 √2
53
Susan Larsen
Λ2 2 ΩΛ ΩΛ ΩΛ ΩΛ
= 73 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) − − − −
2 4 4 4 4
Λ2 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) − ΩΛ
2
Λ2 Λ
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )) Λ
2 2
= −Λ
1
− Λ = Ψ2 − Λ NP + Φ11
2
−Λ = Ψ2 − Λ NP − Φ11
0 = −Ψ2 − 2Λ NP
1
⇒ Ψ2 = − Λ
2
1
Λ NP = Λ
4
1
Φ11 = Λ
4
Checking Φ11 and 𝑅𝑎𝑏 = −𝑔𝑎𝑏 Λ
1
Φ11 = − 𝑅𝑎𝑏 (𝑙 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 + 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏)
4
1
= 74 𝑔𝑎𝑏 Λ(𝑙 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 + 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑏)
4
1
= Λ(𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑙 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 + 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏)
4
1
= Λ(𝑔𝑢𝑢 𝑙 𝑢 𝑛𝑢 + 𝑔𝑢𝜈 𝑙 𝑢 𝑛𝜈 + 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑙 𝜈 𝑛𝑢 + 𝑔𝑥𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + 𝑔𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦)
4
1
= Λ(𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑙 𝜈 𝑛𝑢 + 𝑔𝑥𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 + 𝑔𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦)
4
1 1
= Λ (𝑙 𝜈 𝑛𝑢 − 2 (𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 ))
4 Ω
2
1 1 2 1 1 1 1
= Λ( ⋅ − 2 ((− Ω) + (−𝑖 Ω) 𝑖 Ω))
4 √2 √2 Ω √2 √2 √2
1
= Λ(1 − 1)
4
=0
And we can conclude that 𝑅𝑎𝑏 ≠ −𝑔𝑎𝑏 Λ
14.14 The generalized Nariai spacetime
Instead we will look at a generalized Nariai spacetime
The line element:
73 Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ
= (− (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) (− (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) + ( (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) ( (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) − 2 (− (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) ( (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) −
2√2 2√2 2√2 2√2 2√2 2√2
Λ Λ Λ2 Λ2 Λ2
𝑚𝑎 ∇𝑎 (− ̅ 𝑎 ∇𝑎 (
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) + 𝑚 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) −
2√2 2√2 8 8 8
Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ2
𝑚 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (− (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) − 𝑚𝑦 𝜕𝑦 (− ̅ 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) + 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 (
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) + 𝑚 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) +
2√2 2√2 2√2 2√2 2
Ω Λ Ω Λ Ω Λ Ω Λ
(− )+𝑖 (𝑖 ) + (− )( ) + (𝑖 ) (𝑖 )=
√2 2√2 √2 2√2 √2 2√2 √2 2√2
74
Assuming: 𝑅𝑎𝑏 = −𝑔𝑎𝑏 Λ
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𝐶
𝑑𝑠 2 = −𝐴Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢2 + 𝐵𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
Ω2
Ω = 𝐷 + 𝐸Λ(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
14.14.1 The basis one-forms
𝐶 2 2 2 2
−𝐴Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢2 + 𝐵𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 2 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 ) = (𝜔𝑢̂ ) − (𝜔𝑣̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
Ω
𝐶 𝐶 2 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑢[−𝐴Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐵𝑑𝑣] − 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝑦 2 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )(𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝑣̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
Ω Ω
⇒ 𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ = 𝑑𝑢
𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝑣̂ = −𝐴Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐵𝑑𝑣
√𝐶
Ω
√𝐶
Ω
The basis one-forms
1 1
𝜔𝑢̂ = (−𝐴Λ𝜈 2 + 1)𝑑𝑢 + 𝐵𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂
2 2
𝑣̂ 1 1 1 1
2
𝜔 = (AΛ𝜈 + 1)𝑑𝑢 − 𝐵𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = (1 + 𝐴Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑢̂ − (1 − 𝐴Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑣̂
2 2 𝐵 𝐵
√𝐶 Ω ̂
𝑥
𝜔 𝑥̂ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜔
Ω √𝐶
√𝐶 Ω 𝑦̂
𝜔 𝑦̂ = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜔
Ω √𝐶
1
−1
𝜂 𝑖𝑗 = { }
−1
−1
14.14.2 Cartan’s First Structure equation and the calculation of the curvature one-forms
̂
1 1
𝑑𝜔𝑢̂ = 𝑑 ( (−𝐴Λ𝜈 2 + 1)𝑑𝑢 + 𝐵𝑑𝑣)
2 2
= −𝐴Λ𝜈𝑑𝜈 ∧ 𝑑𝑢
1 1
= −𝐴Λ𝜈 ( (1 + 𝐴Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑢̂ − (1 − 𝐴Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑣̂ ) ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
𝐵 𝐵
2𝐴
=− Λ𝜈𝜔𝑢̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑣̂
𝐵
1 1
𝑑𝜔𝑣̂ = 𝑑 ( (AΛ𝜈 2 + 1)𝑑𝑢 − 𝐵𝑑𝑣)
2 2
= 𝐴Λ𝜈𝑑𝜈 ∧ 𝑑𝑢
1 1
= 𝐴Λ𝜈 ( (1 + 𝐴Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑢̂ − (1 − 𝐴Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑣̂ ) ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
𝐵 𝐵
2𝐴
=− Λ𝜈𝜔𝜈̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑢̂
𝐵
√𝐶
𝑑𝜔 𝑥̂ = 𝑑 ( 𝑑𝑥)
Ω
√𝐶
= 𝑑( 𝑑𝑥)
𝐷 + 𝐸Λ(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
−2𝑦Λ𝐸√𝐶
= 𝑑𝑦 ∧ 𝑑𝑥
Ω2
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2𝑦Λ𝐸
= 𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂
√𝐶
√𝐶
𝑑𝜔 𝑦̂ = 𝑑 ( 𝑑𝑦)
Ω
√𝐶
= 𝑑( 𝑑𝑦)
𝐷 + 𝐸Λ(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
−2𝑥Λ𝐸√𝐶
= 𝑑𝑥 ∧ 𝑑𝑦
Ω2
2𝑥Λ𝐸 𝑦̂
= 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
√𝐶
The curvature one-forms summarized in a matrix:

2𝐴
0 Λ𝜈(𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ ) 0 0
𝐵
2𝐴
Λ𝜈(𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ ) 0 0 0
𝑎̂ 𝐵
Γ 𝑏̂ = 2Λ𝐸
0 0 0 − (𝑥𝜔 𝑦̂ − 𝑦𝜔 𝑥̂ )
√𝐶
2Λ𝐸
0 0 (𝑥𝜔 𝑦̂ − 𝑦𝜔 𝑥̂ ) 0
{ √𝐶 }
14.14.3 The curvature two forms:
1
Ω𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ ̂
= 𝑑Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ + Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑏̂ = 𝑅 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂𝑑̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑑
2
First we see that Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑏̂ = 0 for all combinations
Ω𝑢̂𝜈̂ = 𝑑Γ 𝑢̂𝜈̂
2𝐴
= 𝑑 ( Λ𝜈(𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ ))
𝐵
2𝐴
= 𝑑 ( Λ𝜈𝑑𝑢)
𝐵
2𝐴
= 𝛬𝑑𝜈 ∧ 𝑑𝑢
𝐵
2𝐴 1 1
= 𝛬 ( (1 + 𝐴Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑢̂ − (1 − 𝐴Λ𝜈 2 )𝜔𝑣̂ ) ∧ (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝑣̂ )
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
4𝐴
= 2 𝛬𝜔𝑢̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑣̂
𝐵
̂
𝜈 4𝐴
Ω ̂𝑢 = 𝑑Γ 𝜈̂ 𝑢̂ = 𝑑Γ 𝑢̂𝜈̂ = − 2 𝛬𝜔𝜈̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑢̂
𝐵
Ω𝑥̂ 𝑦̂ = 𝑑Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑦̂
2Λ𝐸
= 𝑑( (𝑥𝜔 𝑦̂ − 𝑦𝜔 𝑥̂ ))
√𝐶
2Λ𝐸
= 𝑑( (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥))
Ω
2Λ𝐸 4Λ2 𝐸 2 2 2Λ𝐸 4Λ2 𝐸 2 2
=( − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ∧ 𝑑𝑦 + (− + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 ∧ 𝑑𝑥
Ω Ω2 Ω Ω2
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2Λ𝐸Ω 4Λ2 𝐸 2 2 𝑥̂ 𝑦̂
2Λ𝐸Ω 4Λ2 𝐸 2 2
=( − 𝑥 ) 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 + (− + 𝑦 ) 𝜔 𝑦̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
4Λ𝐸Ω 4Λ2 𝐸 2 2
=( − (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )) 𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂
𝐶 𝐶
4Λ𝐸
= (Ω − Λ𝐸(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ))𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂
𝐶
4Λ𝐸
= (𝐷 + 𝐸Λ(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − Λ𝐸(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ))𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂
𝐶
4Λ𝐸𝐷 𝑥̂
= 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂
𝐶
𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 4Λ𝐸𝐷 𝑦̂
Ω 𝑥̂ = 𝑑Γ 𝑥̂ = −𝑑Γ 𝑥̂ 𝑦̂ = 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
𝐶
4𝐴
0 − 𝛬𝜔𝜈̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑢̂ 0 0
𝐵2
4𝐴
2
𝛬𝜔𝑢̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑣̂ 0 0 0
Ω𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = 𝐵
4Λ𝐸𝐷 𝑦̂
0 0 0 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
𝐶
4Λ𝐸𝐷 𝑥̂
{ 0 0 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂ 0 }
𝐶
4𝐴
𝑅 𝜈̂𝑢̂𝜈̂𝑢̂ = − 2 Λ
𝐵
𝑥̂ 4Λ𝐸𝐷
𝑅 𝑦̂𝑥̂𝑦̂ =
𝐶
𝑐̂
𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ =𝑅 𝑎̂𝑐̂𝑏̂
𝑦̂ 4𝐴
𝑅𝑢̂𝑢̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑢̂𝑐̂𝑢̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑢̂𝑢̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑢̂𝑣̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑢̂𝑥̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑢
𝑣̂
̂ =𝑅 𝑢 ̂𝑣̂𝑢
̂ =− Λ
𝐵2
𝑦̂
𝑅𝑣̂𝑢̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑣̂𝑐̂𝑢̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑣̂𝑢̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑣̂𝑣̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑣̂𝑥̂𝑢̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑢̂ = 0
𝑅𝑥̂𝑢̂ =0
𝑅𝑦̂𝑢̂ =0
𝑦̂ 4𝐴
𝑅𝑣̂𝑣̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑣̂𝑐̂𝑣̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑣̂𝑢̂𝑣̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑣̂𝑣̂𝑣̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑣̂𝑥̂𝑣̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑣̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑣̂𝑢̂𝑣̂ = Λ
𝐵2
𝑅𝑥̂𝑣̂ =0
𝑅𝑦̂𝑣̂ =0
𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ 4Λ𝐸𝐷
𝑅𝑥̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑥̂𝑐̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑥̂𝑢̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑥̂𝑣̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑥̂𝑥̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂ =
𝐶
𝑦̂
𝑅𝑦̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑦̂𝑐̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑢̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑣̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂𝑥̂ + 𝑅 𝑦̂𝑦̂𝑥̂ = 0
𝑦̂ 4Λ𝐸𝐷
𝑅𝑦̂𝑦̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑦̂𝑐̂𝑦̂ = 𝑅 𝑢̂𝑦̂𝑢̂𝑦̂ + 𝑅 𝑣̂𝑦̂𝑣̂𝑦̂ + 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂𝑦̂ + 𝑅 𝑦̂𝑦̂𝑦̂ = 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂𝑦̂ =
𝐶
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4𝐴
− Λ 0 0 0
𝐵2
4𝐴 −Λ 0 0 0
0 Λ 0 0
𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝐵2 ={
0 Λ 0 0
} = −𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ
4Λ𝐸𝐷 0 0 Λ 0
0 0 0
𝐶 0 0 0 Λ
4Λ𝐸𝐷
{ 0 0 0
𝐶 }
̂
Where 𝑎̂ refers to column and 𝑏 to row
Compared with 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = −𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ we can see the that we can choose the coefficients are 𝐴 = 1; 𝐵 = 2; 𝐶 =
1
1, 𝐷 = 1 and 𝐸 = 4, which corresponds to a Nariai line element consistent with 𝑅𝑎𝑏 = −𝑔𝑎𝑏 Λ
1
𝑑𝑠 2 = −Λ𝜈 2 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 2 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
Ω
Λ 2
Ω = 1 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )
4
So let’s copy the Christoffel, spin coefficient and Newman-Penrose identity calculations with this new
Λ
Ω = 1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ). The null tetrad is unchanged.
4
Later we need
1 𝜕 (Ω) Λ𝑥
𝜕𝑥 (𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝜕𝑥 (𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = 𝜕𝑥 (− 2 ) = 2 𝑥 3 = 3
Ω Ω Ω
1 𝜕𝑦 (Ω) Λ𝑦
𝜕𝑦 (𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝜕𝑦 (𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = 𝜕𝑦 (− ) = 2 = 3
Ω2 Ω3 Ω
1
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝜕𝑎 𝑔𝑏𝑐 + 𝜕𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑐 − 𝜕𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑
2
1 1
Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 = − (𝜕𝜈 𝑔𝑢𝑢 ) = 𝜕𝜈 (Λ𝜈 2 ) = Λ𝜈 ⇒ Γ 𝜈𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝜈𝑑 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑑 = 𝑔𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 + 𝑔𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 75Λ2 𝜈 3
2 2
Γ 𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑢𝑑 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑑 = 𝑔𝑢𝑢 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑔𝑢𝜈 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 = Λ𝜈
1
Γ𝜈𝑢𝑢 = Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 = (𝜕𝜈 𝑔𝑢𝑢 ) = −Λ𝜈 ⇒ Γ 𝑢𝜈𝑢 = Γ 𝑢𝑢𝜈 = 𝑔𝑢𝑑 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑑 = 760
2
Γ 𝜈𝜈𝑢 = Γ 𝜈𝑢𝜈 = 𝑔𝜈𝑑 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑑 = 77 − Λ𝜈
1 1 Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑥
Γ𝑥𝑥𝑥 = (𝜕𝑥 𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑥 = (−Ω2 ) =−
2 2 Ω3 2Ω 3 2 Ω
1 1 Λ𝑦 𝑦 𝑦𝑦 2
1 Λ𝑦 1 Λ𝑦
Γ𝑥𝑥𝑦 = − 𝜕𝑦 (𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = − ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑦 = (−Ω ) (− ) =
2 2 Ω3 2 Ω3 2 Ω
1 1 Λ𝑦 1 Λ𝑦
Γ𝑦𝑥𝑥 = Γ𝑥𝑦𝑥 = 𝜕𝑦 (𝑔𝑥𝑥 ) = ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑦𝑥 = Γ 𝑥𝑥𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑦𝑥𝑥 = 78 −
2 2 Ω3 2 Ω
1 1 Λ𝑦 𝑦 𝑦𝑦 2
1 Λ𝑦 1 Λ𝑦
Γ𝑦𝑦𝑦 = (𝜕𝑦 𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = ⇒ Γ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑦 = (−Ω ) =−
2 2 Ω3 2Ω 3 2 Ω
1 1 Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑥
Γ𝑦𝑦𝑥 = − 𝜕𝑥 (𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = − ⇒ Γ 𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥
= 𝑔 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑥 = (−Ω ) (−2
3
)=
2 2 Ω3 2Ω 2 Ω
1 1 Λ𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦𝑦 2
1 Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑥
Γ𝑥𝑦𝑦 = Γ𝑦𝑥𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥 (𝑔𝑦𝑦 ) = ⇒ Γ 𝑥𝑦 = Γ 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑔 Γ𝑥𝑦𝑦 = (−Ω ) =−
2 2 Ω3 2Ω 3 2 Ω
75
= Λν2 (Λ𝜈) =
76
= 𝑔𝑢𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 + 𝑔𝑢𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 =
77
= 𝑔𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 + 𝑔𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 =
1 Λ𝑦
78
= (−Ω2 ) 3 =
2Ω
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Collecting the results we find the non-zero Christoffel symbols

Γ 𝜈𝑢𝜈 = −Γ 𝑢𝑢𝑢 = −Λ𝜈
Γ 𝜈𝑢𝑢 = Λ2 𝜈 3
Λ𝑥
Γ 𝑥𝑥𝑥 = Γ 𝑦𝑦𝑥 = −Γ 𝑥𝑦𝑦 = −
2Ω
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 Λ𝑦
Γ 𝑥𝑦 = −Γ 𝑥𝑥 = Γ 𝑦𝑦 = −
2Ω
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏
= −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝜈
= −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝜈 − ∇ν 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝜈
c
= −(𝜕𝜈 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝜈𝑥 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝜈 − (𝜕𝜈 𝑛𝑦 − Γ c 𝜈𝑦 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝜈
=0
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑛𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 = 0
𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑏
𝑎 𝑥
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑚 ̅ − ∇𝑦 𝑛 𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚̅𝑦
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦𝑚̅𝑦
=0
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = 0
𝑎
𝜌 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅𝑏
𝑎 𝑥
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑚 𝑚̅ + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑚̅ + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑚 ̅ + ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅𝑦
= 790
1
2
1
2
1
= (∇ν 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑙ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν)
2
=0
1
2
1
2
1
= (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 )
2
1
= (𝜕𝑢 𝑙𝑢 − Γ 𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢
2
1
= − Γ 𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢
2
1 1 2 2
= − Λ𝜈 ( )
2 √2 √2
79
̅𝑦 =
59
Susan Larsen
1
=− Λ𝜈
√2
1
̅ 𝑎𝑚̅ 𝑏)
2
1 1
= (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚̅ 𝑥 ) + (∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎𝑚
̅ 𝑦)
2 2
1
= − (∇𝑥 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 + ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅ 𝑦)
2
1 Λ𝑦 Λ𝑥 Λ𝑦 Λ𝑥
= 80 − (− (𝑖 )+( ) − (𝑖 )+( ))
2 4√2 4√2 4√2 4√2Ω2
Λ
=− (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
4√2
1
𝛽 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 )
2
1 𝑖Λ𝑦 Λ𝑥 𝑖Λ𝑦 Λ𝑥
= 81 − (− − − − )
2 4√2 4√2 4√2 4√2
Λ
= (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
4√2
𝜋 =𝜅=𝜀=𝜈=𝜏= 𝜆=𝜌=𝜇=𝜎=0
1
𝛾 =− Λ𝜈
√2
Λ
𝛼 =− (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
4√2
14.14.7 Newman-Penrose identities
The Newman Penrose identities reduces to
𝐷𝛾 = Ψ2 − Λ NP + Φ11
𝛿𝛼 − 𝛿̅𝛽 = 𝛼𝛼̅ + 𝛽𝛽̅ − 2𝛼𝛽 − Ψ2 + Λ NP + Φ11
0 = −Ψ2 − 2Λ NP
These we can solve
1 1 1 1 1
Ψ2 − Λ NP + Φ11 = 𝐷𝛾 = 𝑙 𝑎 ∇𝑎 (− Λ𝜈) = 𝑙 𝜈 𝜕𝜈 (− Λ𝜈) = (− Λ) = − Λ
√2 √2 √2 √2 2
Ψ2 − Λ NP − Φ11 = 𝛼𝛼̅ + 𝛽𝛽̅ − 2𝛼𝛽 − 𝛿𝛼 + 𝛿̅𝛽
1
80
= − ((𝜕𝑥 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + (𝜕𝑦 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐 𝑦𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅ 𝑦 + (𝜕𝑥 𝑚𝑦 − Γ 𝑐 𝑥𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + (𝜕𝑦 𝑚𝑦 −
2
𝑐 𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1 𝑦
Γ 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚
̅ ̅ 𝑦 ) = − ((𝜕𝑥 (
𝑚 ) − Γ 𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑦 ) 𝑚
̅ 𝑥
̅ 𝑥 + (𝜕𝑦 (
𝑚 ) − Γ 𝑥 𝑦𝑥 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑦𝑥 𝑚𝑦 ) 𝑚
̅ 𝑥
̅𝑦 +
𝑚
2 √2Ω √2Ω
𝑖 𝑦 𝑖 𝑦 1 Λ𝑥
(𝜕𝑥 ( ) − Γ 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑥𝑦 𝑚𝑦 ) 𝑚
̅ 𝑦
̅ 𝑥 + (𝜕𝑦 (
𝑚 ) − Γ 𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑦 ) 𝑚
̅ 𝑦
̅ 𝑦 ) = − ([(−
𝑚 )+
√2Ω √2Ω 2 2√2Ω2
Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑦 1 Λ𝑦 Λ𝑦 1 Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑥 Λ𝑦 1
( )( ) − ( ) (𝑖 ̅ 𝑥𝑚
)] 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + [(− ) +( )( ) − ( ) (𝑖 ̅ 𝑥𝑚
)] 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 + [(−𝑖 ) + ( )( )+
2Ω √2Ω 2Ω √2Ω 2√2Ω2 2Ω √2Ω 2Ω √2Ω 2√2Ω2 2Ω √2Ω
Λ𝑥 1 𝑦 𝑥 Λ𝑦 Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑦 1 𝑦 1 Λ𝑦 1
( ) (𝑖 )] 𝑚
̅ 𝑚
̅ + [(−𝑖 )− ( )( ) + ( ) (𝑖 )] 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦)
̅ 𝑚 = − ([(− ) (𝑖 )] 𝑚̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅𝑥 +
2Ω √2Ω 2√2Ω2 2Ω √2Ω 2Ω √2Ω 2 2Ω √2Ω
Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑦 1 Λ𝑥 1 1 Λ𝑦 Ω 2
[( ) (𝑖 ̅ 𝑥𝑚
)] 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 + [( ) ( ̅𝑦𝑚
)] 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 + [− ( ) ( ̅ 𝑦𝑚
)] 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 ) = − ((−𝑖 ) (− ) +
2Ω √2Ω 2Ω √2Ω 2Ω √2Ω 2 2√2Ω2 √2
Λ𝑥 Ω Ω Λ𝑦 Ω Ω Λ𝑥 Ω 2
(𝑖 ) (− ) (𝑖 )+( ) (𝑖 ) (− )−( ) (𝑖 ) )=
2√2Ω2 √2 √2 2√2Ω2 √2 √2 2√2Ω2 √2
1 Λ𝑦 1 Λ𝑥 1 Λ𝑦 1 Λ𝑥 1
81
= − ([(− ) (𝑖 ̅ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 + [( ) (𝑖
)] 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑚𝑦 + [( ) (
)] 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑚 𝑥 + [− ( ) (
)] 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑚𝑦 ) =
)] 𝑚
2 2Ω √2Ω 2Ω √2Ω 2Ω √2Ω 2Ω √2Ω
1 Λ𝑦 𝑖 Ω 2 Λ𝑥 𝑖 Ω 𝑖Ω Λ𝑦 1 𝑖Ω Ω Λ𝑥 1 𝑖Ω 𝑖Ω
− ((− )( ) (− ) + ( )( ) (− ) (− ) +( )( ) ( ) (− )− ( )( ) ( ) (− )) =
2 2Ω √2Ω √2 2Ω √2Ω √2 √2 2Ω √2Ω √2 √2 2Ω √2Ω √2 √2
60
Susan Larsen
Λ2 2 ΩΛ ΩΛ ΩΛ ΩΛ
= 82 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) − − − −
8 8 8 8 8
Λ2 2 ΩΛ
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) −
8 2
Λ2 2 Λ Λ
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) − (1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ))
8 4 2
1
=− Λ
2
1
− Λ = Ψ2 − Λ NP + Φ11
2
1
− Λ = Ψ2 − Λ NP − Φ11
2
0 = −Ψ2 − 2Λ NP
1
⇒ Ψ2 = − Λ
3
1
Λ NP = Λ
6
Φ11 = 0
Which is consistent with the former calculation of Φ11 = 0, 𝑎nd we can conclude that if 𝑅𝑎𝑏 = −𝑔𝑎𝑏 Λ, Ω
Λ
should rightfully be Ω = 1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 4
Referencer
Carroll, S. M. (2004). An Introduction to General Relativity, Spacetime and Geometry. San Fransisco, CA:
Addison Wesley.
Choquet-Bruhat, Y. (2015). Introduction to General Relativity, Black Holes and Cosmology. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
d'Inverno, R. (1992). Introducing Einstein's Relativity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hartle, J. B. (2003). Gravity - An introduction to Einstein's General Relativity. Addison Wesley.
McMahon, D. (2006). Relativity Demystified. McGraw-Hill.
Penrose, R. (2004). The Road to Reality. New York: Vintage Books.
a
(McMahon, 2006, s. 304), (Penrose, 2004, s. 105), (d'Inverno, 1992, p. 282)
b
(Choquet-Bruhat, 2015, s. 79), (McMahon, 2006, s. 280), (Carroll, 2004, p. 274), (Hartle, 2003, p. 549), (d'Inverno,
1992, p. 271)
c
(McMahon, 2006, s. 286)
d
(McMahon, 2006, s. 288)
e
(McMahon, 2006, s. 290)
(1) (1) (1)
f
(Choquet-Bruhat, 2015, s. 80) l.33: ℎ23 = 𝑐23 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑥 1 ) , ℎ22 = −ℎ33 = 𝑐22 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑥 1 )
82 Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ
= (− (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) (− (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) + ( (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) ( (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) − 2 (− (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) ( (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) −
4√2 4√2 4√2 4√2 4√2 4√2
Λ Λ Λ2 Λ2 Λ2
𝑚𝑎 ∇𝑎 (− ̅ 𝑎 ∇𝑎 (
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) + 𝑚 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) −
4√2 4√2 32 32 32
Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ2
𝑚 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (− (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) 𝑚𝑦 𝜕𝑦 (− ̅ 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) + 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 (
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) + 𝑚 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) +
4√2 4√2 4√2 4√2 8
Ω Λ Ω Λ Ω Λ Ω Λ
(− )+𝑖 (𝑖 ) + (− )( ) + (𝑖 ) (𝑖 )=
√2 4√2 √2 4√2 √2 4√2 √2 4√2
61
Susan Larsen
g
(McMahon, 2006, s. 291)
h
(McMahon, 2006, s. 298), (Carroll, 2004, p. 321)
i
(d'Inverno, 1992, p. 280)
j
(d'Inverno, 1992, p. 280)
k
(d'Inverno, 1992, p. 288)
l
(McMahon, 2006, s. 75, 92)
m
(McMahon, 2006, s. 92)
n
(McMahon, 2006, s. 195)
o
(McMahon, 2006, s. 322)
p
(d'Inverno, 1992, p. 288)
q
(McMahon, 2006, s. 304), (d'Inverno, 1992, p. 282)
r
http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~majbg/jbg/book/chap3.pdf
s
(McMahon, 2006, s. 305), (d'Inverno, 1992, p. 282)
t
http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~majbg/jbg/book/chap3.pdf
u
(McMahon, 2006, s. 313)
v
(McMahon, 2006, s. 322)
w
(McMahon, 2006, s. 318)
62

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Lots of Calculations in GR – Gravitational Waves – Chapter14 10 September 2019

14.7.3 Christoffel symbols .................................................................................................................. 23

14.14.5 The Christoffel symbols ....................................................................................................... 58

14.2 aThe delta – 𝜹(𝒖) and heavy-side – 𝚯(𝒖) functions

𝜖 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑏𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑐𝑑 𝜕ℎ𝑎𝑐

where 𝜙 𝑎 is a function of position and |𝜙 𝑎,𝑏 | ≪ 1. We have

= (𝜂𝑎𝑏 + 𝜀ℎ´𝑎𝑏 )(𝛿𝑐𝑎 𝛿𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑎,𝑐 𝛿𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 + 𝜀𝜙 𝑏,𝑑 𝛿𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 ) + 𝜀 2 …

1 𝑥𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑐 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑐𝑥

𝑦 1 𝑦𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑡𝑥 1 𝜕 2 ℎ𝑥𝑦

= 𝑑𝑡 2 − (1 − 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 2 − (1 + 𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑧 2 + 2𝜀ℎ𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

14.5 hThe Rosen line element

The curvature one-forms summarized in a matrix

20 1 1 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2𝑏 1 1 1 𝑑2 𝑎 1 𝑑2𝑏 1 1 1 𝑑2𝑎 1 𝑑2𝑏 1 1 1 𝑑2𝑎 1 𝑑2 𝑏

14.6 The Penrose Kahn metric (Colliding gravitational waves)

14.6.1 lThe Christoffel symbols of the Kahn-Penrose space-time

14.7 nThe Brinkmann metric (Plane gravitational waves)

14.7.2 The orthonormal null tetrad

14.7.5 The Weyl Scalars and Petrov classification

14.7.7 The Weyl tensor calculated from the null tetrad

The curvature one-forms summarized in a matrix:

14.7.8.2 The curvature two forms

14.8 oThe Aichelburg-Sexl Solution – The passing of a black hole

𝛿(𝜈)(1 − 𝜈 2 Θ(𝜈)) − Θ(𝜈)(−2𝜈Θ(𝜈) − 𝜈 2 𝛿(𝜈)) 𝜈Θ(𝜈)

The basis one forms

Written in terms of the coordinate basis

The curvature one-forms summarized in a matrix:

Collecting the results we find the non-zero Christoffel symbols

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