Pakistan Studies (Paper 2)

The Environment of Pakistan (IGCSE-0448/02 and GCE-2059/02)

Introduction
1. State the location of Pakistan with reference to latitude and longitude. [2]
2. With reference to fig.0.1 and page vii, name the degrees of latitude and longitude on map.
3. With reference to fig.0.2, explain the importance of location of Pakistan for Afghanistan
and Central Asian States, China, Middle East and Europe. [2x4]
4. What is meant by land lock countries? Name anyone of these. [2]
5. Name the neighboring countries of Pakistan with direction in which these are located. [4]
6. Name the neighboring country which is land lock country. [1]
7. Why is China important for Pakistan? [3]
8. Why is Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline important? [3]
9. Identify the following cities on map; Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Quetta, Gawadar,
Multan, Faisalabad, Lahore, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Muree, Peshawar,
Chitral and Gilgit.
10. Identify the following areas on map; Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, KPK, Gilgit Baltistan, AJK.

Chapter # 01: The Natural Topography, including drainage

1. Define topography and relief. [2]
2. With reference to fig.1.2, 1.3, 1.25, 1.33, 1.42, 1.50 and 1.67, identify the all relief features
of Pakistan (given in fig.1.1) on maps.
3. Name and identify the mountain ranges located in northern and north-western areas of
Pakistan. [5]
4. Describe the natural and human features of Karakoram range. [3+3]
5. Name the mountain pass and highway which connect Pakistan and China. [2]
6. Name the tourist attractions located in Pir Panjal Range/Lesser Himalayas. [3]
7. Describe the natural features of Himalayas. [3]
8. Name the mountain passes and their connected areas located in Hindu Kush range. [4]
9. Name the highest peaks of Karakoram, Himalayas and Hindu Kush Ranges. [3]
10. What is difference between landslides and avalanches? [2]
11. Name the valleys/tourist attractions located in Karakoram, Himalayas and Hindu Kush
ranges. [2x3]
12. Why are northern mountains important for people and economy of Pakistan? [6]
13. Explain the problems faced by people of mountainous areas of Pakistan. [6]
14. Explain the environmental issues of mountainous areas of Pakistan. [4]
15. Define the term natural drainage/drainage pattern/ drainage system/ river network. [2]
16. Describe the journey of River Indus in the mountainous area of Pakistan. [3]
17. State the main source of water for River Indus and its tributaries. [2]
18. Name the eastern and western tributaries of River Indus. [3+4]
19. With reference to fig.1.25 and 1.33, identify the mountain passes located in the north-
western and western areas of Pakistan. [1x7]
20. State the areas which are connected by following passes; Khyber, Kurram, Tochi, Gomal,
Bolan, Kojak and Gonshero. [1x7]
21. Name the rivers on which Warsak and Kurram dams are built. [2]
22. Define the term inland drainage basin/hamuns. Name and identify any two with reference
to fig.1.33. [2+2]
23. Identify the mountain ranges Balochistan’s plateau with reference to fig. 1.33. [6]
24. Identify the rivers of Balochistan with reference to fig. 1.35. [3]
25. Identify the eastern and western tributaries of River Indus. (fig.1.35) [3+4]
26. Explain the problems of Balochistan. [6]
27. Explain the economic potential of Balochistan. [6]
28. To what extent, Balochistan’s economy can be developed? [6]
29. Identify Potwar plateau and Salt range on fig.1.42. [2]
30. Define the terms residual hills and badland topography. [2+2]
31. Explain the economic activities of Potwar plateau. [4]
32. Define the term Doab. Identify the following doabs on fig.1.50; Sindh Sagar Doab, Chaj
Doab, Rachna Doab, Bari Doab. [2+4]
33. Define the following terms; active flood plain, meanders and ox-bow lake. [2x3]
34. What is meant by alluvial terrace/bar? Identify the following bars on fig.1.50; Sandal bar,
Ganji bar, Nili bar, Kirana bar. [2+4]
35. Explain why are doabs important for economy and people of plain areas. [4]
36. Define the Piedmont plain, delta and cuesta with one example for each. [2x3]
37. Identify Indus delta, Thatta and Hyderabad on fig.1.62. [3]
38. Explain the economic activities practiced on Indus plain. [4]
39. Explain the similarities and differences between upper and lower Indus plain. [6]
40. Name and identify the main deserts of Pakistan on fig.1.67. [3]
41. How sand dunes are formed? [3]
42. Explain the natural features of deserts of Pakistan. [3]

Chapter # 02: Climate

1. What is difference between climate and weather? [2]
2. With reference to fig.2.1, name and identify the climatic zones of Pakistan. [4]
3. Describe the climate (winter + summer) of four climatic zones of Pakistan. [2x4]
4. State the months included in four seasons of Pakistan. [4]
5. Name the main climate elements. [4]
6. Describe the degrees for difference temperatures. (Very hot, hot, warm, mild, cool, cold,
very cold) [1x7]
7. Name hottest and coldest city/area of Pakistan. [2]
8. Explain the factors affecting temperature in Pakistan. [6]
9. Define the terms; continental and maritime influence, altitude, angle of the sun. [2x4]
10. With reference to fig.2.8, suggest the reasons for summer and winter temperature of
different cities of Pakistan. (e.g. Why Multan is hot in summers?) [2+2]
11. Why coastal areas experience mild-warm temperature throughout the year? [4]
12. Name the main sources of rainfall in Pakistan. [4]
13. How is monsoon/ western depressions/ conventional/ relief rainfall caused? [4x4]
14. How is summer monsoon different from winter monsoon? [3]
15. With reference to fig.12.11, identify the direction of monsoon winds in Pakistan. [2]
16. State the main sources of moisture in summer monsoon. [2]
17. Name the main areas which receive summer and winter monsoon. [2+2]
18. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of summer and winter rainfall. [6+6]
19. With reference to fig.2.14, label and identify the main areas of western depression. [2]
20. State the months/season of western depression. [1]
21. Explain the process of conventional rainfall with the help of a labelled diagram. [4]
22. State the areas and months/season of conventional rainfall. [2+1]
23. What is meant by temperature inversion layer? [2]
24. Name the areas where conventional rainfall cannot occur and why? [1+1]
25. Explain the process of relief rainfall with the help of a labelled diagram. [4]
26. State the areas and months/season of relief rainfall. [2+1]
27. Name the cities which receive rainfall throughout the year and why? [2+2]
28. What are tropical cyclones? [2]
29. Name the areas and season/months of tropical cyclones. [2+1]
30. What is meant by low-pressure area and high-pressure area? [2+2]
31. With reference to fig.2.26, state the main sources of rainfall for each climatic zone. [2x4]
32. Why does rainfall not beneficial for farmers in Pakistan? Why do we need irrigation? [6]
33. Why do different areas of Pakistan experience different climates at the same time?
/explain the factors affecting climatic variation in Pakistan. [6]
34. Explain the effects of climate on people of each zone. [4x4]
35. What is difference between nomadic and transhumance? [2]
36. Explain the human and natural reasons of floods. [6]
37. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of floods. [6+6]
 38. Explain the effects of floods on different people. [6]
39. Suggest the precautions to overcome effects of floods. [6]
40. Suggest the measures to reduce the risk of floods. [6]
41. How are thunderstorms and dust storms caused? State its areas and season also. [4+4]
42. Explain the effects of thunderstorms and dust storms on people and infrastructure. [4]
43. What is meant by drought? [2]
44. State the areas affected by droughts in Pakistan. [2]
45. Explain the human and natural reasons for droughts in Pakistan. [6]
46. Explain the effects of droughts on natural and human environment. [6+6]
47. Suggest the ways to manage/control droughts in Pakistan. [6]

Chapter # 03: Water Resources

1. Define the terms; resources, natural and human resources, renewable and nonrenewable
resources, hydrological cycle, evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation.
[2 each]
2. With the reference to fig.3.2, identify the processes of hydrological cycle. [4]
3. Explain why are rivers important for people and economy of Pakistan. [6]
4. What is meant by river Indus system? [2]
5. Describe the journey of river Indus. [3]
6. State the main source for River Indus and its tributaries. [2]
7. Name and identify the eastern and western tributaries of River Indus. (fig.3.5-6) [3=4]
8. What is meant by mean monthly discharge? [1]
9. How are eastern tributaries of river Indus different from its western tributaries? [2]
10. Name the main rivers of Balochistan. [4]
11. How are rivers of Balochistan different from river Indus system? [2]
12. Define the terms; ground water and water table. [2+2]
13. Why is ground water low in deserts? [2]
14. How does ground water become saline? [1]
15. How does ground water become polluted? [2]
16. State the main uses of water in Pakistan with their percentage. [3]
17. State the main domestic uses of water. [4]
18. State the main industrial uses of water in Pakistan. (fig.3.9) [all]
19. Why we need irrigation? (fig.3.10) [6]
20. Why is canal making possible/easy in Pakistan? (fig.3.11) [6]
21. Name the main conventional and modern irrigation methods used in Pakistan. [4+4]
22. Define the terms; Shaduf, Charsa, Persian Wheel, Karez, inundation/seasonal canals,
diversion canals, perennial canals, tubewells, sprinkler. [2 each]
23. Make the labelled diagrams of Persian wheel, Karez and tubewell. [3x3]
 24. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each irrigation method. [2+2]
25. Why is Indus Water Treaty important for Pakistan? [4]
26. What is meant by link canal? Name any two also. [2+1]
27. Describe the similarities and differences between dam and barrage. [2+2]
28. What is meant by large dam? Name any two in Pakistan. [2+1]
29. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of small and large dams. [6+6]
30. With reference to fig.3.25, name the dams and their rivers in Pakistan. [6]
31. What is meant by siltation? [2]
32. Explain the causes, effects and control of siltation. (fig.3.27) [3+5+5]
33. With reference to fig.3.28, name the barrages and their rivers in Pakistan. [all]
34. How are water logging and salinity caused? [4]
35. Explain the effects of water logging and salinity. [4]
36. Suggest the ways to control water logging and salinity. [6]
37. State the government efforts to reclaim lands. [2]
38. Explain how does surface water get polluted? [4]
39. How is water important for economic development? [6]
40. What is IRSA and its responsibility? [2]
41. Explain the causes of climate change in Pakistan. [3]
42. Explain the effects of climate change on people and economy. [6]
43. Suggest the ways to adapt to climate change. [6]
44. Explain how is India violating Indus Water Treaty. (name the projects) [3]
45. Explain the effects of building Baglihar Dam on Pakistan. [4]
46. Suggest the reasons why KPK and Sindh are against Kalabagh Dam. [4+4]
47. With reference to fig.3.39, identify the location of Kalabagh Dam. [1]
48. Name the sources of fresh water for Karachi. [2]
49. Suggest the ways to conserve water resources on sustainable grounds. [6]
50. To what extent, sustainable water resources can be developed in Pakistan. [6]

Chapter # 04: Forest

1. What is difference between productive and protection forest? [2]
2. Why are forests important for human and environment? [6]
3. What is meant by snow line? [1]
4. Explain the features and uses of forests. (separately for each forest) [4]
5. How do coniferous trees survive in hilly and cold areas? [6]
6. How do mangroves survive in salty water? [3]
7. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of irrigated plantations. [6]
8. Identify the location of forests. (labelling of forests on map) [1x1]
9. What is meant by deforestation? Why it is done? [1+6]
 10. How does deforestation affect environment? [6]
11. Explain the solutions of deforestation. [6]
12. To what extent sustainable forestry is possible? [6]

Chapter # 05: Mining

1. Define minerals and how are minerals formed? [1+3]
2. Name and explain the types of mining. (Open pit/Open surface, adit and shaft) [2x3]
3. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of Adit and Shaft mining. [4+4]
4. Define metallic and non-metallic minerals. Give two for each also. [2+2]
5. Describe he differences between metallic and non-metallic minerals. [5]
6. What is meant by quarrying? Name the tools used in it. [1+2]
7. With reference to fig.5.6, state two uses for each metallic mineral. [2x10]
8. With reference to fig. 5.7, state two uses for each non-metallic mineral. [2x6]
9. Name the minerals used in the following things; fertilizer industry, agricultural land,
power industry, paints, cement, chemical industry, ceramics, steel industry, electrical
industry. [2 each]
10. Why mineral are important for economic development? [6]
11. Explain the problems faced by mining industry. [6]
12. What is difference between mining field and mining center. (with examples) [2]
13. Name the mining method for extracting coal, rock salt, limestone, chromite, oil and gas.
[1x6]
14. With reference to fig. 5.10-5.13, describe for distribution/locations for each mineral.
15. Name main coalfields/oilfields/gas fields and at least one mining center from each. [3+3]
16. Name the reserves of chromite in Pakistan. [3]
17. Explain how does mining cause damage to natural environment and human health.[6+3]
18. Suggest the proposals to protect the natural environment from mining hazards. [6]
19. What is meant by sustainable mining? [2]
20. To what extent, sustainable mining is possible in Pakistan? [6]

Chapter # 06: Fishing

1. Why is fishing important for people and economy? [6]
2. What is difference between marine subsistence and commercial fishing? [3]
3. Identify the fishing ports. (labelling of fishing ports on map) [1x1]
4. How is Sindh coast more important for fishing than Makran coast? [3]
5. Name the main fishes of marine fishing. [1x1]
6. Explain the problems of fishing in Balochistan. [4]
7. What is meant by Inland fishing/fish farm? [1x1]
 8. How are fishes reared on a fish farm? [4]
9. Describe the distribution of fish farms in Pakistan. [3]
10. What is meant by over-fishing? How it is caused? [1+3]
11. What is breeding season of fishes? [1]
12. To what extent sustainable fishing is possible in Pakistan? [6]
13. To what extent fishing industry/marine fishing/inland fishing can be developed in
Pakistan? [6]

Chapter # 07: Agriculture

1. What is meant by agriculture/arable farming? [2]
2. What is difference between human inputs and physical inputs? [2]
3. What is difference between subsistence farming and commercial farming? [2]
4. What is difference between Rabi and Kharif crops and give two examples for each? [2]
5. Explain how wheat/rice/cotton/sugar cane are cultivated? [3-4]
6. How wheat is cultivated on small scale barani farm? [3-4]
7. Explain the climatic (temperature + rainfall) requirements for each crop. (separately for
each main crop) [4]
8. Name the HYV seeds for each main crop. [1x1]
9. Describe the distribution of main growing regions of wheat/rice/cotton/sugar cane. [4]
10. State the basic uses of maize/pulses/millets/oilseeds/tobacco. [2x2]
11. State the main growing regions of dates/bananas/oranges/almonds/apples/grapes/
apricots. [2x2]
12. What is difference nomadic farming and transhumance? [2]
13. What is difference between subsistence and commercial livestock/pastoral farming? [2]
14. Explain the improvement in livestock farming. [4]
15. Why is livestock important for humans and economy of a country. [6]
16. Name the main breeds of cattle and buffaloes. [2+2]
17. Why are buffaloes kept near water bodies? [2]
18. Why are goats and sheep reared in nomadic farming? [2]
19. Why does Govt. discourage nomadic farming of goats and sheep? [2]
20. Explain the problems of livestock farming. [6]
21. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of machines in farming. [6]
22. Explain the disadvantages of small farm size. [4]
23. Explain the importance of land reforms. [4]
24. Explain how farming activities affect environment? (positive and negative) [3+3]
25. What is meant by sustainable development of agriculture? [1]
26. To what extent can sustainable agriculture be possible? [6]
Chapter # 08: Power Resources
1. Define the following terms; energy, fossil fuels, renewable resources and non-renewable
resources. [2x4]
2. With reference to fig.8.2, explain the types of coal and their characteristics. [4]
3. Which type of coal is imported in Pakistan? [1]
4. Name the type of coal found in Pakistan in large quantity. [1]
5. Why is coal found in Pakistan of a low quality? [2]
6. With reference to fig.8.3, identify the main types of coal. [3]
7. How is coal transported from mine to end user? [3]
8. With reference to fig.8.4, state the uses of coal found in Punjab/ Sindh/ KPK/
Balochistan. [4]
9. With reference to fig.8.5, state the main uses of coal in Pakistan. [3]
10. Explain the advantages of coal over other fossil fuels. [3]
11. Explain the environmental hazards caused by coal-based power plants. / Why it is not
encouraged to set coal power plant near rivers/water bodies? [3]
12. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of coal as source of energy. [3+3]
13. With reference to fig.8.8, name main coalfields/oilfields/gas fields and at least one
mining center from each. [3+3]
14. What is meant by gasification of coal? Give its two advantages also. [1+2]
15. With reference to fig.8.10, explain the land degradation caused by coal mining. [3]
16. How is mineral oil is formed? [3]
17. With reference to fig.8.11, identify the layers of fossil fuels. [3]
18. Why is it called oil trap? [2]
19. What is difference between porous and non-porous / pervious and impervious rocks. [2]
20. With reference to fig..12, explain how oil is drilled? [4]
21. Explain the location factors for setting up oil refineries. [3]
22. State the uses of oil. [6]
23. How oil is transported by sea? Name the countries of import also. [3+2]
24. Describe the advantages of oil pipelines over other means of transportation. [3]
25. What is meant by crude oil? How is it transported in Pakistan? [1+2]
26. With reference to fig.8.15, describe the distribution of PARCO’s pipeline in Pakistan. [3]
27. What is it meant by white pipeline? [1]
28. With reference to fig.8.19, state the main uses of oil in Pakistan. [4]
29. Why is smell added in natural gas? [1]
30. How natural gas is formed? [3]
31. With reference to fig.8.20, describe the distribution of gas pipeline in Pakistan. [3]
32. With reference to fig.8.22, state the main uses of natural gas in Pakistan. [4]
 33. Describe the composition of PARCO? Name main partners of PARCO. [2]
34. What is difference between atomic fission and fusion? [2]
35. Name the main nuclear power station of Pakistan? [2]
36. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy. [6]
37. To what extent, nuclear energy can solve energy crisis in Pakistan. [6]
38. Identify the main parts of thermal power station shown in fig..27. [5]
39. What is meant by alternative sources of energy? Name some its types. [2+2]
40. How is HEP produced? Identify main functions of HEP station shown in fig.8.31. [3+5]
41. How is HEP different from thermal power? [4]
42. With reference to fig.8.34, identify the major HEP, thermal power and nuclear power
stations in Pakistan.
43. How is solar power produced? [3]
44. Describe the potential areas of solar power. [2]
45. How is solar energy useful for rural areas? [3]
46. How is wind power produced? [3]
47. Identify the areas having wind power potential in Pakistan. [2]
48. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of wind power. [6+6]
49. How is geothermal power produced? [3]
50. Identify the areas having geothermal power potential in Pakistan. [2]
51. What is difference between wave power and tidal power? [2]
52. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of wave and tidal power. [4+4]
53. What is difference between biogas and biomass? [2]
54. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of biogas and biomass. [4+4]
55. What is meant by organic matter? [1]
56. Describe the main features of national grid system. [3]
57. Explain the factors which cause shortage of electricity supply in Pakistan. [6]
58. Explain the advantages/importance of rural electrification. [6]
59. Explain the problems in rural electrification. [3]
60. Why is power supply important for economic development of a country? [6]
61. What is meant by sustainable development of power resources? [2]
62. Suggest the ways for sustainable development of power resources. [6]
63. To what extent, it is possible to develop sustainable power resources in Pakistan?[6]

Chapter # 09: Industry

1. What is meant by Secondary industry/process industry/manufacturing industry? [2x3]
2. Define the following terms; Capital, Enterprise, Land, Raw material, Power, Labour. [2x6]
3. Define the following processes; smelting, weaving, spinning, dyeing, printing, knitting,
stitching, tanning, moulding. [2x9]
4. Explain the location factors for setting up industry. [6]
5. What is meant by sustainable primary resources? [2]
6. What is meant by agro based industries? [2]
7. Differentiate between cottage/craft, small scale and large scale industries. [2x3]
8. Differentiate between cotton ginning, cotton spinning and cotton weaving industries. [3]
9. With reference to fig. 9.8, explain the processes of cotton spinning and weaving. [3+3]
10. With reference to fig. 9.6, describe the distribution of cotton textile industries in
Pakistan. [4]
11. Why cotton industries are located in Karachi/ Faisalabad/Hydrabad? [3x3]
12. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of cotton textile industry for Pakistan. [6+6]
13. With reference to fig. 9.13, describe the distribution of sugar mills in Pakistan. [4]
14. Why are sugar mills not located in Balochistan? [2]
15. Why are sugar mills located near sugar cane fields? [2]
16. Name the main products of sugar industry and their uses also. [2+2}
17. Name the by-products of sugar industry and their uses also. [2+2]
18. With reference to fig.9.15, describe the distribution of fertilizer industry in Pakistan. [4]
19. State the raw materials used in fertilizer industry. [3]
20. Which fertilizer is widely used in Pakistan and why? [1+1]
21. Name some fertilizer industries in Pakistan. [2]
22. With reference to fig.9.17, describe the distribution of cement industries in Pakistan. [4]
23. Name the main raw materials used in cement industry. [2]
24. Name fuel used in cement industry. [1]
25. With reference to fig.9.18, explain Pakistan Steel Mill is located near Pipri? [6]
26. Name the raw materials and products of Pakistan Steel Mill. [3+3]
27. Name the final products of Heavy Forge Factory. [3]
28. Explain the location factors for setting up Pakistan Steel Mill with ref. to fig.9.20. [6]
29. Why Pakistan Steel Mill is called large-scale industry? [4]
30. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing steel industry in Pakistan. / to
what extent it is important to set up steel industry in Pakistan? [6]
31. What is meant by industrial estate? Name the first industrial estate also. [2+1]
32. What is meant by special industrial zone? [2]
33. Describe the incentives/features of an industrial estate/special industrial zone. [4]
34. Why does Sindh have largest number of industrial estate? [2]
35. Differentiate among nationalization, denationalization and privatization. [3]
36. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of privatization. [3+3]
37. Explain how formal and informal sectors are different to each other. [6]
38. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of formal and informal sectors. [6+6]
39. What is difference between cottage/craft and small scale industries. [2]
 40. Explain the advantages/importance of cottage and small scale industries. [6]
41. State the location and type of sports goods industry. [1+1]
42. Name the raw materials used in sports goods industry. [3]
43. Name some products of sports goods industry in Pakistan. [3]
44. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of sports goods industry. [2+2]
45. State the location and type of surgical industry. [1+1]
46. Name the raw material and products of surgical industry. [1+3]
47. State the location and type of brick kilns industry in Pakistan. [1+1]
48. State the main inputs in brick kilns industry. [3]
49. Describe the process of brick making. /How bricks are made? [3]
50. State the uses of bricks in Pakistan. [3]
51. Explain the harmful effects of brick kiln industry on environment. [3]
52. How can the harmful effects of brick kiln industry be minimized? [5]
53. Explain the problems of cottage and small scale industry. [6]
54. To what extent, cottage and small scale industries are important for economy? [6]
55. Explain the negative effects of industrialization on environment and humans. [6+6]
56. Explain the measures which can be taken to control industrial pollution. [6]
57. What is meant by sustainable industry? Explain the steps to develop industry on
sustainable grounds. [1+6]
58. Define tertiary industry. [2]
59. Explain the factors which affect tourism development in Pakistan. [6]
60. Why do people visit Pakistan from abroad? [3]
61. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of tourism for Pakistan. [6+6]
62. Name any two natural attractions from Punjab/Sindh/KPK/Balchistan/GB. [2x5]
63. Name any two historical attractions from Punjab/Sindh/KPK/Balochistan/GB. [2x5]
64. State the locations and type of call center. [2+1]
65. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of cell center business in Pakistan. [3+3]

Chapter # 10: Trade

1. What is meant by trade? [2]
2. Explain the advantages/importance of trade. [6]
3. Define imports and exports with examples. [2+2]
4. Name the main exports of Pakistan.
5. Describe the main problems in Pakistan’s exports. [3]
6. Name the main export countries of Pakistan. [3]
7. Name the main imports of Pakistan.
8. Describe the main problems in Pakistan’s imports. [3]
9. Name the main import countries of Pakistan. [3]
 10. With reference to fig.10.8, name the trading countries of Pakistan with their import and
export items.
11. What is meant by capital goods and consumer goods. [2+2]
12. Explain the outcomes/effects of negative import bill/trade on economy. [6]
13. Differentiate between GDP and GNP. [2+2]
14. Name the trade route with Pakistan’s neighboring countries. [4]
15. Name and identify the border crossing with China, India, Afghanistan, Iran on map. [4]
16. Identify the location and describe the importance of Wakhan corridor. [1+2]
17. Why is Arabian Sea an important trade route for Pakistan?/ Why is trade by sea
preferred to trade by land? [4]
18. What is difference between balance of trade and balance of payments? [2]
19. What is meant by remittances? [2]
20. Why there is negative balance of payments in Pakistan? [6]
21. Suggest the ways to correct the negative balance of payments. [6]
22. What is meant by an EPZ? [2]
23. Describe the main features/incentives of EPZs. [5]
24. Name the EPZs of Pakistan. [4]
25. Explain the factors required for establishing an EPZ. [5]
26. Why did EPZs of Sialkot and Risalpur not attract foreign investment? [4]
27. Explain the importance of Gawadar as potential EPZ. [6]
28. Why was Export Promotion Bureau replaced by TDAP? [3]
29. What is meant by trade barriers? [2]
30. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of trade barriers. [6]
31. What is difference between depreciation and appreciation of a currency? [2]
32. Define the term trading blocs. Name the trading blocs of Pakistan. [2+2]
33. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of trade with European Union. [6+6]
34. Explain the advantages/opportunities and disadvantages/problems for Pakistan in trade
with WTO. [6+6]
35. Suggest the measures to promote foreign trade in Pakistan. [4]

Chapter # 10: Trade

1. What is meant by transport network? [2]
2. With reference to fig.11.1, describe the distribution of rail network in Pakistan. [4]
3. Why is there limited rail network in KPK and Balochistan? [4+4]
4. What is meant by multi-gauge system? [3]
5. Why is railways facing downfall in Pakistan? /Why is railways losing passengers and
fright day by day? [6]
6. Explain the advantages of rail network in Pakistan. [3]
7. Explain the developments made by Pakistan govt. in railways. [6]
8. Why is KCR important? [3]
9. What are dry ports? Name important dry ports of Pakistan. [2+2]
10. How does a dry port work? /Describe the functions of dry port. [4]
11. Explain the advantages of dry ports. [4]
12. Describe the main features/ infrastructure requirements of a dry port. [5]
13. Explain the problems of a dry port in Pakistan. [2]
14. What is meant by metalled and unmetalled roads? [2]
15. With reference to fig.11.9, describe the distribution of road n etwork in Pakistan. [4]
16. Why is road network limited in mountainous and desert areas of Pakistan? [3+3]
17. What is National Highway authority responsible for? [1]
18. Describe the routes of N5, National Highway, G.T. Road, Indus Highway, RCD Highway,
Karakoram Highway.
19. How is N5 different from Indus Highway? [2]
20. Identify the following motorway routes; M1,M2,M3,M4,M5,M9.
21. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of motorway. [4+2]
22. Compare and contrast the rail and road transport. (Similarities and differences) [6]
23. What is Civil Aviation Authority responsible for? [1]
24. Explain the importance of following airports; Karachi, Lahore , Islamabad, Peshawar,
Quetta and Gawadar. [2x5]
25. Name some private airlines in Pakistan. [2]
26. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of air transport. [6]
27. Explain the importance of water transport. [3]
28. Identify the location of Keamari port, Qasim Port (fig.11.24)and Gawadar Port. [3]
29. What is meant by wharf? [2]
30. Describe the developments made at Keamari Port. [6]
31. Explain the advantages of Bin Qasim port. [4]
32. Describe the objectives/functions of PNSC. [3]
33. Explain the advantages of Gawadar Port for local and national economy of Pakistan.[6]
34. To what extent, Gawadar Port can be beneficial for local and national economy of
Pakistan? [6]
35. Explain the political/social/economic benefits of developing transport resources in a
country. [3+3+6]
36. What is meant by telecommunications? Name its some devices also. [2+2]
37. Explain the advantages of telecommunications for education. [3]
38. Explain the advantages of telecommunications for industries. [6]
39. Explain the disadvantages/problems of telecommunications in Pakistan. [6]
40. Suggest the govt. measures to improve telecommunications in Pakistan. [6]
Chapter # 12: Population
1. What is meant by birth rate/death rate/natural increase? [1x3]
2. Explain why is population high in Pakistan? [6]
3. Explain the ways to reduce population growth. [6]
4. Explain the problems caused by high population growth. [6]
5. Explain the role played by the following factors to achieve balanced
population/economic growth. [3x4]
a. population control
b. human resource development
c. female literacy
d. utilization of natural resources
6. What is demographic transition model? Explain the reasons for change in each stage.
(see fig.12.5) [1+4 each stage]
7. What is meant by population pyramid? What information it provides? [1+3]
8. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of small and large proportion in each of
children/working group/old age group. [6x3]
9. Explain how will projected/expected population pyramid affect the economy of Pakistan
in positive ways. [4]
10. What is meant by employment/unemployment/underemployment/disguised
unemployment/primary/secondary/tertiary employment? [1x7]
11. Explain the causes of unemployment in Pakistan. [6]
12. Explain how can literacy and training help to reduce unemployment. [6]
13. Explain how does unemployment affect economic growth. [6]
14. What is difference between distribution and density of population? [1+1]
15. How can the density of a country/province/district be obtained? [2]
16. Describe the distribution and density of population of Pakistan. (fig.12.15 +12.16) [3+3]
17. Explain the physical and human factors for high/low population density in a city or
province. (see fig.12.17 and 12.18) [6+6]
18. What is difference between emigration and immigration? [1]
19. What is meant by pull and push factors? Explain four of each. [2+4+4]
20. Explain the problems (in urban/rural areas) caused by rural-urban migration. [6]
21. What is meant by self-help scheme? (with example) [1]
22. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of self-help schemes. [6+6]
23. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of emigration to other countries. [6]
24. Explain the ways in which people do seasonal migration in Pakistan. [6]
25. To what extent sustainable population growth can be achieved in Pakistan. [6]