UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

CALC 2 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

MODULE 1: INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS

UNIT 6: TRANSFORMATION OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this unit, here are the following desired learning outcomes:
✘ Identify the different cases for the power of sines and cosines and
solve related problems.
✘ Identify the different cases for the power of tangents and secants
and solve related problems.

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 RECALL
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

RECIPROCAL IDENTITES QUOTIENT IDENTITES DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITES

1 1 sin 𝜃 sin(2𝜃) = 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 = cos(2𝜃) = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
csc 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1 cos 𝜃 cos(2𝜃) = 2cos 𝜃 − 1
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃
PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITES
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 1
sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 = 1
csc 𝜃 − cot 𝜃 = 1

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 POWERS OF SINE AND COSINES
Case III:
When and are both even integers (either both positive or one positive and one zero), we may
write

And then use both of the following identities

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EXAMPLE 3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 =
2

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POWERS OF TANGENTS AND SECANTS
Case I:
When is any number and is a positive even integer greater than 2, we may
write.

Since is odd, then is even and therefore, we may use the identity

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EXAMPLE 4. tan 𝑣sec 𝑣 = (tan 𝑣sec 𝑣)sec 𝑣
sec 𝑣 = 1 + tan 𝑣

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POWERS OF TANGENTS AND SECANTS
Case II:
When is a positive odd integer and is any number, we may write.

And then use the identity

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EXAMPLE 5. tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 = tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣
tan 𝑣 = sec 𝑣 − 1

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POWERS OF TANGENTS AND SECANTS
Case III:
When is a positive odd (or even) integer and is zero, we may write.

And then use the identity

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EXAMPLE 6. tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 = tan 𝑣tan 𝑣
tan 𝑣 = sec 𝑣 − 1

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POWERS OF COTANGENTS AND COSECANTS

Case I: same as
When is any number and is a positive even integer greater than 2, we may
write.

Since is odd, then is even and therefore, we may use the identity

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POWERS OF COTANGENTS AND COSECANTS

Case II: same as

When is a positive odd integer and is any number, we may write.

And then use the identity

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POWERS OF COTANGENTS AND COSECANTS

Case III: same as

When is a positive odd (or even) integer and is zero, we may write.

And then use the identity

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 Let’s review some concepts

“It’s best to first identify “After the trigonometric

which case the integral
belongs to, for the
identification of the correct
trigonometric identity to
be used.”
transformation, basic
integration formulas will
ultimately be used for the
evaluation of the integral.”

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 thanks!
Any questions?

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 Credits
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✘ Photographs by Unsplash

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