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1: Hello everyone! For today we are going to learn about the antiderivatives of trigonometric function

2: But before we start we should first know the objectives for today

3: The first objective is to find the antiderivative of trigonometric function

4: Additionally we should know how to compute the general antiderivative of trigonometric function

5: And now that we know our objectives for today let us now proceed to our lesson

6: But first we should know first, what is the meaning of antiderivative?

7: That’s right, antiderivative is the result of reversing the differentiation process

8: A function f(x) is an antiderivative of an interval I if F'(x) = f(x) for all x in I

9: We all know that the derivative of a constant is equal to 0, that’s why when finding the
antiderivative of a function we always add a +C term at the end of every answer we came up with.

10: Now that we now know what the meaning of antiderivative is, let’s move on to integration

11: The process of antidifferentiation is often called integration or indefinite integration

12: Partner do you know that when we find a function derivative we are actually finding the general
solution to a differential equation?

13: I do not know that partner but now I do! What a pleasant day to learn it is!

14: Speaking of learning, did you also know that a differential equation in x and y is an equation that
involves x, y and the derivative of y?
15: That I know partner, but I bet some of our viewers didn’t know, and I think now they know more
than the others!

16: Let’s us move on to our next topic, the magic hexagon

17: If you are struggling to remember all of the trigonometric identities, take a look at a magic
hexagon and this magic is going to help us in generating all of our trigonometric identities, digit 1 is
placed at the center of the hexagon and then the 6 trigonometric functions around the outside of the
hexagon as shown in the picture.

18: First one is the quotient identity. Quotient identities can be found by either clockwise or
counterclockwise around the hexagon. For example, if I will start from tangent going clockwise, I will
obtain sine/cosine which is an example of a quotient identity. Also, remember that we can start at any
part of the magic hexagon. Another example is to get cot and we’re going counterclockwise, we will
obtain cosine/sine.

19: Next is the product identities which is composed of 2 rules. The first rule is that if a function is
between any two functions, it will be equal to those two function being multiplied. For instance I will
multiply tan and cosine, it will give you sine because sine is located between tangent and cosine in
the magic hexagon. The other rule is if the two function are located opposite to each other, the
product will be equal to 1. Tangent and cotangent are located opposite to each other on the magic
hexagon which results to 1.

20: Now, we’re going to take a look at our reciprocal identities. All of the reciprocal identities can be
found by going through the 1. The first example is if tangent is going through the center which is 1, it
will result to its reciprocal identity which is 1/cotangent. Another example is if cosecant is going
through 1, it will result to the reciprocal identity which is 1/sine.

21: Moving on, here are the formulas we have to use as go through the antiderivative of trigonometric
functions.
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cosx + 𝑐

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − tanx + 𝑐

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − cotx + 𝑐

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − cscx + 𝑐

22: After discussing the magic hexagon diagram and formulas that will help you accurately to solve
the problems in antiderivatives of trigonometric functions, here are the examples that will teach you
on how to solve like this problems properly.
*GOOGLE MEET*
: For example number 1
For the first step, place 3 outside the integral to separate it from cosine x which is now equal
to 3 the integral of cosine x dx.
As a guide, we have the set of formulas at the right side of the screen/
Then, 3 times the integral of (cosine x) which is sinx + c.
And the final answer is 3sinx+c.

: For example number 2

To solve it easier, we can separate the sinx and secxtanx which results to the integral of six dx
minus the integral of secxtanx dx
Find now the integral of sinx which is negative cosx and the integral of secxtanx which is equal
to secx and don’t forget to place + c.
Simplify the following and it will result to negative cox minus secx + c

: For example number 3

We can express the given into the integral of quantity 1 over cosx times 1 over cosx dx
Use the magic hexagon diagram and find the reciprocal identity.
Afterwards, simplifying secx times secx will be equal to sec squared x dx
Then evaluate the problem, the integral of secant squared x dx is equal to tanx + c and that is
the final answer.

: For example number 4

Move number 17 outside the integral to separate if from the integral of cosecant squared x
Get the antiderivative of cosecant squared x dx, which is – cot x + c times 17
And you’ll get negative 17 cot x + c

: For example number 5

Express the given into, the integral of quantity 1 over sin x times the quantity 1 over tangent x
dx
By using the magic hexagon, we can get the simpler form of 1/sinx which is cscx and for 1/tanx
is equal to cotx time dx.
And get the antiderivative which will result negative cosecant x + c

: For the last example

Before solving the given, let us find the equivalent of pi over 4 in degrees which is 45 degrees.
Next find the x and y coordinates of pi over 4 which results both to square root of 2 over 2.
Always remember that the x coordinate is equal to cosine and y coordinate is equal to sine.
As you can see at the right part of the screen, we have a specific formula to solve this given
which is 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒂 + 𝒃) = (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂) (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃) − (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂)(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃)
Now let’s express the given into, the integral of cosine x times cosine pi over 4 – sin x multiply
by sin pi over 4 dx, by using the formula of I mentioned earlier which is also again at the right
side of the screen.
Then , the integral of cosine x multiply by simplifying cosine pi over 4 which is equal square
root of 2 over 2 and minus sin x multiply by simplifying sine pi over 4 that is equal to square
root of 2 over 2 dx
Consequently, move out square root of 2 over 2 to get the antiderivatives of cosine x and sin x
that is now equal to square root of 2 over 2 integral of cosine x dx – square root of 2 over 2
integral of sin x dx
Simplifying this, it will now be square root of 2 over 2 sin x – square root of 2 over 2 multiply by
negative cos x + c
Lastly, the final answer is square root of 2 over 2 sin x + square root of 2 cosine x + c
23: To summarize this lesson, these are the generalization:
Theorems of antiderivative of trigonometric functions.
- The integral of sin x dx = - cosine x + c
- The integral of cosine x dx = sin x + c
- The integral of secant squared x dx = tangent x + c
- The integral of cosecant squared dx = - cotangent x + c
- The integral of secant x tangent x dx = secant x + c
- The integral of cosecant x cotangent x dx = - cosecant x + c
24And to find the needed trigonometric identities, use the magic hexagon diagram
- Product Identities
- Reciprocal Identities
- And Pythagorean Identities

And that’s our presentation about Antiderivative of Trigonometric Functions. Thank you for listening!