Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA Why search? Why RESEARCH?
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL –
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL The word RESEARCH is a combination of the
City of Balanga, Bataan prefix “re” and the word “search” which means to
search again. It is a process of involving previous
NAME:___________________________________ studies in making logical analyses of a subject matter.
Year &Section:_____________________________
As a process, it encompasses a systematic and scientific
ACTIVITY SHEETS in PRACTICAL
gathering or collecting of data to confirm, deny or add
RESEARCH 2
1st Quarter - Week 1-3, Day 1-15 related findings to earlier research.
Task 1: Let’s go for LABELS.
MELC: describe characteristics, strengths,
weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research Reflected in the table below are labels which
(CS_RS12-Ia-c-1); illustrate the importance of differentiate qualitative and quantitative research
quantitative research across fields (CS_RS12-Ia-c-2); however some are missing. To be assured of LABELS,
differentiate kinds of variables and their uses (CS_RS12- complete the table with data suited for kind of research.
Ia-c-3)
Qualitative research Quantitative research
Learning Objectives: 1. differentiate quantitative
research from qualitative research; 2. describe 1.is focused on the is based on probabilistic
characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of ___________________ induction of logical
quantitative research; 3. determine the kinds of positivism
quantitative research; 4. cite the importance of
quantitative research in four major fields; 5. classify
quantitative variables and their uses is subjective in describing 2. is _______ in
a problem or condition providing observed
PRELUDE: from the point of view of effects of a program on
those experiencing it a problem or condition
Research, as a systematic study directed towards
understanding of the fundamental aspects of
phenomena and of observable facts, enables ones’ 3.it uses it uses natural science
____________model model
critical and analytical skills in dealing with existing
problems in life itself. (Legal Information Institute, is process-oriented is result-oriented
1992). is more generalized is less generalized
4. is _______ -based is number-based
This Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) deal with is unbounded 5. is ____________
your experiences and observations in life, too. Through
this, you are given an access to a great chance of dealing
with life issues. Yes, you read it right. Research and life Quanti it is!
are interrelated. The core function of research is to
Quantitative Research is the systematic, empirical
explore into deeper indulgence of life matters. This
investigation of observable phenomena via statistical,
includes scientific studies and experimentation directed
mathematical, or computational technique.
toward increasing fundamental knowledge and
comprehending areas in fields of physical, engineering, KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
environmental, business, humanities and life sciences
related to long-term national security needs. Hence, as Descriptive- is concerned with describing the nature,
you go through this you will be enlightened about characteristics and components of the population or a
phenomenon; could be in a survey format
dealing with problems in a systematic way.
Correlational - a systematic investigation of the nature
It is then hoped that will be properly guided by this of relationships or associations between and among
LAS in your quest for answers to the mind-boggling variables without necessarily investigating into causal
questions that come your way. Be always reminded that reasons underlying them
in research, no problem is too difficult to solve, it just Evaluative- aims to assess the effects, impacts,
outcomes of practices, policies, or programs
needs proper timing, planning, and processing.

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Causal-Comparative- also known as ex post facto
(after the fact) research and it derives conclusion from
observations and manifestations that already occurred
in the past and are compared to some dependent
variables
Experimental- utilizes scientific method to test cause-
and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by
the researcher
Task2. SPOT STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSES
from the CHARACTERISTICS: The figure shows
the characteristics of quantitative research in fragments.
From how you have understood these attributes, create
your own graphic illustration to describe the distinct
characteristics of a quantitative research including its
strengths and weaknesses. Be guided by the rubrics
provided.
Task 3. The ANALYST in you! Analyze the following
situations and determine the kind of quantitative
research applicable for each.
1. A researcher is interested in how weight
influences stress-coping level of adults. The
subjects are already pre-separated into different
groups (underweight, normal weight,
overweight) before their stress-coping levels
were measured.
2. A teacher would like to know if a new teaching
strategy is effective or not, so he/she teaches
one section using the new strategy; pretest and
post-test were given to the two sections.
3. Filipino scientists want to determine the impact
of a new vaccine as treatment for COVID-19
patients.
4. You want to know if the following factors are
related to each other: sex and mathematical
activity, marriage and cancer recovery,
occupation, and life span.
5. You want to know the number of hours senior
high school students spend on Tiktok.
Task 4. You THINK, You DECIDE:
Conducting a quantitative research is essential in the
following fields: a. medical and health services; b.
science and technology; c. education; d. business and
entrepreneurship; e. human resource engagements; and
f. technical and vocational activities. Inside the box, cite
at least two reasons on the importance of quantitative
research on these fields.

medical and health services

1.
2.

science and technology

1.
2.
5 3 1
Education
The graphic The graphic The graphic
organizer is organizer is organizer is
1.
illustrated not so missing. The 2.
appropriately illustrated details are
Graphic
presented. The appropriately not found. business and entrepreneurship
details are presented. The 1.
Illustration
well- details are not 2.
presented. well-
presented.
human resource engagements
1.
The content of The content of The content 2.
the the of the
presentation is presentation is presentation
accurate and somewhat is not at all
technical and vocational activities
Content
complete. accurate and accurate and 1.
complete. complete. 2.

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VARIABLE- is any factor or property that a researcher Reflection 101: Please answer the following questions
measures, controls, and/or manipulates in a research as honestly as possible.
study
Classifications of Variables
How have been the first three weeks for you?
Numeric- describes a measurable numerical quantity
and answer the questions “how many” or “how much”
Continuous -may assume any value between a certain From the topics and activities provided, which
set of real numbers (e.g. age, time, temperature, height, were difficult and easy to understand?
and weight)
Discrete -may assume any whole value within the limits
of the given variables (e.g. number of students, and total How do you think these lessons will help you as go
number of faculty members) on your research journey?
Ordinal -is logically ordered or ranked (e.g. academic
grades, shoe sizes, medal tally)
Nominal Variables- cannot be organized in a logical
sequence (e.g. business types, eye colors, kind of
religion, various languages, and types of learners)
Interval- is scaled and may represent other variables
below zero (e.g. degrees, temperature)
Ratio- is scaled but cannot represent other variables
below zero (e.g. age, height)

Task 5. You BELONG:

Classify the following variables according to their

kinds and uses and check the appropriate column to
which each belongs.

Variables Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

1. Address

2. Educational
Attainment

3. Height

4. Honor rolls

5. Income

6. Scores of
the test

7. Sex

8. Spiritual
practices

9. Temperature

10. Weight

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL –
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
NAME:_____________________________________
Year &Section:______________________________
ACTIVITY SHEETS in PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
1st Quarter - Week 4-5, Day 16-26
MELC: 1. design a research useful in daily life
(CS_RS12-Id-e-1); 2. writes a research title (CS_RS12-
Id-e-2); 3. describe background of research (CS_RS12-
Id-e-3); 4. state research questions (CS_RS12-Id-e-4); 5.
indicate scope and delimitation of study (CS_RS12-Id-e-
5); 6. present written statement of the problem
(CS_RS12-Id-e-7)
Learning Objectives: 1. identify researchable
problems; 2.formulate a title from the problem/s
identified; 3. state research questions; 4. describe
background of research using TIOC; and 5. indicate the
scope and delimitation of the study
A RESEARCH PROBLEM may be defined as an area
of concern, a gap in the existing knowledge, or a
deviation in the norm or standard that points to the need
for further understanding and investigation. Although
many problems turn out to have several solutions (the
means to close the gap or correct the deviation),
difficulties arise where such means are either not
obvious or are not immediately available. This then
necessitates some research to reach a viable solution.
Possible Sources of Research Gaps
a. perceived difficulties in management or leadership in
an organization
b. varied results from different studies
c. gap between theory and practice
d. experiences that require further inquiry/ investigation
e. a practice that requires innovation
f. a pattern of results that needs inquiry
g. a literature review
Considerations in Formulating Research Problems
A. External Criteria
1. Novelty – newness of the topic
2. Availability of subjects – participants within the
reach
3. Administrative support – assistance solicited from
community
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4. Availability and adequacy of facilities and
equipment- devices such as computers, WIFI
connections, and other resources
5. Ethical considerations – all activities to be
undertaken are acceptable and are done in accordance
with what is legal and morally right
B. Internal Criteria
1. Experience, training and professional
qualifications – researcher’s knowledge, expertise and
experiences
2. motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, and
perceptiveness of the researcher- essential attitudes
that bring anticipated satisfaction
3. time factor – a study must be pursued in the given
time frame
4. costs and return – necessary funds depending on the
size of sample, setting, treatment of data
5. hazards, penalties, and handicaps- the researcher’s
physical and intellectual capacity and moral judgment
Task 6A. FISHBONE DIAGRAM: Based on the
above-mentioned considerations in identifying research
problems, think of a certain problem that concerns you
as a student. It could be COVID-19-related, or
situations which either do not have solutions or the
solutions are contradictory. It could also be from an
experience which needs further explanation or
explanations are vague.
After deciding for a problem, think of
categories that could be considered as causes. From the
categories, identify more underlying causes which will
branch out as the sub-categories/ root causes. Present
your output through a fishbone diagram. Be guided by
the sample template provided. Your output shall be
marked according to the following criteria:
Problem, Categories and Root causes – 20 points
Method of Presentation- 10 points
Over-all Appeal and Understanding – 10 points
Task 6B. From your fishbone diagram, make a ten-
sentence write-up to explain your chosen problem and
the identified root causes.
Task 7. THE PROBLEM NEEDS A TITLE:
From the identified problem in your fishbone diagram,
develop your working title by identifying its basic
components. Use the diagram below to write your
working title and variables and the chart for other
elements.

Working Title

Major Major
Variable Variable

Sub-variable
Sub-variable Sub-variable (if there's
any)

RESEARCH TITLE -summarizes the main idea or

ideas of the study and describes the contents and/or subject matter/ purpose
purpose of a research paper

PARAMETERS in formulating a research paper title setting/ locale of the study

1. purpose of the research
2. narrative tone of the paper or type of research
3. method/s used target respondents/ participants
4. capture the reader’s attention
5. contains important keywords that will make it easier
to be located during a keyword search (composed
only of 12-15 words at most)
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
BASIC COMPONENTS of a research title
Introduction-it establishes the cognitive setting of the
• the subject matter or research problem; research
• the setting or locale of the study;
• the respondents or participants involved in the It involves:
study; and a. discussion why there is need to study the problem
• the time or period when the study will be b. clarification of important terminologies for easy
conducted (if the title becomes too long because understanding
of these elements, the timeframe or period may c. establishment of the degree of seriousness of the
be omitted except in evaluation studies) problem

WORKING TITLE -a title developed early in the
research process where the study can be anchored. It
captures the focus of the study in much the same way
the research problem does and helps the researcher
reorient back to the main purpose of the study if there is
a tendency of drifting out from the process.
It has the following essential elements:
1. Trends
a. provides the rationale of the research problem
b. discusses the background of the problem –existing
rules, Republic Act, mandates
c. presents the novelty of the research- answers what is
new

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2. Issues
a. includes related articles/ literature/studies read
b. presents the gap through the articles/ literature found
3. Objectives
a. signifies the main aim of the study
b. also includes the main variables, setting, respondents
c. stresses the purpose of the study
4. Contributions
a. summarizes who will benefit from the study
b. states the implication of the study
Task 8. THE TIOC RECIPE: Be guided by the TIOC
principle to further discuss in details your research
problem and its background. Complete the graph with
the necessary details.
Issues (Indicate at least
six relevant studies/
Trends articles that will
establish your research
gap.)
Contributions (What
Objectives (Enumerate
could be the possible
the purpose/s of your
implacation of your
study)
research study?)
A STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM is used in
research work as a claim that outlines the problem
addressed by a study. The statement of the problem
briefly addresses the question: What is the problem that
the research will address? The GOAL of a statement
of the problem is to transform a generalized problem
into a targeted, well-defined problem; one that can be
resolved through focused research and careful decision-
making. This will help you clearly identify the purpose
of the research project you will propose, if there is any.
CHARACTERISTICS of a statement of the problem
1. It should address a gap in knowledge.
2. It should be significant enough to contribute to the
existing body of research.
3. It should lead to further research.
4. The problem should render itself to investigation
through collection of data.
5. It should be of interest to the researcher and suit
his/her skills, time, and resources.
6. The approach towards solving the problem should be
ethical.
TWO PARTS: General problem and Specific problems
ELEMENTS OF A GENERAL PROBLEM
1. main tasks - It basically satisfies the question, “what
to do” with the major variables in your study.
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2. major variables or the main variables
3. respondents/ participants or the subject of the
study
4. setting – the specific place where the study shall be
conducted
5. coverage date – includes the duration of the conduct
of the study (if evaluative)
6. intended output (if developmental)
ELEMENTS OF SPECIFIC PROBLEMS
1. profile of the respondents (if needed)
2. inclusions of major and sub variables
3. relationship of variables
4. implications of the result of the study
REMEMBER: Researchable questions should be
significantly identified as it prepares the researcher to
decide on: a. research design; b. data collection; and c.
data analysis.
In the same manner, please be reminded that your
variables must be quantifiable, or it must elicit
numerical results.
Refer to the sample SOP provided for you:
Title: BNHS STEM Students' Academic Vulnerability
and Technological Deficiencies: Basis for Development
of Multimedia Contexts in Biology
General Problem: To obtain data to be used as bases in
the development of multimedia context in Biology, this
scholarly study determined the Academic Vulnerability
and Technological Deficiencies of the BNHS- SHS
Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) students in the online learning
modality during the school year 2020- 2021.
Specific Problems:
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1.How may level of the students’ Academic
Vulnerabilities be described in terms of:
1.1. motivation;
1.2. learning behavior; and
1.3 management of time?
2. How may the intensity of Technological Deficiencies
experienced by the students affect learning in terms of:
1.1. computer literacy;
1.2 internet connection strength; and
1.3 educational communication?
3. Based on the procured results, what multimedia
resource for Biology may be proposed to aid students’
learning?
Source: Flores, J., Manabat, O., Manansala, M.,
Mariano, E., Higuit, P., and Paguio, L. (2021)
(This sample SOP was produced in the light of literature reviews
conducted and research gap identification of the researchers.
Moreover, variables and sub-variables used were adapted from
previous studies cited.)
Task 9. YOUR SOP MATTERS:
At this point, it is your chance to create your own
statement of the problem. From the research gap you
have discovered and the variables including sub-
variables you already have determined, state your
general and specific problems.
3. provide the reasons why each limitation could not be
overcome using the method(s) chosen to gather the data;
4. assess the impact of each limitation in relation to the
overall findings and conclusions of your study;
5. if appropriate, describe how these limitations could
point to the need for further research; and

6. remember that the method you chose may also be the

source of a significant limitation that has emerged
during your interpretation of the results.
Working General Specific Task 10. WITHIN SCOPES AND LIMITS:
Title Problem Problems
Indicate the scope and delimitation of your working
study by completing the graphic presentation.

SCOPE LIMITATIONS

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION 1. 1.

Scope refers to how far the research area will be
explored and the parameters the study will be operating
2. 2.
in. It focuses on the major variables of the study that
answer the questions who, what, where, when, why and
how.
3. 3.
The limitations of the study are the constraints on
generalizability and utility of findings which are the
result of the ways in which you chose to design the
study. The sub-variables and their characteristics,
attributes, or indicators serve as the delimitations.

Possible Methodological Limitations Reflection 101: Please answer the following questions
as honestly as possible.
1.Sample size
2.Lack of available and/or reliable data How had been weeks 4 and 5 for you?
3.Lack of prior research studies on the topic
4.Measure used to collect the data
5.Self-reported data From the topics and activities provided, which
were difficult and easy to understand?
Possible Limitations of the Researcher

1.Access How do you think these lessons will help you as

2.Longitudinal effects go on your research journey?
3.Cultural and other type of bias – (Note that if you
detect bias in prior research, it must be acknowledged.)
4.Fluency in a language

CONSIDERATIONS in discussing the limitations of

the study:

1. describe each limitation in detailed but concise

terms;
2. explain why each limitation exists;

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL –
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
NAME:____________________________________
Year
&Section:__________________________________
ACTIVITY SHEETS in PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
1st Quarter - Week 6-7, Day 27- 37
MELC: 1. illustrate and explain conceptual framework
(CS_RS12-If-j-6);2. defines terms used in study
(CS_RS12-If-j-7); 3. lists research hypotheses (if
appropriate) (CS_RS12-If-j-8); 4. presents written
review of related literature and conceptual framework
(CS_RS12-If-j-9)
Learning Objectives: 1. illustrate the conceptual
framework of the study; 2. define terms used in the
study; 3. formulate the hypothesis/es of the study; 4.
observe ethical considerations in presenting the RRL
and conceptual framework observing ethical
considerations
2. Overview of the subject, issue, or theory under
consideration – Give an overview of your research
topic and what prompted it.
3. Categorization of sources – Grouping your research
either historic, chronologically, or thematically
4. Organization of Subtopics – Subtopics should be
grouped and presented in a logical order starting with
the most prominent or significant and moving to the
least significant
5. Discussion – Provide analysis of both the uniqueness
of each source and its similarities with other sources
6. Conclusion - Summary of your analysis and
evaluation of the reviewed works and how it is related
to its parent discipline, scientific endeavor or profession
A literature review conveys to the reader the knowledge
and ideas established on a topic, and their strengths and
weaknesses. The literature review must be defined
guiding concepts like research objective, the problem or
issue, or your argument) and not just a descriptive list
of the material available, or a set of summaries.
Figure 1 shows the literature review process.

A LITERATURE review is a comprehensive summary

of previous research related to the topic of the present
study which could come from surveys scholarly articles,
books, and other sources.
PURPOSE of a Literature review
1. provides foundation of knowledge on topic
2. identifies areas of prior scholarship to prevent
duplication and give credit to other researchers
3. identifies inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in
previous studies, open questions left from other
research
4. sees a need for additional research (justifying your
research)
5. looks at the relationship of works in context of its
contribution to the topic and to other works
6. places your own research within the context of
existing literature making a case for why further study
is needed

ELEMENTS of a Literature review

1. Objective of the literature review - Clearly describe
the purpose of the paper and state your objectives in Figure 1. Process Flow of Literature Review
completing the literature review.
http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-
writing/literature-review

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A CITATION is a reference to a source used in your
research. It is how you give credit to the author for their
creative and intellectual works that you referenced as
support for your research.
CITATION STYLES are the formal ways that dictate
what information is included, how it is ordered as well
as punctuation and other formatting. There are many
different styles and each mandate order of appearance
of information (such as author’s name, publication date,
title, publisher information, journal information and/or
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and page numbers),
conventions of punctuation, use of italics (and
underlining for emphasis) that are particular to their
style.
1. APA (American Psychological
Association) is used by Education, Psychology, and
some Sciences
2. ACS (American Chemical Society) is often
used in Chemistry and some of the physical sciences
3. MLA (Modern Language Association)
style is used by the Humanities
4. Chicago & Turabian (two styles very
similar in formatting) are generally used by Business,
History, and the Fine Arts
PLAGIARISM is the act or instance of using or
closely imitating the language and thoughts of
another author without authorization and the
representation of that author's words as one's own as
by not crediting the original author
(Dictionary.com).
Basic Types of Plagiarism:
•Secondary Source: When a researcher uses a
secondary source but only cites primary sources.
•Invalid Source: Citing incorrect or nonexistent
sources.
•Duplication: When a researcher uses work from
their own previous studies without attribution.
Paraphrasing: Rewriting another person’s words
but making it appear that the idea or even the research
was original
•Repetitive Research: Taking data or text from a
similar study without attribution.
•Replication: Submitting a single paper to multiple
publications hoping to get it published more than
once.
•Misleading Attribution: Providing inaccurate or
insufficient author information on a paper.
•Unethical Collaboration: Working together with
other researchers in an unethical way.
•Verbatim: The copying and pasting of words
without attribution.
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•Complete: Submitting another researcher’s paper as
your own in whole.
Source: Bailey, Jonathan (2013) The Most Common
and Serious Types of Research Plagiarism. Retrieved
from:
https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2013/10/08/ithent
icate-survey-identifies-common-serious-types-
research-plagiarism/
FRAMEWORK is like a skeleton. It is a basic structure
or frame of reference which designed to support or
enclose something (Merriam-Webster,n.d) It is
comprised to different concepts and theories that serve
as the building blocks to strongly clarify bases of the
study.
Theoretical framework is formulated from an existing
theory/ies and serves as the foundation of the study.
Theory is a conceptual invention that is used to
describe, explain, predict, or understand a certain
phenomenon.
Conceptual framework provides an explanation of the
scope and range of a concept or construct and discusses
case that combine two or more theories.
Paradigm is the visual illustration of a clear
understanding of the conceptual or theoretical
framework.
COMMON PARADIGM MODELS used in a
research.
1. IPO MODEL (input-process-output). It is
largely used when the research attempts to
isolate the factor or major variable that causes
the problem, subject, or phenomenon under
investigation. It is used when the statements of
the problem are all factor-isolating questions.
2. IV-DV MODEL (independent variable-
dependent variable model). It is used in
experiment-based studies. The questions raised
are higher order and classified as situation-
relating.
3. PC MODEL (predictor-criterion model). It is
used when relating and assessing the influence
between two or more variables. Studies that
focus on relationships, associations,
differences, and impacts will benefit from this
model.
4. P-MODEL. It is used in research studies that
propose a program or any intervention measure.
It fits the situation producing level of
questioning.
TASK 11. RESEARCH BLUEPRINT: Choose from
the above-mentioned list the appropriate paradigm of
your working study, then illustrate the paradigm based
on the flow of your concepts. Make sure to provide a
brief explanation of your framework.
MY RESEARCH PARADIGM
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
CONCEPTUAL vs. OPERATIONAL
A CONCEPTUAL definition tells what the concept
means, what the constructs are by explaining how they
are related to other constructs. It deals with deep
meaning of the conceptual constructs which have its
basis on the theory behind the study.
While an OPERATIONAL definition tells how to
measure the constructs. It deals with how the studied
constructs a related/ relatable to a particular domain
under the study. It is a detailed explanation of the
technical terms and measurements used during data
collection done to standardize the data.
(Sources: Abumere, F. 2018, Muraina, I., 2018, Ugwuja, C, 2019)
IMPORTANCE of using Operational definitions in
research
1.Validity
2. Replicability
3. Generalizability
4. Dissemination
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Examples:
Conceptual definition: Adolescence is a transitional
stage of physical and psychological development that
generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal
adulthood (age of majority). Adolescence is usually
associated with the teenage years, but its physical,
psychological, or cultural expressions may begin earlier
and end later.
Operational definition: Ages 13 - 19 years. This may
vary in research, especially if studies involve countries
outside the United States; thus, the researcher needs to
specify the ages.
(Castanuela, M., 2020)
TASK 12. TERMS DEFINED: Since an operational
definition is used in research, as you proceed with your
research work, provide statements of procedures on
how you will measure your selected variables. Follow
the example provided.
Time management. After the term, immediately
follows the operational definition expressed in a
paragraph form. Remember that each term is
defined separately.
HYPOTHESIS is a tentative prediction about the
relationship between two or more variables in a
population under study (Polit, 2007).
Hypothesis translates a research question into a
prediction of expected outcomes. It is also considered
an intelligent guess that occurs with at least 2 variables:
independent and dependent.
Hypothesis should always:
1. explain what you expect to happen;
2. be clear and understandable;
3. be testable;
4. be measurable; and
5. contain an independent and dependent variable.
KINDS OF HYPOTHESIS
1. Simple Hypothesis predicts a relationship between
an independent variable and a dependent variable.
e.g. The nature of teachers is related to the nature of the
students.
2. Complex Hypothesis predicts relationships of two or
more independent variables to two or more dependent
variables.
e.g. There is no significant relationship between the
profile, classroom leadership, and management
skills and the school’s performance of Sunday school
teacher.
Research Hypothesis states the actual expected
relationships between variables. It is always expressed
affirmatively and is called substantive or scientific
hypothesis.
All examples of hypothesis mentioned above can be
categorized as such if they express the expected
relationships of variables.

The interpersonal and interpersonal competencies

of principles do not relate significantly to the TASK 13. HYPOTHESES LISTED:
performance of secondary schools.
What are the hypotheses of your study? Provide a list of
3. Directional Hypothesis specifies not only the your research hypotheses in a null format.
existence but also the expected direction of the
relationship between the independent and dependent
variables.
Null Hypothesis/es
e.g. Lower levels of exercise are associated with greater
weight retention than higher levels of exercise.

The types of promotional campaigns positively

affect the level of patronage of customers.

The higher the intake of fiber, the lower is the

weight of the physical mass.

4. Non-directional Hypothesis does not stipulate the

direction of the relationship between the independent
variables.

e.g. Women with different levels of postpartum

depression differ with regard to weight retention.

The sources of stress are related to the different

coping mechanism among teachers.
Reflection 101: Please answer the following questions
The number of hours spent in reviewing is as honestly as possible.
associated with the level of performance in periodical
exams.
How had been the last two weeks for you?
5. Null Hypothesis is always expressed as a negative
statement and is subjected to testing in which the How do you feel about the lessons?
decision is either to accept or reject it.
From the topics and activities provided, which
e.g. There is no significant relationship between the were difficult and easy to do?
reasons for using alternative medicine and the
level of comfort of the patients. How do you think these lessons will help you as
go on your research journey?
The kind of teaching methods used has no effect on
the level of performance of students as shown in their
academic grades and behavior class.

The traits of the middle-level managers do not

significantly affect the productivity level of crews in the
food chains.

11 | P a g e
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