chaer states that stuttering is chaotic speaking because it often

halts, suddenly stops, then repeats the first syllable, the next
words, and after successfully pronouncing these words, the
sentence can be completed. Often speakers do not succeed in
pronouncing the initial syllable, only with difficulty succeed
in pronouncing the initial consonant or vowel. Then the
speaker chooses another word, and manages to complete the
sentence, although with difficulty. Speakers who experience
this difficulty are characterized by repeating the first part of
the word they say or holding back a single sound in the
middle of the word. Prayascitta (2008: 1), states that stuttering
or stuttering is a form of speech disorder which is
characterized by halting in the pronunciation of words. In
general, the speaker suddenly loses the idea of saying what he
wants to express so that the sound that comes out is halting
and repeated until he is unable to make even the slightest
sound for a few moments. This reaction coincides with
spasms of the neck and diaphragm muscles caused by
imperfect coordination of the speech muscles. If the situation
has passed, a series of words will come out until there is a
muscle spasm.

In fact, anyone can experience stuttering problems regardless

of gender, age or nationality. Conditions also vary in the
dimensions of level, from level
light to heavy, therefore handling varies. According to
Counture and Guitar (2007) around 5% of children stutter.
Children begin to experience normal disfluency at the ages of
18 months and 3 years. Mild stuttering may occur at the ages
of 18 months and 7 years. However, it occurs more often
between the ages of 3 and 5 years. Meanwhile, severe
stuttering generally occurs in older children, but can also
occur between the ages of 1.5 and 7 years. Stuttering sufferers
often fail to pronounce a word, they stammer and repeat the
first syllable so often they feel tired and disappointed with
what he did. Stuttering sufferers have difficulty pronouncing a
word or sentence when speaking.
Some characteristics of people with stuttering are:
a. Lengthening the sound in a word, for example
"mmmmmmmmmakan"
b. Repetition of a sound or syllable, for example "ma-ma-ma-
mama" or "a-a-a-a-nggur"
c. Having pauses, or holding back a word or words that cannot
be said at all. This research focuses on the causes and
symptoms of stuttering.

According to experts, there is nothing that can be said to be a

definite cause of stuttering. Experts say that stuttering occurs
due to multifactorial factors that occur in people who stutter,
but there are several factors that cause stuttering, including:
a. Growth in children. Usually stuttering occurs in children
aged 5 years and under. Children who have developmental
problems or have other speech disorders are at greater risk of
stuttering. At this age, stuttering is still considered normal and
can be cured with the help of parents. However, sometimes
this condition can become chronic and continue into
adulthood. A child whose growth and development is stunted
is likely to be at risk of stuttering. This condition is closely
related to the development of the child's brain. When a child's
growth and development is disturbed, the child's brain also
experiences problems. This is what causes the child's motor
speech system to experience problems.
b. Neurogenic disorders.
This neurogenic disorder is a communication ability problem
caused by disturbances in the brain as the main control center
which has an impact on signal delivery in the nervous and
motor systems in the muscles. The part of the brain that has
the most influence on a human's linguistic abilities is the
cerebrum. This disorder occurs due to disturbances in the
brain and several nerves involved in the ability to speak.
Usually this occurs because health conditions are disturbed
due to trauma, stroke or injury to the brain and nerves.
c. genetic and hereditary factors.
If someone in the family has a history of stuttering, it is likely
that around 60% of someone will suffer from stuttering,
because there is a strong blood relationship with someone
who stutters. Pressure that arises from the family includes
high expectations from parents, and can worsen stuttering.
Because stuttering is a speech disorder that is strongly
influenced by hereditary or genetic factors. Someone who has
a relative or family member who suffers from stuttering is at
risk of suffering from the same disorder. This genetic disorder
can affect the language center in the brain. In fact, according
to the latest research conducted by an American researcher,
stuttering is a speech disorder caused by gene mutation
disorders.
d. Pressure from parents or family. The emergence of speech
disorders in the form of stuttering is usually also caused by
pressure from parents or families who have high hopes for
their children to become fluent in speaking immediately.
When children begin to learn to speak, it is very natural for
children to stutter because they are learning to understand
what they hear. However, some parents or family members
think that such children have problems speaking fluently. This
is what actually causes the child to stutter permanently