utk -2 (trglish 2J Date

Page

- Yash Sahay

aud sthr do
us lies obs, adËe cheshucas_achin
Cpus uhtn, twhut drd iu
quality
Gndicata qualy dipe actin.
ex.. buuch.
Ades clau Adnb phrase
Yau au ivitotl
Hi canied th
load cutil he uth out any
wastid. wlason.
clause- Suljeck enh aotanjthnht

Adxb Manrle LHou

2- Advebs q DeA How uich]

et tonltly . nianly, entvuy ,huch

boncutal efc.lt
3 Adels
Ginaicat plaa} diactsn
backwano, heu, eund, he deway
pstaiu, etc.

Alu ays, niuen,oltn, eurtualhy has,

sldom, lo, Sanday , oAmetc.
Sentn e Advexleer to whele sentnce
ULually at
theyp
indicts attude
weitt
saken
e.
tutainy et
6 Conjuctiue Acuees
onecta phiases or inabednt claus
alto calho
alss cornectou.

late hontthilus,
dulh
Hoene, consiguundhy,etc.
 ffct, continlusus eete. vy
aout the mont uin
Sioy tna Yadd Rakna )
I Bueient Tense
) Simatle 19ndilinitfiut f

ü) Pecgls0VA Clutinulus

ii) fodact
hau bas
iy) fect continuaud.

Past
i) Ve on
i) bad t Ve i) uill haue 4 V
 kgulan uet

ex Resent Past
Act Acld Actod

Niw
 Participle Past
verbs. regular knownas are verbs Such verb. base
FORMS IRREGULAR
VERB ANDREGULAR
How do we identify Adjectives?
Many Adjectives n English have certain endings, such as
-able/-ble: uncomfortable, invisibie, responsible. odorable etc.
-al: viral, ilegal. educational, grodual, critica, etc.
-an: Indian, American. Meicon. urban, etc.
-ar: popular, spectocular, vulgar, etc.
-ent: competent, patient, inteligent, silent, violent, etc.
°-ful: shameful. powertul, harmful, thoughtul, beautiful, etc.
-ic/-ica: synthetic. problematic. athletic. energetic. mogical, scientific. etc.
-ine: feminine, masculine, bovine, conine, equine, etc.
-ile: fragile. ogile, docie. fertile. vinle, etc.
-ve: selective. predictive. informative, native. tolikative, etc.
-less: hamiess, careless., endess. homeless. senseless, etc.
-oUS: precious. deliciouS. notorious. coutious, dongerous, etc.
-some tiresome, awesome. handsome. lonesome, wholesome, etc.
 Naun as Ad ectieu
Diny Hable
Mui cla
GAch as adeciaes
Atwitiue and hredcatiue Adiectit
belert rneu altor inking
Jiul paulon
info. &detait ’act as Caplhent
e9.|haue an olo car
 Nans tha
that madity

i) helan
Beoue
i) Betuwen poseAsjue and aa eun

this Jth ot )thise/ thesr

that
V) Btwn an_Hnoun
Amount and a Nu
us oidinaxy thingi
Rathi :
qute an expennie itrn
a vatte
painul dcision
# Degut Aduds
 2 #
#
Vy thet
fctre
hand,eg Chpue weyuch ey ynlcmal dyetohgha tahen
ke
et GradeheAj muchVey
+ ciat, and
Doubt and
COnarctie exththnly
lch x ejy ,ear, poten
lgo
ey'sOhnttiinls. in,
andhete, Much ncugh
hslthan
-ve
X eegE
Non AUrtrnia
-a e
dalse want,
+

Ad ads,
 altH
Corntt or
was
Alone ace
fase
whatAonlone
Defa
1Eun) Tells
to
hid
paitin
dont Boak.’
Only jrditlct
Dtct
-, a
Adus Lsually
obj Deta
f dois
huch they A Veb
vlce
cttue gaut
focus t tins
Subyect
Quit Raui
#
Functions of Passive

Contexts where the passive is preferred:

1. When the actor is unimportant."
2. When the gctor is unknown.

3. Whern you want to hide the actors identity."

4. When you need to put the punch word at the end of the sentence."
5. When the focUS of the sentence is on the thing being acted on."
6. When the passive simply sounds better.

Source: Garner, Bryan A. (2016). Garner's Modern Engish Usage. Oxford University Press.
pp. 676-677.

More Functions:

When we want to emphasize the receiver of the action:

America was discovered by Columbus.

When we don't know who did the action (the agent):

- Some rare artefacts were stolen form the museum.

When we think the agent is not important.

- The bridge is being repaired.

When the agent is known and predictable:

- The workers are paid weekly.

When we make general statements/announcements/appeals:

People are requested generously to the relief funds.

- When we want to avoid/supress the responsibility of the actions

- The bullet goft fired./The bulet was fired.
 ACIIVE- PASSIVE
WOICE
ONE
(OFAB ENGISH
SHOT.
Active Passive Voice In One Shot! | Rules, Tips
And Examples | English Grammar
Bhumika Chauhan English- 52K views 1 year ago

Just
Shorts
have a look!!
 Sentence Types
Simple Compound Complex
Sentence Sentence Sentence
a subject and a dent nore Contains an independent
and a dependent
. Expresses a complete Clauses are joined by a clause.
thought. coordinating conjuction. Dependent clause beogins
with a subordinating
Examples: Examples: conjunction.
The boys went to the park. The boys went to the park, but Examples:
they did not go to the zoo.
We like plzza. Because the boys went to the
We like pizza, and we like park, they did not go to the
Tip: spagheti. zoo.
sentence is also
The boys did not go to the zoo
dan independent Tip:
clause. because they went to the park.
Look for these conjunctions:
for, and, nor, but, o, yet.
Tip:
Look for these
subordinating conjunctions:
after, before, because,
although, when, since, it,
whonover, unless, while, so
that, even though, wherever.
 o Classes
Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses
(Main Clauses) (Subordinate Clauses)

Noun Clauses Adjective Clauses Adverb Clauses

(Relative Clauses)
What? How? as if, like, the way
Who, Whom, Whose, Where, Why? because, since, as, for
That
Which, That When? when, whenever
Who Where? ’ where, wherever
Which Conditional’ f
How
Concession ’ Although, Though
 Naun clauyes
sentnc "what" ansuer

kuyuds,: what wtateen That, who, which,

Hew.
Noun as
S

Can you guess what 9 hau in my pockul 2

Sndilendnt Dependent claus

claun

Con e ed aone can y gullss

Cornflatt
terttnce.

# Ajectiueclauus
Ruowd kone Qdditonal infemdttn
kywod: whe, whom, whoe, whe, utich
hat Adj, clauetadditinat inksnatiny
elawe
Thaw twdart, uhs focud onthun stuies incur
pasud thl exan.
 Linjiamahral
htast. Jelaussentana t
paraessuritial
indistaneatte uwtt uch cmplnt #
Rrldiatt Subj. Senkna-
. not wil had losk don
wantd
by
Anaues
Condtènal ( Clausey Adunb #
oncession)
tin dditrhal (Giuiny
a indurant
wokng claue was uhik fan, Whneu
 su duall, diprabt
tonal pant o rstn uJclau/phxau
strtne lmatibn.

Bcfast
CLAUSES
Dependent &IndependentClauses
Noun, Adjective &Adverb Clausef625
Spoken
Englist) Clauses Tatt ? Types: Noun, Adjective &
GUru
Adverb Clauses | Independent &Dependent C...
Spoken English Guru 11 lakh views · 1year ago
 |futouv past pastut " Can
posiility -
Cauld VCon
beea. ing. twe, wes,
tatu
V, aluays
hld
wAuld will,
ceuld, Can, uisht uay, Ahuld, shal,
aul Thiy
and torse
tje, (uke inlinitid hau Dont
Thy
chich adalty-
actn
usdal exfusd
yh beinj
os.
noliond
Sahay Yach - -sWeek
 to cite deu
uthat tond ttate a
weddXuenlo’ statt uth
t uqutst founat Polite+
will
Combnenda
bolusetc)
QnywitheuE
do to al ethings aleut falk
Qulss Rthink what
w
uull
tiutat
atuatis inagiud ul 2.
habt (Paat Hats cauld and
eck foted
foanal Spuliterds
Can cauld
499estiond making
Abilty
 + wodd
loue, hat, p<an, i, glad
Cise ofinina.
'9 wud CoLthean thit pcay
Dn Cotai things ’ ulould

fon
ueh weld ekislta an actin
# Ceuld uould
pOssbu situations - laaginay sikaatòn
Makingos
woul
a2
field phai woutd

would
pt'isa ond

LMUst
nLCLty Mandatoxy | Capulin
 tuuak
)wanings'4
hon- inbad
wlu
-invdlue l poiion uy - invouls humen
pndirnrs
ust xit hiw acton

i) ocial ooligatis
to Bansled topuhla

Mustnt

obbzatins distratd wlile

duiuing
intintinyilingalJ
9 - shall othens uill
But Cae POET.
P-Rusui
t- ehnhais ation
TTheat shall

Qdu ce
 uaken abigtròn ite 0Aal dutisetc.

You shala infe'sa bad

diny socid
why shauld 9do cehat 'euvy
rdiats
gnoicattA pababliy
pobilbliky
Coocenion (XzA Ruga)
uise

psibility Qud puaM0bn

haes lhsstrsen polbiliky then ney
ight stdent ,so he
 Week- 6(Eryluh 2] Date

-Yash pay Page

Serttnu = Sulyect t Rudeat

Declanatiu gntence

Negatie ('uot')
Aiw ative (tve) Cheu haue uot had
Thy haue had fosd
functons
Qustion Tag (0-7) Scontoun
Jense abauld be sam
2
Aluay
3 Alwas e ContHactd lacns
thin .T. us

Didnot - Dido' weunot - enenE

Has bo - Hasn'L
Hae not - Hawnt was ht- wcsnt
bheuld st- shaldnt shatl net han'
a ne

ex- Euyor loues mony , dank

they
tyon, Bomeone. euybody.
plval veub plal pronoun.
 L Plean pas tt glas aton
uauld you polit
2 Have do cake
wauld yau?
3 Shut uf cant yau?
Sta on-eOse Cautcau you uay whid
Interxegatiuburstnces
Converted to intovagatie thn bodgumj
thing e ahne ( or agitmht hust
st
be hend i. e. Person , Nunle, Gendun.
Sing Plwnal.
Ruyent ds, Qre Atn
Past
fut

- vodb hasth
Tense aylinint makinj
- Quston lotm aton atbrach attion di
tho stuctu a stence.

Constne typ Yes eto tye

# Question cautex, erthcesleneeded)
Coiplex sentinces' puwis uuk ust
tnbedaded Qustons
Tus sestncu arc Connecttd and sCond
"Wh
finst setnce
tere b... ete.
In se cond sertend Huing uny aluo
connts aftn AubjecE

what tthe did he aie?

9 wondA what tine he avaveo.

Tense 8aml A
Cea

whithen and g cases

Cohfplmantgus an inaiuct qulstin,
to add wildnels to
betuleh
altvnhues
inbedue a clase at stat emlse daled claus
 Dafernc letuen whethe aud i
Beyare to infinite.
2.
Ajtn pesfouton
whithen v
3
whethen v

’ t A u end rtnc
whth
-

nat ’ ey inho ma.

Vets

findt
Nen-finte
chang accgtaingly Dalsn! chang
o áubjet and
Tene
-JOm as intt dnd Nen- finitP
laun
finit 2. Non fiute
e 9 kneyau.
4

khlu e. to she ak, to wte

Rusent
Past pantepe
puest parhaple
Ajectiue
ex. 9 saw
batiny' dey laut night
pat paxtble Vu fon woks as
Ajectiue.
9have a breten chain
Tuanctive vey object Redl
ex.

Ihtansie ve -
Sings
Dict olject
G Ask "íhat a whern" wn setthe. tb
Ansutt u diuect obect
9ndieectohject
+
"for wha"?
Ditansti eel
veubs that ane otlauad
2 indu
tus clject:

A ay
biefathen
ex.
Dócecft e- Sndiuct
 ’utttrictive ctast
# That-claue
Be + adectiul oRom
9 dofod tht

Commn
+ that
Bi t ahraid, disafoindsd kuy
Ceetain hatty sufised
Thethac beliidha t that v

# BOme Cenuen DitabLitie erle

Tellg inhom, Adwil, Alsne Coin,
Remihd, Ruhse Teach ,etc
 That- clause as a subject
º It is possible but uncommon to use that- clause
as the subject of the sentence.
That he believes his own storyis remarkable.
Notice that the word (that) here shouldn't be
omitted.
Be aware that starting a sentence with a noun
clause starting That is acceptable, but it grates
on lots of people's ears. As a result, many writers
prefer to precede it with "The fact...".)
The fact that he believes his own story is
remarkable.
 For week 7 learn the use of these words (mtlb fillups
m agr ye aaye toh most appropriate select Krna aana
chahiye bs) !!

much, many, little, few

all, none, any, many, mostly, rarely, seldom, often,
frequently, hardly ever, etc.
billions, dozens, hundreds, litres, meters,
numbers, millions, lakhs, pairs, quintals, scores,
tons, etc.
last, first, least, most, smaller than, greater than,
hardly any, etc.
percent, portion, proportion, ratio, part, partly,
wholly, substantially, several, seldom, etc.
 Date
Page

~Yauh Sahay
#
Wtins Arn Sop >Aakill
tells uGder sho you ae
uuivoitis , cetaues ,ete ak or an soP
To get beter ptwe
itune o th cerdidate
vagúe tatues X
skilll ,alilits
atey
2 Deacuilse event ie ailie), inidunt k
targets
3. Avoid
agen, elichi , vaguinuLs , olbiyuity

9nclucles dlt cotificates

exaus passed Qud heu wel dâne so
Testiuouials ihcluded.
erclettn

I1 Baki

Aveid vaundeut things shacially

like "Thuw was a Monkey ad i had a
tail
 pouts Bullet uet listod
to
e aatd tku iot st
pont any isin uithaut
pricis
pona uial Ouigi
.t pSGReatiyinal G
ci/) /pue Preecs Uutirg #
fosuedaab
,edr tnglin
wkon
cshat for y-7o Fove
eg this ny Coufat(dedi
caten 2.
ayen am aaud Reurche 9ndefindet
exaupe deny Radur
. senéence Sufli.
lweHs -
 Benttnces
foilouuinj
al this

-Nud gobd pacien9

n Qw tie
Have had ueaud to us B
Riute to indiuct aeu th , changing all
thind -pAen, but ithau
their nunser and gerdy.
uet inclide.
dorg
Toude,
Jsut et c. ktßing thrnn wndr
Contel.

ony wods.

#LAB Refot nsuos

a) whal was dene
b) why .doue
Hlw) Toal, wetida, wateiats Ruocls, etl
d) 1Tiue ahad cou
e) Reult
 kuvius wot, dllpences 4 siulavcites
Pie alton, ectnsjon utwre uok
Pases
tostof Kuihly
Buily and
thn contnue ading sei- colen l;)
3
colen (i)
Cemna
Sefanat utm pem
sefrates word' that aut het pt
pau
thi Jinttne
iD Aent n advek1 - nfotnatly jorturct
fomsanty,
a hatuy
adoly dady.
O-2 Riya, can you
S 9 waut
S,

Aalut atrens pruetings ctoun

DLan , Yaus fatfudy,

tact etc
Clauses
indefendent elaus - coust Aet.
 Dndut cdaue (Aubsrdiuate claus) 4
irdbendeut claust - lulli Aentin
Coutna
she
pua ctcas icin for an heur.
Sndperdint elause
indeprad daue
Deprdent dauu t rdiperduut cluu
tuai enttnte.
hal.
ya

Ordfrdent claue t drdat

haty uhi she faitid the quahiin.
t&sential welate Qdectiw claese; ue cohnd

e9. That man s thhe Con loho loot het

ast onth

Non essustial elatie elause

My fuiend Bhupind Jog , whs you net
at my houl, is US tehoew.
 Semi colon (:)
" The semi colon (:) is used to combine closely related sentences.

I went to see the jumbo circus with my kids.

I thought it was terrible. They thought it was great.
Ithought it was terrible, but they thought it was great.
I thought it was terrible; they thought it was great.
Conjunctive adverbs : however, therefore, of course, in fact, for example etc.
She has not got many friends. However, everyone likes her.
She has not got many friends; however, everyone likes her.
My dog knows many tricks. In fact, he can bark on command.
My dog knows many tricks; in fact, he can bark on command.

Colon (:)
" The colon () introduces informtion after an independent clause.

O Lists

" Here are the three states that start with the letter A: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and
Assam.

" I have several favorite genres of movies: drama, science fiction, and mystery.

O Clauses
Never forget this point: think before you speak.
Never forget this point that you must think before you speak.
. The world is a stage: play your role well.
# Pþokbrofhe (chen
a)uek Contuà e
itttd leles. lace
b) Mk poksaN) on. et
Sinchan lown.
Nels tha uth 's'
shyas sCund
to avoid Hiss
hees, ous,

Contcdition
t us