Republic of the Philippines

Isabela State University

Cauayan City Campus
SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
PS 421 Research 1
First Semester, S.Y. 2023-2024

A CONTENT ANALYSIS ON THE PHILIPPINE MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE

ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT USING GOFFMAN’S FRAMING THEORY

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Submitted by:

Mark Baraquiel
Monette D. Ignacio

Adviser:

Prof. Marie L. Hiloma

Submitted to:

Prof. Sheila Antonette D. Bacud

 A CONTENT ANALYSIS ON THE PHILIPPINE MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE

ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT USING GOFFMAN’S FRAMING THEORY

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The media’s role on the world is very important as they are the medium that connects the

whole world through the news that they provide. The media has a lot of functions that can truly

help the world which includes, informing, educating and influencing the public. According to

(Puijk, 2009), “not only royal ceremonies, but also issues related to sports, politics, or

catastrophes can engage the media and their audiences in a way that they are remembered

decades later”.

Furthermore, the media reports the news which serves as intermediary to connect the people

and the government which will make the people to actively participate in the governmental

processes and keeps them to actively involved in society and politics. The media also has the

power to shape public opinion, promote social change, and protect public interest. According to

(Boykoff, 2006), “the mass media constitute a crucial site for the construction of reality, an ever

unfolding discursive locale that influences public opinion on social issues and delimits societal

assumptions and public moods”. Media is can be also a tool for promoting democracy,

development, and a tool to end war or worse, to add gas in the flames of conflict.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the longest conflict in the modern history which

claims tens of thousands of lives and displaced millions of people. It originated in a long-

standing land disputes which claims by Israel and Palestine to be “rightfully theirs" (Dowty,
2008). The struggle between Israelis and Palestinians, which is driven by opposing historical,

political, sociocultural, and religious differences, is still going till this day. Tensions erupted on

May 10, 2021, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict saw a ten-day surge of violence that is thought

to have been the worst in recent history (UN, 2021).

While the conflict is centered in Gaza and seen as the primary cause of the increases in

violence in 2008, 2012, and 2014, the mobility restrictions and Palestinian displacement in East

Jerusalem were the catalyst for the escalation of hostilities in May 2021. First, Palestinians

started protesting on May 6, 2021, against the Supreme Court of Israel's ruling to force

Palestinian families out of Sheikh Jarrah in Jerusalem. Then, during Ramadan on May 7, 2021,

Israeli forces scattered Palestinians from the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem's Old City. Later, on

10 May 2021, Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad fired missiles into Israel, which sparked

Israel to fire thousands of airstrikes into Gaza. This results to 11,000 Palestinians wounded,

20,000 homes were destroyed and half a million people displaced (AI Jazeera, 2023).

International media channels are crucial in providing the fundamental framework that

people use to experience and make sense of events, as seen by the attention that the recent

conflicts between Israelis and Palestinians attracted from the worldwide population (Hodkinson,

2011) and ( Rizova and Panayotova, 2021). In other words, according to ( Rizova and

Panayotova, 2021), “news media reports of foreign conflicts contribute to how the public

perceives the origins, outcomes and importance of international conflicts and subsequently where

diplomatic and government resources may get distributed. However, the media "construct" the

news rather than simply "report," also referred to media framing”. Wherein it defined as the

process of "selecting and highlighting some facets of events or issues and making connections

among them to promote a particular interpretation, evaluation, or solution" (Entman, 2004) and
Rizova and Panayotova (2021). The headline of the news and the image that the media presents

are important in making the news articles. According to (van Dijk, 1989), instead of constantly

summarizing the news texts, journalists sometimes generalize or rebuild the content to produce

attention-grabbing headlines. In the end, the same story or issue is can be represented by

different news media differently from each other.

According to study made by Rizova and Panayotova (2021) which (the researcher tries to

replicate using only the “framing theory” as Rizoya and Panayotoya used framing theory

and agenda-setting theory ) “the results of this study match those of the pre-existing research

done by Greenwood and Jenkins (2015), that conflict representation in global news is mainly

displayed through active combatants and battle aftermath or pictures typically emphasize

military equipment, troops, and leaders participating in the conflict more than peace initiatives

(Greenwood & Jenkins, 2015, Parry 2010; Keith et al., 2010). This paper's findings align with

Fahmy & Neumann's (2012) conclusion that themes of war are more frequently depicted than

themes of peace in the visual portrayals of the Israel-Palestine conflict (Fahmy & Neumann,

2012). English online stories tackling the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, issued by the BBC, CNN

and Al- Jazeera, were critically analysed following a framing analysis method. The news

headlines and supporting images find first that the discourse within the topic of the conflict

comprises a war frame consisting of visuals and headlines portraying a large number of themes

originating from warfare, violent acts, casualties and death. Nevertheless, a frame of peace fitting

with Galtung's (1969) concept of such is identified. The themes mainly present in it are

demonstrations, negotiations, foreign mediation and solidarity with different victims of the

conflict. Second, the study demonstrates marked differences in the representation structures that

the three networks employ in choosing the online news headlines and supporting images they
issue in English. Third, Al Jazeera's focus on Palestinian nationals and their warfare

consequences exhibits marked differences in the discursive features and their social implications

compared with both the BBC and CNN. The two publications stick to a reporting approach

focusing on solely informing the reader of the occurrence of ongoing events rather than how they

influence the affected populations. Fourth, the results show that the differences in patterns

largely reflect and respond to each network's social and political assumptions and practices”.

According to (Arqoub, 2015) "The study concluded that Yedioth Ahronoth an Israeli

newspaper, used an interesting frame to present information in a more convincing manner. The

newspaper focused on Israeli issues and relied heavily on Israel official news sources and

narrative. This approach provided justifications for Israel and portrayed it as a victim of the war

indicating that the newspaper was not neutral in its coverage. It was biased towards the Israel

side”.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has a big impact to the world. The impact of this conflict is not

just on the two of them but also making a domino effect on the global economy of the world.

According to (Bianchi, 2023) “Internal and inter-state conflicts often have a significant effect on

stock market indices, exchange rates, and commodity prices – sometimes even sending prices

higher in the lead-up to hostilities”, and it is not good news to everyone. During the times of

conflict, the UN or the United Nations (the biggest International Organization) tries to do his best

and find alternative ways that benefits the opposing parties just not to resort to war to all of his

members. As for the Israel, the state of Israel is a member of the UN which is in fact admitted by

the UN as its 59th member. And as for Palestine, it is a Observer State.

As the Philippines is also one of the members of the UN, conflict like Israeli-Palestinian

conflict concerns the country because as a member of the UN, we are committed to upholding
and promoting human rights, so we have amoral obligation to address the humanitarian

consequences of the conflict. Also, it concerns the country because the Israeli-Palestinian

conflict has the potential to escalate tensions and destabilize not only Israel and Palestine but

also neighboring countries (Israel might seek help to its alliances to rapidly defeat Palestine,

same goes to Palestine to rapidly defeat Israel which can lead to world war). As a fellow member

of the UN, we are committed to upholding international law which bind us and promotes

peaceful resolutions of conflicts based on the principles of justice and legality. And lastly, it

concerns the Philippines because as a member of UN, we all want international peace and

security and economic stability.

With a lot of issues happening around the world, media coverages become a sole distributor of

information around the world. It is important to know how does media here in the Philippines

frames the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Therefore, the decision to carry out this study lies in the

interest of the researcher to examine how does the Philippines media framed Israeli-Palestinian

conflict during 2021 up to June 2023. And upon reviewing all the literature, the researcher found

out that there is no conducted study yet about on how the Philippine media frames the news

regarding the Israeli-Palestine conflict.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

With the guide of the study made by Rizova and Panayotova (2021), which was the

researcher tries to replicate, the researchers aim to understand how does the Philippine media

outlet TV5, ABS-CBN, GMA, and CNN frames the Israel-Palestinian conflict. Specifically, the

study aims to answer the following questions:

RQ1. How is the Israeli- Palestinian conflict is represented by the Philippine media outlet TV5,

ABS-CBN, GMA, and CNN?

RQ2. What textual frames are employed to create the online headlines?

RQ3. What visual frames are chosen to portray the conflict?

RQ4. What similarities and differences appear in the media framing?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on how does the Philippine media outlet TV5, CNN, ABS-CBN, and

GMA frames the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The significance of the study is threefold: Firstly, it

benefits to the community as it is a help to understand how does the Philippine media frame the

international news like the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. And how does the media can shape the

perceptions of the people towards an issue. It can also serve as an eye opener to all of us to think

critically and don’t just based on what we here from the news as it maybe framed by the media to

get their agenda. Secondly, it is significant to the news audience. This study will inspire the

viewers to always think critically on the issues that surrounds them, and critically analyze the

information that is given by the news asking themselves if this is true or someone is framing it.

And lastly, to the future researchers. Aside from using it as a literature review, it can also

inspire the future researchers to make and come up with a more interesting and informative

researches that can help and change the community someday.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study is intended to determine how does the Philippine media outlet TV5, ABS-CBN,

GMA, and CNN frames the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This study will gather its data through

examining news articles with featured imaged and headline, television news programs, and

online posts that has a headline on it and featured image that published by ABS-CBN, TV5,

CNN, and GMA regarding the conflict during 2021 until June 2023. The news articles, television

news programs, and online posts that has no featured image and no headline will not be

considered by the researcher. Also, the researcher will strictly not consider the news before 2021

and after June 2023 even if it has a headline and a featured image on it.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The following review of related literature delves in synthesizing and examining the existing

literature on the international media framing of previous flares up of the Israeli-Palestinian

conflict. The researcher use thematic kind of literature’s which will show us the results,

methodology, sample, and conclusions of the studies which will enlighten us about the media

framing and probably shows the research gaps of the previous studies. It will also explain the

importance of conducting this study and possible reasons behind conducting this study.

First, the researcher will show us what is the importance of the media coverage around

the world. Since the background of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is already stated at the

background of the study, the researcher will no longer includes it on the literature reviews.

Furthermore, it will also provide literature reviews on how does different media frames the

Israeli-Palestinian conflict. And lastly, we will provide a literature reviews on why does this

foreign conflict concerns the Philippines.

1. Importance of Media Coverage

The news media’s capacity to establish a nation's agenda, and to concentrate public

attention on a few critical public concerns, is enormous and thoroughly documented. The media

that reports on events not only provides individuals with precise details about public affairs;

readers and viewers are also taught how much relevance to accord on a topic based on the

amount of focus given to it in the news cycle.

Publications convey numerous indicators regarding the importance of issues in the news on

a daily basis, such as the main story on the first page, additional front page show off, large news
stories, and so on. News coverage on television provides several indicators about prominence,

including the initial story on the program, the quantity of time given to the subject, and so on.

These cues, which are repeated every day, effectively express the importance of each issue. In

other words, news outlets medium can direct the public's attention to the limited group of

problems that shape the public's perceptions.

According to Gamson, W., Croteau, D., Hoynes, W. and Sasson, T. (1992), a media system

suitable for a democracy should provide its readers with a coherent sense of the broader social

forces that affect their everyday lives. However, media discourse in the United States does not

approach this ideal. Instead, the media generally operate in ways that promote apathy, cynicism,

and quiescence, rather than active citizenship and participation. Moreover, all the trends seem to

be in the wrong direction, with more messages from fewer and bigger producers, saying less and

less. That’s the bad news. The good news is that the messages provide a many-voiced, open text

that can and often is read oppositionally, at least in part. Television imagery is a site of struggle

where the powers that be are often forced to compete and defend what they would prefer to have

taken for granted. The undetermined nature of media discourse allows plenty of room for

challengers such as social movements to offer competing constructions of reality and to find

support for them from readers whose daily lives may lead them to construct meaning in ways

that go beyond media imagery. This study uses the framing theory of Goffman with qualitative

methodology.

According to Swart, J., Peters, C., and Broersma, M. (2016), An overabundance of digital

outlets and more opportunities for users to independently research news define the current news

media landscape. However, it remains unknown how individuals navigate this dynamic

environment to choose which news sources to focus on or ignore, how they put together unique
cross-media repertoires, and what gives these compositions significance. This article maps

patterns of cross-media news consumption to examine the usefulness of various platforms,

genres, and practices in daily life. Five different news media repertoires are identified using the

combination of Q technique, think-aloud protocols, and day-in-life interviews: (1) regionally

oriented, (2) background oriented, (3) digital, (4) laid-back, and (5) nationally oriented news use.

Based on the results, consumers don't always utilize what they desire or what they prefer to use.

Furthermore, it's obvious that the lines they make separating news from other types of

information are moving. Ultimately, the findings demonstrate that, even in a society where there

are many options for free news consumption, paying for news may be viewed as a civic duty. We

contend that in order to have a more comprehensive picture of what news consumption involves

in this quickly evolving media ecosystem, users' perceptions of news use and their assessment of

news should be examined in connection to one another.

Moreover, Auli, H. & Susanna, V. (2012), the study aimed to explore how people

follow and share news, and what their interests and motivations are regarding different news

content and media. The research data consisted of 24 media diaries and 12 research interviews

conducted with the diarists. The study focused on the use of news in daily life, including the

spreading, modifying, and developing of news material by users, especially in social media. The

study found that despite changes in the media environment, news media is still actively

consumed. The study also confirmed that news media structures people’s media day in many

ways. Methodologically this study is qualitative audience research using structured media diaries

and complementing user interviews as research data.

According to Bengtsson, S., Fast, K., Jansson, A., and Lindell, J. (2021), the increased

dependence on media can be viewed as one of the indicators of mediatization. However, we

cannot take for granted the experiences of people in the digital age, even though we can assume

that the pervasive nature of digital media has fundamentally altered the way people experience

their daily lives. To empirically verify mediatization processes across time and space, three tasks

have been formulated for mediatization research: historicity, specificity, and measurability. In

this article, the researcher presents a tool designed to handle these tasks by measuring the extent

to which people experience that media reach into the deeper layers of daily human life. The tool

was tested in an empirical study conducted in Sweden in 2017. The results suggest that the

importance of media in daily life is more pronounced in urban areas. However, other

demographic characteristics also play a role, especially when it comes to the importance of

media in relation to (re)production, which is particularly pronounced in less privileged segments

of society. Men find media relatively important for the latter, while women feel more dependent

on media in order to be ‘good citizens’. It is important to note that the models used in the study

only explain a small portion of the variation in the dimensions of media reliance. This implies

that other factors are also important in order to explain synchronic differences in perceived

media reliance as well as diachronic transformations, in other words mediatization, of daily

human life.

The study of Harrison, J. and Pukallusaims, S. (2022), which aims to explore the role of

news journalism in building civil peace and promoting peaceful cooperation in post-civil war

settings. Suggests that news journalism can contribute to sustainable peace within civil society

by utilizing its communicative capacity to facilitate contextually and culturally appropriate

versions of peace. The paper argues that peacebuilding tool kits often narrowly focus on news

journalism as a political actor and its role in political life, and that the focus should shift to the

role that news journalism can play in the (re-)building of an associative and cooperative civil
society. The authors propose that news journalism should develop an ethos of civil norm.

building that aims to stimulate a civil consciousness in its audiences, which is indispensable for

the practical application of the categories of civil norms of peaceful cooperation in everyday life.

To achieve this, the paper identifies three features that are necessary for news journalism to

achieve its potential as a civil norm builder: (1) its transformative communicative capacity, (2)

its institutional and organizational commitment toward news reporting that exemplifies peaceful

cooperation in everyday life, and (3) the way it can concretely undertake the application of

editorial guidelines in post-civil war settings which exemplify the three basic categories of civil

norms of peaceful cooperation: (a) assent to civil peace, (b) substantive civility, and (c) building

civil capacity and civil competencies.

To summarize, the role of media in this world is so important. They can be used to

escalate and deescalate war by adding gas to the fire of the conflict, they can even shape the

opinion of the public or even direct peoples attention, can promote peace and democracy,

sometimes it can be a viable information source, and lastly, it has the power to frame an

information and shows who is the victim and who is the evil in the story in a very convincing

way. In the next review of related literatures, the researcher will show us on how does the media

coverages around the world frames the news specially on the conflict that is happening between

the Israel and Palestine.

2. Media Coverages

Media’s role is very important in our daily living as they are the one who inform us of

what is going on around the world. Also, media becomes a medium to connect this very diverse

world. The media is essential since it provides information, shapes public opinion, and has an

impact on decision-makers (Diplomacy School, International Security Studies, 2023). Media

coverages during the time of crisis, calamities, war, etc. is so important may it local or foreign

and so the coverage of Israeli-Palestinian conflict does. In here, we will show you how does the

media frames the news regarding the conflict that is happening between the Israel and Palestine.

Neureiter (2017), a "anti-Israel and an anti-Palestinian frames do not conflict with one another

because different reporters and media favor or denounce various Israeli-Palestinian conflict

parties, or that media coverage can alter across time”.

Thiel, S. and Kemp, W. (2012), This research describes an experiment that examines how

recipients interpret news pieces that are directed toward escalation versus de-escalation using the

Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a natural laboratory. The study's findings suggest that participants'

comprehension of the text is influenced by media frames and individual frames in both direct and

complex interaction ways. The propagandist effect of stories about violence and human

casualties can be neutralized if they are presented in accordance with a peace frame, and the

influence of media war frames is particularly diminished if they are inconsistent with

participants' individual frames. However, reactance may be produced if participants had pre-

positioned themselves in favor of the perpetrator.

Ishak and Ozohu-Suleiman (2014), Local media are often considered as a tool to

deescalate global conflicts. This study examines how four leading newspapers in Southeast Asia

(Star of Malaysia, Philstar of the Philippines, Jakarta Post of Indonesia, and The Nation of

Thailand) reported on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during the year after the 2009 Gaza War.

The researchers analyzed 536 reports for tones, frames, and sources. The results show that the

newspapers’ alignment with Palestine and Israel was fragmented. Conflict frames on offensives,

fighting, threats, military strategies, demonization, death, and destruction were most prevalent.

Coverage tones were significantly correlated with sources, suggesting that the potential of local
media to serve as deescalating tools in global conflicts is subject to the varying political contexts

in which they operate in relation to specific conflicts.

Furthermore, according to the study of Arqoub (2015), this study is significant because

it addresses the lack of research in this field, particularly in English. It also sheds light on how

the Israeli media operates, especially during times of war. The study tested three media theories:

Agenda Setting, Gatekeeping, and Framing Analysis Theory. The researcher used quantitative

methodology and content analysis to analyze a sample of 116 news articles from Yedioth

Ahronoth online newspaper, which were published during the 5-day war. The study found that

Yedioth Ahronoth used interesting frames to present information and make it more convincing.

The newspaper focused on Israeli issues and relied heavily on Israeli official news sources and

narrative. It provided justifications for Israel and portrayed it as a victim of the war. As a result,

the newspaper was biased towards the Israeli side and supported the war against Gaza. It was not

neutral in its coverage.

Zanuddin, H. and Almahallawi, W. (2017), make a study wherein it examines how

Ma’an news agency covers the Israeli-Palestinian conflict using media frames. The researchers

analyzed the news broadcasted by Ma’an TV and found that the news coverage related to this

specific conflict increased in the last week of August 2014. The study concludes that Ma’an

News Agency used thematic frames more than episodic frames in their news coverage of the 50-

day war between Israeli and Palestinian. However, human interest frames for specific issues like

civilians, women, and children contributed significantly as the voice for the Palestinian. The

study aims to examine how the media coverage of the conflict between Israel and Palestine is

structured in the online version of Ma’an news agency and how this coverage reflects on the

audience’s understanding and interpretation. A content analysis was conducted of news

broadcasted Ma'an TV. Over the 50 days' war, violent clashes have erupted in Israel and the

occupied Palestinian territories, with youths taking to the streets to protest against an occupation

that has lasted almost half a century.

Bhowmik, S., & Fisher, J. (2023), This study examines how CNN’s World News

covered the 12-day conflict between Israel and Palestine in May 2021 using textual analysis. The

study also considers the influential factors that shape U.S. media coverage of other countries, as

presented by Dorman and Farhang, and Galtung’s concept of war journalism. The findings reveal

that CNN primarily used a war journalism approach to frame the conflict. However, calls for

consideration of Palestinian human-rights from members of U.S. Congress led to coverage that

aligned with a peace journalism framework. This finding highlights the role of counter-discourse

by elite social members in influencing the framing of conflict coverage in mainstream media.

The study contributes to our understanding of U.S. media coverage of the ongoing conflict

between Israel and Palestine and the implications of war journalism versus peace journalism

frames with regards to public discourse and understanding.

Attar, D. and King, G. (2023) This is a study that analyzed the coverage of the

Palestinian-Israeli conflict by Western media. The study found that the news was reported with

an imbalance and favoritism towards the Israeli government’s interpretation of the story. The

article also examines how the Western print newspapers framed the so-called Intifada of the

Knives (IK) and the representation of Palestinians and Israelis during that period. The study used

Media Framing Analysis (MFA) to examine 16 articles that appeared in prominent British,

American, Canadian, and Australian print newspapers during that period. The findings show that

negative frames were more dominant than positive frames. The articles framed the Intifada as a

religious dispute and empathized more with Israelis who were described as victims while
Palestinians were framed as terrorists or anti-Semitic. Little or no background was given as to

why Palestinians opted for such actions against Israelis.

To sum it up, all of the literatures above shows that there is framing done by the media.

The framing method that is present are the following; Some are bias toward the Israeli and

portrays them as the victim in this conflict. Some also convince that the real victim is the

Palestine and not Israel. It also shows that some media frames their media coverages just to

promote peace and some are not. Panayotoya and Rizoya (2021), said that “there is an extensive

literature on the media framing of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; however, the results are often

conflicting.” Which is some of the news media show an anti-Israeli frame, while the others show

anti-Palestinian frame. The next review of literatures will show us why should the country pay

attention to the conflict and why does the country should need to pay attention on the dominant

frames us by the media or their framing methods.

3. Interest of the Country to the Conflict

In here, the researcher subdivided and thematic the literature's into two; one is what is the

connection and benefit that Philippines might get in countries Israel and Palestine concerns the

country. And two, why should we pay attention to the framing methods of the media.

3.1. Connection and benefit of the Philippines in countries Israeli-Palestinian

The previously COVID-19 epidemic has afflicted both citizens and non-citizens, as well as

individuals seeking asylum and migratory laborers internationally. We investigate how the

Filipino caretaker migrant community in Israel used electronic communication to cope with the

unique issues that its participants faced during the outbreak's first months. Most Filipinos in

Israel live in private residences with their employers; some live in assisted living facilities with
them, and some work as stay-out domestic workers and live in collective units with many

companions. Some members of all three groups have legitimate visas, but others (mostly live-out

domestics) are unauthorized. Filipino caretakers earn around $1,500-$2,000 USD per month as

of 2020. Because they are the primary breadwinners in their families, they send the majority of

their earnings back home.

Apart from studying scientific solutions to the virus, most studies have looked into how

different authorities dealt with the epidemic and how civilians coped with it. However, the

foreseeable psychological, social, and emotional implications to the lives and livelihoods of

millions around the world remain unknown. A prior study of Filipino caregivers during the

lockdown revealed that both individuals and community-based groups engaged in charitable

activities to cope with the difficulties they faced (Sabar, Babis, & Sabar BenYehoshua, 2021).

Furthermore, these activities not only assisted recipients in overcoming obstacles, but also

empowered donors as people and as members of a diasporic community.

With the Palestinian uprising causing increased violence and defensive closures, the Israeli

government authorized employees firms for importing migrants to replace the Palestinians, who

had previously made up the majority of the workforce in manufacturing and agriculture

(Raijman, 2020; Sabar, 2004). The first overseas workers to enter these two industries came from

Turkey, Romania, China, and Thailand. However, as Israel extended its labor market to overseas

labor migrants, prospective employees began to enter other industries. This shift coincided with

the creation of a long-term care insurance policy, which provides funding for long-term home

care services for aged Israelis. Filipinos were the first to arrive, beginning in the mid-1990s, to

serve as live-in caretakers for the elderly. This migration was bolstered by the Philippine labor

export policy, which was implemented as a response to a severe economic crisis that began in the
1970s. Following the signing of a formal agreement between the two nations, thousands of

Filipino caregivers, mostly women, were hired to offer live-in home care in Israel (Liebelt, 2011;

Shamir, 2013).

According to Israeli policy, non-Jewish migrants have few options for obtaining residency or

citizenship (Raijman, 2020; Shapira, 2018). Strict laws governing international labor migrants'

rights were enacted in an attempt to limit their stay and prevent large-scale permanent migration.

As a result, legal stay in the country necessitates a valid work visa; there is no right to family

reunification, so migrant workers cannot bring their spouses and children from their country of

origin to Israel; first-degree relatives of international labor migrants working in Israel cannot

obtain work visas; marriage between international labor migrants working in Israel is prohibited;

there are strict regulations regarding marriage to Israeli citizens; and migrant workers are not

permitted to work in Israel.

Individual Filipinos who immigrated to Israel over the years established a vibrant and

supportive society for themselves (Kama, 2008; Liebelt, 2011). The foundation of this huge,

diverse, dynamic society has been social networks based mostly on kinship and friendship,

which have assisted its members in reducing the problems of living as foreign caretakers inside a

tight state-orchestrated regulatory framework.

Despite their marginalized status, lonely lives, and limited training, Filipino caregivers in

Israel have successfully established a professional group and a sense of professionalism through

frequent use of Facebook (Golan & Babis, 2019). A study of male Filipino migrant workers in

South Korea that investigated their online identity performance on Facebook discovered that

such Narratives might highlight aspects of offline life that provide migrants a measure of

biographical stability (Camposano, 2018). Facebook has also become an important venue for
Filipino migrant workers in Israel to express and elaborate on their connection with their host

country and culture (Golan & Babis, 2019).

Alongside worldwide growth in the use of social media in daily life, studies have explored

the emergence of social capital on digital platforms. These studies differentiate between online

and offline social capital and point to the dynamics between them (de Zúñiga, Barnidge &

Scherman, 2017; Huang, Zheng & Fan, 2021; Trepte, Reinecke & Juechems, 2012).

3.2. Framing methods of the media

The long-running Palestinian-Israeli conflict has inspired extravagant performers from beyond

the region. With such fighting and hostility, the rest of the world is watching what happens

between the two countries. Given this, it is a fact that events in Israel and Palestine have crossed

boundaries and into the personalities and hearts of many people from one side of the globe to the

other. The media has a tremendous and important role to play in this. Whether it is cash

generated out of concern for the survival of individuals affected, or political thought from a

single nation's perspective. The world's networks are focusing on this topic because of the

organization, monetary premium from organizations and markets touched by the combating, or

even terrible severity caused by the large premise of the dispute.

Anderson's (1983) one-of-a-kind piece, imagined social class, focuses on the power of

paper in a neighborhood's imaginative brain, which is essential for country construction. The

impact of the news media on one side's awareness and perception of the other in a debate over

competing nationalism carries enormous weight and has the potential to either foster congruity or

create fissures. "On a very basic level, media groups' responses to political mercilessness,

unlawful terrorizing, and struggle are shaped.” through interaction with the media's importance
creating cutoff points, assessing how majority rule talks are presented similarly, distributed

throughout a society," Lewis (2005) asserts.

Essentially, their occupation can assume two opposing structures. Either the media plays a

large role in the conflict and is committed to increasing violence, or it stays free and out of the

conflict, contributing to compromise and a decrease in brutality.

Entman (1993) defines the Media outlining theory as a cycle that influences the group to

act, think, and feel by emphasizing explicit thoughts and diminishing the significance of others,

hence promoting congruity directly thought.

Entman (1993) demonstrated a set of data demonstrating that the edge will pick a problem

that is considered as evident and will be underlined as correspondences text. Furthermore,

framing hypothesis implies that broad deals do more than just increase saliency. By deciding

what to keep and what to remove from a story (Gower 2009).

To sum it all up, the influence of the media in the conflict is undeniably important in today's

more globalized and media-rich world. The Israel-Palestine conflict, which has lasted over a

century and is now in its forty-tenth year of occupation in Palestine, contains a lot of knowledge

and is possibly the most contentious issue. While several studies have looked at how the conflict

is portrayed in the news media, most have focused on how things are portrayed in Western

(US/UK) media or within Israeli media (Bishara, A. 2006).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The researcher will be guided by the study made by Panayotova, & Rizova (2021), ( which

the researcher tries to replicate) as to better understand and explain the framing of media here

in the Philippines. The researcher will also use Goffman's framing theory as a theoretical

framework to conduct a content analysis on Philippine major media outlets such as ABS-CBN,

GMA, TV5, and CNN during 2021 until June 2023 by examining news articles, television news

programs, and online news sources that has featured image and headline on it. Framing theory

suggest that the way of how the information is presented to the audience, or “the frame,” will

shapes the decisions of individuals regarding on how they would interpret that information.

Goffman (1974), stated that “The viewers are impacted by the messages' organization and

context”. According to Goffman, there are two differences between basic frameworks: social

and natural. Both have the function of assisting people in understanding data. in order for their

experiences to be comprehended within a wider social framework. Natural frameworks identify

events as physical occurrences taking natural quote literally and not attributing any social forces

to the causation of events. Social frameworks view events as socially driven occurrences, due to

the whims, goals, and manipulations on the part of other social players (people). This study will

explore how the media defines, shapes, and presents the conflict to the Filipino audience. The

framing theory will provide insights into the dominant frames used by the media and their

potential impact on public perception and understanding of the conflict.

DIAGRAM

The researcher used and make this diagram to portray how does this study will carry on.

PHILIPPINE MEDIA

ABS-CBN, GMA, TV5, & CNN

ISSUE

ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN
CONFLICT

FRAMING

- VISUAL FRAMING

- TEXTUAL FRAMING

DOMINANT FRAME THAT IS

USED BY THIS MEDIA
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Bias – manipulating the information to set a agenda.

Frames - are abstractions that work to organize or structure message meaning.

Media – news maker, and information disseminator. They can disseminate their news through

television news outlets, social medias, and through newspapers.

Textual frames – linguistic or words that used in the headlines of the news articles.

Visual frames – this are the photography that are featured on the news article with the purpose

to engaged the recipient’s mind and emotion.

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Method

This research will be guided by the study of Panayotova & Rizova (2021) “Online News

Media Framing of the 2021 Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by AI Jazeera, BBC and CNN” (which

the researcher tries to replicate) and will also utilizes the method of framing to study textual and

visual discourse used to represent during the 2021 to June 2023 Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The

data will be gathered on the official websites and social media pages of ABS-CBN, TV5, GMA,

and CNN. A coding scheme will be developed based on Goffman's framing theory, and the

identified frames will be categorized and analyzed for recurring patterns and dominant frames.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Under this, the researcher will use the internet as a tool to gather data by collecting their

articles and news that have a featured image on it and a headline, by going on to the social media

pages and other publications of ABS-CBN, TV5, GMA, and CNN like Youtube, Facebook

page, and televisions news show.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researcher will gather its data through searching online and searching directly to the

respective online platforms of ABS-CBN, TV5, CNN, and GMA, and the data will only consider

those news videos and articles that has a featured image on it and has a headline on it also. Also
the data will strictly collected during 2021 up to June 2023 only. The data that has a featured

image on it and a headline will not be accepted if it is before 2021 and after June 2023.

DATA ANALYSIS

The data is analyzed into two steps – first, the researcher will conduct a textual analysis

followed by an analysis on the featured images used to represent the 2021 to June 2023 Israeli-

Palestinian conflict. The researcher will used qualitative approach to analyze the data and will

rely on the preliminary research data.

1. Textual Analysis

The researcher will investigate the linguistic focus on the languages in headlines through

framing methodology to uncover how particular nouns, adjectives, verbs, and syntactic structures

contribute to creating frames of reporting on the event. While taking consideration to the media

context, the researcher will critically analyze the online news headlines.

First, the researcher will categorize the headline by the central theme of the news article.

Furthermore, the researcher will perform rhetorical analysis to highlight the features of news

representation. The researcher will compare the keywords and will look for “the presence or

absence of certain keywords, sources of information and sentences that provide thematically

reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments" (Entman, 1993, p.53).

To guide the data analysis Panayotova & Rizova (2021) provided a set of questions:

- What themes are most prominent or absent in the representation?

- What lexical devices contribute to the assignment of agency?

 - What rhetorical features appear in the headlines?

2. VISUAL ANALYSIS

In framing the news, photography has the power to transformed the information that is

“because visuals are crucial for capturing the recipient's attention and evoking strong feelings”

(Barthes, 1972). According to Panayotova & Rizova (2021), ‘the semiological study of visual

signs/images involves interpreting, describing, analysing, and clarifying the image's significance

in the symbolic representation”.

The visual analysis needs to employs the methodology of Roland Barthes’ (1972, as cited by

Panayotova & Rizova 2021), semiological analysis of pictures, focusing on image connotation

and denotation. When it comes to visuals, denotation refers to the universal meaning that can be

quickly understood, whereas connotation deals with the individual's interpretation of the sign

(Chandler, 2002; Sturken and Cartright, 2003; Yan & Ming. 2015 as cited in Panayotova &

Rizova 2021). According to this method, the distinction between connotation and denotation is

evident in photography (Barthes, 1972). The automatic replication of the image of the object

where the camera is aimed is referred to as denotation. Connotation is the subjective component

of the process: it is the decision of what to put in the frame and what camera angle and focus.

What is photographed is denotation; how it is photographed is connotation.

So, understanding, decoding, and producing meanings related to personal associations as a

component of the signification, or connotation, requires the application of semiology analysis

(Bouzida, 2014; as cited by Panayotova & Rizova 2021).

To sum it all, this analysis will explore what those images show, significant of the matter,

and why this is essential. The various internet news media sources present the frames of war and
peace in terms of what is being displayed. The analysis will go into detail on the images utilized

to construct those frames as well as the meanings associated with the images used by the media

under examination. The analysis also compares the frequency of usage of each frame in the

publications of the media under analysis in order to assess the breadth and potential impact of

these frames.

A quantitative approach allows assessing the importance of discrepancies between observed

frames and publications in the sample. Given that this study deals with 270 articles, each image

cannot be analysed individually due to the time and paper limit constraints. Thus, images have

been categorised into two frames.

Images are examined on two levels in this analysis: denotative and connotative. The

denotative level will investigate which frames and to what degree each media is using them. This

will help the study achieve its goals of illustrating how the conflict is portrayed and using

framing theory to investigate how it fits in. Connotative level analysis looks into how a sign

interacts with users' thoughts, feelings, and cultural values, as well as the significance of these

frames and the messages they convey (Bouzida, 2014; as cited by Panayotova & Rizova 2021).

To guide the analysis of featured images, we will use the guide questions that Panayotova &

Rizova (2021) as the researcher tries to replicate the study made by them.

2.1 What themes are most prominent in the visual representation?

2.2 What are the portrayals that contribute to the assignment of agency?

2.3 What are the features that contribute to the creation of narratives and frames?
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