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4 FUNCTIONS:
2 MAJOR DIVISIONS
1. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
- Relays messages, processes
information, and compares and 1. Forebrain
analyzes information
Telencephalon (Cerebrum)
- It consist of the brain and the spinal
- Conscious thought processes,
cord
intellectual functions
- Memory storage and
processing
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter
Hypothalamus – Centers
controlling emotions, auto-
nomic functions, and horm-
one production.
2. Midbrain
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
- Processing of Visual and Lobes of the Brain
Auditory data.
- Generation of reflexive
soma- tic motor responses.
3. Hindbrain
Metencephalon
(Cerebellum)
- Coordinates complex somatic
motor patterns
- Adjust output of other
somatic motor centers in the
brain and spinal cord. B. SPINAL CORD
(Pons)
- Relays sensory information
to cerebellum and thalamus
- Subconscious Somatic and
Visceral motor centers.
Myelencephalon (Medulla
Oblongata)
- Relays sensory information
to thalamus
- Autonomic centers for
regulation of visceral func-
tions such as cardiovascular,
respiratory, etc.
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter
PARTS OF A NEURON
Dendrites
- Receive stimulus and carries impulses
toward the cell body
Cell Body
- Contains nucleus & most of cytoplasm
- Performs most of the metabolic
activity of the cell, including the
LESSON 2: NEURONS generation of ATP and synthesis of
protein
NEURON Axon
- Basic functional cell of nervous system
- Messages take the form of electrical - Fiber which carries impulses away from
signals, and are known as IMPULSES. the cell body
- A Neuron carries impulses in only ONE - Ends in a series of small swellings called
direction. axon terminals
- Transmits impulses (up to 250 mph)
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter
Excitatory: depolarize
postsynaptic cell
Inhibitory: hyperpolarize
postsynaptic cell
Role of postsynaptic neuron:
integrate and process information
Myelin sheath
– Dense lipid layer which insulates the DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
axon
– Makes the axon look gray TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
- A nondegenerative, noncongenital
Node of Ranvier damage to the brain from an external
– Gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath mechanical force.
- CAUSES
Impulses travel from dendrite to cell body to Falls (28%)
axon Motor vehicle-traffic crashes (20%)
Struck by/against (19%)
Assaults (11%)
CLOSED BRAIN INJURY
1. Concussion
- Most common type of TBI
- Damage to nerves or blood vessels in
the brain often caused by an impact to
the head
TYPES OF CHEMICAL SYNAPSE 2. Cerebral Contusions
INFECTIONS 3. Polio
5. Dementia a. Proteins
- Second messenger system of the body A stimulus or low hormone levels in the
- Uses chemical messages (hormones) blood triggers the release of more
that are released into the blood hormone
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) - Stimulates follicle (ov-
aries) and sperm (testes) deve-
lopment
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Triggers ovulation
MAJOR PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ruptured follicle become
corpus luteum
- Stimulates testosterone produ-
ction
Oxytocin
Stimulates contractions of the
uterus during labor
1. Pineal Gland Milk ejection
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Found on the third ventricle of the brain
Inhibit urine production
- Secretes melatonin (helps establish the Large amounts cause
body’s wake and sleep cycles) vasoconstriction leading to
2. Pituitary Gland increased BP (vasopressin)
- Size of a grape
- Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)
Growth Hormone
General metabolic hormone
skeletal muscles and long bones
Amino acids into protein
Fat broken down for energy
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter
Insulin
LESSON 5: DISORDERS OF THE
Allows glucose to cross plasma
membranes into cells from beta ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
cells
LESSON 6: MALE REPRODUCTIVE
Glucagon
Allows glucose to enter SYSTEM
the blood from alpha cells - Male and female reproductive systems
develop from similar embryonic tissue.
7. Thymus
- Located posterior to the sternum - During fetal development they are near
- Largest in infants and children the kidneys and slowly move inferiorly in
the abdominal cavity.
Thymosin - During the 7th month they descend
Matures some types of white through the inguinal canals
blood cells
Important in developing the
PARTS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
immune system
1. Scrotum
4. Spermatic Cord
ACCESSORY GLANDS OF THE MALE R.S
Contains the structures running from
the testicles to the pelvic cavity 8. Seminal Vesicle
Contents: Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder
a. Vas Deferens and secrete 60% of the volume of
b. Nerves semen
c. Blood Vessels Seminal Fluids:
a. Fructose: provides energy for the
sperm.
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter
b. Fibrinogen: helps turn semen into DISORDERS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
a bolus that can be readily
propelled into the vagina. Cryptorchidism
c. Prostaglandins: decrease cervical - Literally “hidden testicle.” A condition of
mucus viscosity and stimulate lack of descent of one or both testes into
reverse peristalsis of the uterus. the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by
9. Prostate Gland surgery, before puberty, can lead to
sterility and increased risk of testicular
Doughnut-shaped gland that cancer.
encircles part of the urethra inferior
to the bladder Erectile dysfunction (ED)
Plays a role in the activation of sperm - Sexual dysfunction characterized by the
Enters the prostatic urethra regular and repeated inability of a
during ejaculation sexually mature male to obtain or
Prostatic Secretions: maintain an erection. It is a common
a. Citrate: is a food source disorder that affects about 40 percent of
(TCA cycle) males, at least occasionally
b. Proteolytic enzymes: acts to
"decoagulate" the semen that Epididymitis
was coagulated by seminal - Inflammation of the epididymis.
vesicle secretions, which helps Discomfort or pain and swelling in the
the sperm begin their journey scrotum are typical symptoms of
once inside the vagina epididymitis, which is a relatively
10. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) common condition, especially in young
men.
Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
Produce alkaline mucus prior to Prostate cancer
ejaculation that neutralizes traces of - The most common type of cancer in men,
acidic urine in the urethra and the second leading cause of cancer
11. Penis death in men.
Amenorrhea – absence of
menstruation
Dysmenorrhea – pain associated
with menstruation
Abnormal uterine bleeding –
Mons Pubis
excessive amount or duration of
- Triangular-shaped pad of fatty
menstrual bleeding
tissue over the pubis bone,
covered with pubic hair
Labia Majora Endometriosis
- 2 large folds of adipose tissue
Growth of endometrial tissue
on the side of the vaginal
outside of the uterus
opening
Tissue responds to hormonal
Labia Minora
changes by proliferating then
- 2 smaller folds of adipose tissue
breaking down and bleeding
on the inside of the labia
majora
Vestibule
Cancer
- Area between labia with
openings for the vagina, urethra, Breast Cancer – 2nd leading cause of
and 2 cancer death in the US
excretory ducts for Bartholin’s Ovarian Cancer – most common
glands (provide lubricant) cause of gynecological death
Clitoris excluding breast cancer
- Sensitive fold of tissue partially Cervical Cancer – starts as cervical
covered by hood dysplasia (change in shape, growth, and
no. of cells)
Chlamydia – bacteria;
asymptomatic, leads to sterility from
scar tissue formation
Gonorrhea – bacteria; discharge
common, blindness if newborn is
Perineum infected during delivery
- The area located between Syphilis – bacteria; painless sores
the vaginal opening and the (chancre), 2nd stage: all organs
anus involved, 3rd stage: organ
Episiotomy degeneration is apparent
- A surgical incision done to avoid (neurosyphilis)
uncontrolled tearing of the Genital Herpes – virus; incurable,
perineum painful blisters
AIDS & Hepatitis B – viruses
6. Breast
Yeast Infection 27 28 1
2
263
4
Candida albicans is yeastlike fungus
25
24
5
vaginitis 218
The follicular phase roughly lasts about LH and FSH levels fall back to low and
13 or 14 days. The phase ends when the steady levels.
level of luteinizing hormone (LH) surges Estrogen levels fall a little after the
dramatically LH/FSH surge, but rise due to continued
secretion of estrogen and progesterone
by the corpus luteum.
2. Ovulatory Phase If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus
Begins with the luteinizing hormone luteum shrinks and begins to degenerate
surge (LH surge). The level of FSH after 14 days (the corpus luteum is
increases to a lesser extent. designed to die after 14 days).
LH stimulates enzymes in the dominant If the egg is fertilized the cells, around
follicle and along with the increased the developing embryo begin to produce
pressure causes the follicle to rupture a hormone called human chorionic
and release the egg (ovulation). gonadotropin (hCG).
The egg travels into the fallopian tube, This hormone rescues the corpus luteum
ready for fertilization. The egg can and allows it to continue secreting
survive for 12 to 24 hours after progesterone and estrogen, until the
ovulation. growing fetus can produce its’ own
The LH surge can be used as a hormones.
measurement to determine when a Pregnancy tests are based on detecting
woman is fertile. Around 12 to 24 hours an increase in the human chorionic
after the egg is released, the LH surge gonadotropin level.
can be detected by measuring the level
of this hormone in urine. LESSON 9: SPERMATOGENESIS
The ovulatory phase usually lasts 16 to
32 hours and ends when the egg is
released.
3. Luteal Phase
The egg pulls one sperm to its surface, Stimulated first by hCG and later by the
the “zona pellucida” where sperm placenta, estrogen helps the uterus
then secretes an enzyme allowing it to grow, regulates the production of
penetrate and enter. other key hormones, and triggers the
Within 24-30 hours, nuclei of sperm development of baby’s organs
and egg fuse to form the one-celled Among its many other purposes,
“zygote progesterone encourages breast tissue
Cell division begins growth and later helps soften
a. Morula stage (small ligaments and cartilage to prepare you
collection of cells) for labor.
b. Blastocyst stage (over 100
cells; fluid center First trimester (Months 1-3) (Initial
development and rapid growth):
CONCEPTION AND IMPLANTATION o At the end of the first month,
the embryo has a heartbeat, a
Blastocyst arrives in the uterus which two-lobed brain, and a spinal
is receptive to implantation for only 4- cord.
5 days. o By the end of the second
Corpus luteum will not deteriorate month, the embryo is
8-11 days after ovulation the blastocyst recognizable as a human and is
attaches itself to the endometrium; called a fetus
then the conceptus is referred to as an Second trimester (Months 4-6) (Fetus
embryo. Continues to form):
Embryo’s outer layer = trophoblast, o By the end of the fourth month,
grows rapidly, forming 4 protective fingernails, toenails, eyebrows,
layers (membranes) around the and eyelashes have developed.
embryo. Teeth begin to form, lips
Trophoblast membranes – appear, and head hair may
a. One produces blood cells begin to grow.
b. A 2nd develops into the o Movement of the fetus can be
umbilical cord felt by the mother. The fetus
c. A 3rd, the amnion; protective can bend its arms and make a
fluid-filled sac fist. During the fifth month, the
d. A 4th, the chorion, develops into heartbeat can be detected by a
the placenta, which will serve stethoscope.
as an interface with the mother Third trimester (Months 7-9) (Growth):
The chorion secretes the hormone o By the seventh month = lanugo
human chorionic gonadotropin appears on the baby
(hCG) o By the eighth months fetus
HCG takes the place of LH growth slows down and moves
and maintains the corpus into a head-down position.
luteum o By the ninth month the fetus is
The human chorionic gonadotropin full term. Skin is smooth and
steps in to increase the production waxy looking. Languo drops off.
of estrogen and progesterone. It also
suppresses your immune system to
support your growing baby.
After about 3-4 months of pregnancy,
corpus luteum degenerates
Placenta now produces its
estrogen and progesterone and
maintains endometrium