TFN 3RD EXAM NOTES SYNAPSE – point of contact between the axon ending

and its effector

TOPICS
PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL – axon ending at the synapse
Nervous (/)
SYNAPSTIC VESICLES – “neurotransmitter” it stores
Endocrine the signal molecule which controls the effector
Lymphatic Glial Cells - supportive cells that serve many functions
Respiratory for the neurons

4 TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS IN THE CNS

NERVOUS---------------------- ASTROCYTES – a star shaped glial cell that does a lot to

help and maintain the nervous cells
FUNCTIONS
*make a framework for both blood vessels and
*maintaining homeostasis neurons

*receiving sensory input *help regulate the composition of extracellular brain

*integrating information
*controlling muscles and glands
*establishing and maintaining mental ability
MAIN CONCEPTS
Neurons – electrically excitable cells
fluid
*aid in the responses to tissue in the CNS
*overall help and maintain synaptic activity.
EPENDYMAL – cells that line the cavities of the brain
and the central canal of the spinal cord and they
secrete cerebrospinal fluid.

Nerve – collection of many axons that are bundled MICROGLIA – CNS specific immune cells which are
together mobile and phagocytic in response to inflammation

Cranial Nerves – impulses to and from the OLIGODENDROCYTES – forms an insulating layer
brain around the axons called the myelin sheath

Spinal Nerves – impulses to and from the

spinal cord
2 TYPES OF GLIAL CELL IN THE PNS
Plexus – bundles of nerves outside the brain and spinal
SCHWANN CELLS- forms the myelin sheath. Outermost
cord
layer of Schwann cells is called neurillemma.
Ganglia – neurons form clusters of cell bodies outside
SATELITE CELLS – surround neuron cell bodies in
the brain and spinal cord
sensory and automatic ganglia which provide support
CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM and nutrition to the cell bodies. Also protects neurons
from heavy metal poisoning .
Neurons - electrically excitable cells in the nervous
system

STUCTURE OF A NEURON 2 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTERM

CELL BODY – Responsible for protein synthesis and CNS – Receives and sends information to and from the
packaging proteins into vesicles brain and body.

-Contains Nissl Bodies that’s basically rough ER that *brain and spinal cord
reflects how much protein synthesis is happening in a
PNS – responsible for obtaining stimuli and
cell
information and sending that shit to the CNS.
DENDRITES – extension of the cell body that gets
-made up of all that shit that isn’t in the CNS
information from other neurons
-sensory division and themotor division
-Also holds dendritic spikes, which are small extension
where axons of other neurons connect SOMATIC VS AUTONOMIC NS

AXON – It’s the part of the neuron where AP is SNS- voluntary movement like stopping, walking, and
produced. It starts at the axon hillock and contains running
segments and a trigger zone
ANS – Involuntary muscle movement like breathing, -the posterior pituitary produces 2 polypeptide
cardiac moving and whatever normal shit our body hormones, ADH (antidiuretic hormones ) and
needs to do to survive. Oxytocin.

-Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
SYMPATHETIC – Readies the body for physical activity
(fight or flight)
PARASYMPATHETIC – Regulates the resting functions
such as normal breathing, digesting food, etc. (rest and
digest0
ENDOCRINE---------------------------------
-a body system that is responsible for the secretion of
chemical messengers called hormones.
-a body system whose organs aren’t inherently linked
by a uniform system of tubes and ducts and aren’t
close to each other.
-ADH prevents the output of large amounts of urine
and increases water reabsorption in the kidney tubules
-Oxytocin is the make happy hormone that plays a
primary role when it comes to child birth and positive
feedback loops
*Hypothalamus and Pituitary are the major sites
where both the endocrine and nervous system
interact.
*Hypothalamus also secretes either releasing or
inhibiting hormones which either increase or decrease
the secretion of the anterior pituitary glands.
FOR OTHER ORGANS AND THE HORMONES THEY
PRODUCE< PLEASE LOOK AT THE CHART

-referred to as ductless glands because the hormones

produced are directly pumped into the blood stream

FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

*Metabolism and tissue maturation

*Ion regulation

*Water Balance

*Immune System Regulation

*Heart Rate and BP regulation

*Control of blood Glucose and other Nutrients

*Control of Reproductive functions

*Uterine Contractions and milk release

WAYS OF HORMONE REGULATION

-REGULATED THROUGH BLOOD LEVELS OF CHEMICALS

-REGUALTED THROUGH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

-REGULATED THROUGH HORMONES

PITUITARYT AAND HYPOTHALAMUS RELATIONSHIP

Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)- It Secrets 9 major

regulating hormones that help regulate numerous
body functions and the secretory activity of several
other glands.

STRUCTURE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND

-1cm in diameter and placed by the sphenoid bone,

inferior to the hypothalamus. Connected by the
infundibulum

-Divided into the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophyhsis)