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Welcome to
Science Class
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Analyze and try to explain how the nervous system

works in the picture below:
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NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 Functions

1. Sensory input
Gathers information from
sensory receptors.
2. Integration
Processes and interprets
sensory output.
3. Motor output
The body’s master
Activates muscles to cause
controlling and a response.
communicating system.
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What are the two

1. Central nervous system (CNS)
Principal Parts of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Nervous System? Functions:
Integrating and command center
Interprets sensory input.
Dictates motor responses
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves extending from the brain
and the spinal cord
Functions:
Carry impulses to and from the
CNS
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THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM The BRAIN
is a moist and spongy organ with an
average of 3 pounds. It consists of
10 billion neurons that control
everything a person does, such as
thoughts, movements, memory, and
sense.
CEREBRU
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M The largest part of the brain. It

is divided into two hemispheres,
or halves, called the cerebral
hemispheres. Areas within the
cerebrum control muscle
functions and also control
speech, thought, emotions,
reading, writing, and learning.
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Functions of
the left and
right
hemispheres
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CEREBELLUM FUNCTIONS
• Maintaining balance: The
cerebellum has special sensors that
detect shifts in balance and
movement. ...
• Coordinating movement: Most
body movements require the
coordination of multiple muscle
groups. ...
• Vision: The cerebellum coordinates
eye movements.
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BRAIN STEM
It is responsible for many vital
functions of life, such
as breathing, consciousness,
blood pressure, heart rate, and
sleep.
The brainstem contains many critical
collections of white and grey matter.
The grey matter within the brainstem
consists of nerve cell bodies and
forms many important brainstem
nuclei.
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PARTS OF THE BRAIN STEM

• Midbrain: The top part of the
brainstem is crucial for regulating eye
movements.
• Pons: The middle portion of the brainstem
coordinates facial movements, hearing and
balance.

• Medulla oblongata: The bottom part of

the brainstem helps regulate your
breathing, heart rhythms, blood pressure,
and swallowing.
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SPINAL CORD
Is the pathway for messages
sent by the brain to the body
and from the body to the
brain.
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What makes up the Subdivision of the Peripheral

PERIPHERAL 1. Somatic/Sensory / Afferent Division
NERVOUS SYSTEM
PNS consists of the
nerves that branch out
from the brain and spinal
cord. These nerves form
the communication
network between the
CNS and the body parts.
Nervous System
Function: Nerve fibers carry Impulses to
the CNS.
It is responsible for
actions that a person
can control such as
skeletal muscles and
sensory neurons of the
skin. This is under
conscious voluntary
control.
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Still on Peripheral Nervous System

TYPES OF
SOMATIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
a. Somatic afferent fibers
convey impulses from the
skin, muscles, and joints

b. Visceral afferent fibers

convey impulses from
visceral organs(internal
organs)
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2. Autonomic/Motor or
Efferent Division
Function: Nerve fibers
conveying impulses from
the CNS
It connects the brain and spinal
cord to muscles that are not
under the control of our will.

Examples: involuntary
muscles help digest food,
heartbeat, and breathing.
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Two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

1. Sympathetic nervous 2. Parasympathetic nervous
system that prepares the system that helps the body to
body for action and stress conserve energy.
The sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves
regulate and control each
other’s activity, thus
maintaining balance inside
the body. This is one way
by which a stable internal
environment (internal
balance) is achieved,
referred also as
homeostasis.
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THE NEURON
Neurons are the
fundamental unit of
the nervous system
specialized to
transmit information
to different parts of
the body.”
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PARTS OF THE NEURON

Cell Body
Each neuron has a cell body with a nucleus, Golgi body,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and other components.

Axon
Axon is a tube-like structure that carries electrical impulses
from the cell body to the axon terminals that pass the
impulse to another neuron.

Dendrites
Synapse
These are branch-like structures that It is the chemical junction between the terminal of one
receive messages from other neurons and neuron and the dendrites of another neuron.
allow the transmission of messages to the
cell body.
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TYPES OF NEURON
Sensory Neurons
The sensory neurons convert signals from
the external environment into
corresponding internal stimuli. The sensory
inputs activate the sensory neurons and
carry sensory information to the brain and
spinal cord.
Interneurons
They are multipolar in structure. Their
axons connect only to the nearby
sensory and motor neurons. They help
in passing signals between two neurons.

Motor Neurons
These are located in the central nervous system
extending their axons outside the
central nervous system. This is the most common type
of neuron and transmits information from the brain to
the muscles of the body.
Transmission of impulse in
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a neuron
IMPULSE is an electrical
signal that travels along a
nerve fiber in response to a
stimulus and serves to
transmit a record of
sensation from a receptor or
an instruction to act to an
effector.
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How is an impulse transmitted from one

neuron to another?
Nerve impulses begin in
a dendrite (there can be
many dendrites), then
move to the cell body,
then down to the axon
tip. There is only one
axon, but it can have
many tips.
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How does the nervous

system coordinate and
regulate feedback
mechanisms to maintain
homeostasis?