fn. & Prop. of Matter (P-111) (S-1) 2.21 Mech Work and Energy us calculate the gravitational potential energy of the body located vertical height h above the surface of the earth. To calculate tational potential energy of the body, consider a body of mass t the point A on the surface of earth as shown in Fig. 2.11. The e acting on the body at point A is the gravitational force and is jal to Mg. It acts in downward direction towards the centre of the To move the body from point A to B with zero “equals to Mg must be applied on the body in up Work done by the applied ferce on the body red (in the direction of force) = Mgh work done is stored as gravitational potential ener fore, potential energy at point B = Mgh. In fact, this is change in ntial energy of the body in moving from A to B, But as we are ing potential energy of the body at the surface of earth equals to , the potential energy of the body at point B is equal to Mgh. We SOLVED PROBLEMS lem 1 : Find the work done in moving a particle along a vector acceleration, a ward direction. = Force x Distance ‘gy at point B. j + 6k) metre, if the applied force is F = (i + 3] + 2k) newton. lution : Given data : r (3i-j + 6k) metre F a + 35 + 2k) newton " ula : The work done by the force Fis WeFr Ubstituting the values of F and F in above equation, we get, Work done, W = (i +3) +2k):(31-j + 6k) 1 Work done by a force F on a particle = 12) oblem 2: 4 body of mass 30 g is thrown vertically upwards with a 5 m/s. Find the work done by the force of gry aE goes vertically up,2.22 FY.B.Sc. Mech. & Prop. of Matter (P-111) (S-D)_2. Solution : Given data: 1. Mass of the body = 30g = 0.03 kg 2. Initial velocity of the body = 15 m/s 3. When the body reaches to some maximum height bits te v=0 Formula : Since the body is going up and gravj "| ig u : tational for Vertically downwards, work done by gravity is negative. i W = -mgh The maximum vertical height ‘1 may be calculated by Using formula, v? = u2—2gh 2 SS 0 = 225-2x98xh 2 or h = 1148m The work done by force of gravity on the body is W = -mgh =-003x98x1) = 7.) Thus, the work done by gravity on the body = ~ 3.37) g from the platform nd put on his head 20 m abo 7 by coolie on a load of 30 kg, Solution : Initially, the load was On the platform. Its kinetic en K,=0 When the load was on the head of Coolie, kinetic energy of loat also zero ile. Ky = 0 Thus, the change in kinetic energy of the load is zero and hence done on the load is zero. Since tw forces, one due to gravity and 0 due to coolie acts on the load, Work done by coolie must be negat work done by gravity The work done by gravity ” —Mgh The work done by Coolie = Problem 4 : The metallic 6 on a smooth frictionless Surfac oe 15 kg initially at rest en i 9 table by hori force Ol Calculate the work done by the force in 10 sec hd foe char oe dont the force is equal to change in Kinetic ®Nergy of the block.xprop of Matter (110 (51) 2.25 Work and Energy gol ution = Given data : The mass of a block, m = 1.5 kg locity of the block, u = 0 m/s ing on the block, F = 1N 4, Time t= 10 sec rmulae : 1. Work done by a force F on the block is, W =F xs, distance covered by block in the direction of force. 2. tritial vel Force act Es ‘According to Newton's second law | F Fe Gcel, aon = [5 = 0.67. m/s? The distance covered by the block in time t = 10 secis Jia ke ‘ s = ut+>at = att.# ( u= 0) Substituting the values of a and t in the above equation, we get, 1 s= 7% 0.67 x 100 = 335m Therefore, work done by the force’on the block is, = Fs=1x335=33.5) let us calculate velocity of the block ‘at time t = 10 sec, using the ation Vee : = 67 m/s ' Now, change in vieke energy of a body K-Ky 7 1 1 =mv2-> mu? = pmv-5 mu or 2: 2 15x (6.7)27-0 (vu = 0) = (33.6) . a work done by the force is equal to change in kinetic energy of sf ablem 5: A small marble ball is kept at the point P of a frictionless rae as shown in Fig. 2.12. The ball is pushed slightly towards right, ' Speed of the ball when it reaches the point Q (Given :q = 98 m/s?) * 2FY.BSe. Mech, & Prop. of Matter (P-111) (S-1)_2.24 Solution : Let us take gravitational potential energy of the ball ony surface of earth = 0 The potential energy of the ball, when it is at point P is, Up = mgh; = 1.5mgJ The potential energy of the ball, when it is at point Q is, Ug = mgh, = 0.8 mg J As the track is frictionless, n energy is lost. So according to law ft conservation of energy, Up ¥ Kp'="Ug + Kg Since, at point P, the ball is nearly at rest, Kp = 0 or z Up = Ug +Kg (hrs as, 1 15mg = 0.8mg + ym or 15x98 = 08x9.84 bee or v? = 13.72 mys? or v= 3.70 m/s moving through a distance of 15 cm, then show that the work done 5 force of electric field on oll drop i equal to kinetic energy of oil drop ot acceleration. (Assume that distance Covered by a charged oil drop is it th direction of force.) Solution : Given data: 1. The mass of oj 2. _ Initial velocity of the oil drop, u=0 3. Final velocity ofthe oll drop, v = 30 mye 4, — Distance covered by the oil drop, s = I drop =.4 x 10-26 kg 15cmMatter (P-111) (SI) 2.25 p. 6: rop of Work and Energy rormulae : 1. Kinetic energy of a charged oil drop, K = $m work done by the force of electric field on oil drop = Force x eee ys calculate K.E. of a charged oil drop. 1 Ks Frm? = 3 x 4% 1058 x 30 x 30 of K =.18x1073) The force on oildropis, . F = ma. where ‘a’ is acceleration of the charged oil drop. Weknow the equation ve-u? = 2as . ” : E (30)? = 2ax15 x 10% (su=0) or a= 30x 102m/s? Babes The work ona oil drop is W = Fxs : : or “Ws mas ee W-= 4x 1048 x 30 x 10? 15 x 10? or : W=18x10") Thus, KE. of the charged oil drop = The work done on the oil drop. Problem 7: A bullet of mass 25 g.was moving with a speed of ‘m/s. After passing through a solid substance; it is continued to move at ‘ate of 100 m/s. How much work the bullet had to do in passing ugh a solid substance. (April 2011) Solution : Given data : + 1. The mass of bullet, m = 25g = 25x 10.kg. 2. Initial velocity of the bullet, u = 400 m/s 3. Final velocity of the bullet, v = 100 m/s + Formula : 1. The kinetic energy of the bullet, Kis 4, mass x (velocity)? 2. Ital kinetic energy of the eae : Kj .= 3 pmu? = = 3x 25 x 103 x (400)? = = 2000)FY.B.Sc. Mech, & Prop. of Matter (P-111) (S-1)_2.26 Final kinetic energy of the bullet, 1 Kp = Fxmoxv? = 5x 25 x 10° x (100) or Kp = 125 The work done by a bullet to pass through a solid Substang | 2000 - 125 = [1875 J Problem 8 : Calculate the speed of the bob of a simple pendulum a mean position (Fig. 2.13), if the bob be able to rise a maximum Vert height of 5 cm. (Given : g = 980 cm/s’) Solution : The simple pendulum is as shown in Fig. 2.13. When ty bob of the simple pendulum moves from mean position O to extr, Position A, it rises through a vertical height h above the ground. Fig. 2.13: Simple pendulum We know that, when the bob is at extreme position, its kinetic energy is zero, so total energy of the pendulum is wholly potential energy of te bob. i Total energy of the bob at extreme position = mgh I When the bob is at mean position, its total energy is equal to KEd ; the bob. If v is the velocity of bob at mean position, then total energy! a the bob at mean position = pmv. According to the principle of conservation of energy, total energy the bob is always constant, Sima = mgh or v2 = 2gh By substituting the values of h and g, We get, ve = 2x 980x5 or V_= 98.99 cm/s Thus, the speed of the bob at mean Position is v = 98.99 cm/s.2.27 | ). of Matter (P-111) (S-1) ech, ProP: ne Work and Energy problem 9:A block of mass 2 kg is taken up an inclined plane of 4mand angle of inclination 30° and then allowed to slide down to pottom again. The coefficient of friction between the block and the js 0.20. Calculate the work done by the applied force over the rd journey: = solution : Given data : The mass of a block = 2 kg 2. Length of the inclined plane = 4m 3, Angle of inclination, 6 = 30° 4, Coefficient of friction, p = 0.20 x Fig. 2.14 : Inclined plane When the block is moving from A to B, the force of friction is always ed opposite to the direction of motion and is equal to f= wN The force acting on the block along OA = mg sin 6 + UN In order to move the block from point A to point B with zero leration, a force equal to mg sin @ + IN has to be applied on the ck in the direction from O to B. Force applied on the block is F = mgsin@+pN. But, N = mgcos® ee F =' mg (sin.6 + Cos 8) - The work done by the applied: force on the block to move it from int A to point B = Force x Distance covered in the direction of force = mg (sin @-+ pcos 0) x4 Substituting the values of m, fl 9 an Ge W = 2x 9.8 x (sin 30° + 0.2 x cos 30°) x4 UShten d @ in the above equation, 52.77) By work done by the applied force over the upward journey = 77) : :Mech. & Prop. of Matter (P-211) ($-) ee inetic and potential energies | if Problem 10 : Show that the sum of ki i vertically falling body remains constant at any instant. of | Solution : Consider @ body of mass m at @ height h abou é ground as shown in Fig. 2.15. ‘elt 1. Total energy of a body at point A : Since at point a, the b, is at rest (ie. u = 0), kinetic energy of a body = 0 and the Potential en, of a body = mgh. Total energy of a body at point A = mgh 2. Total energy of a body at point B : Let v be the Velocity oe body at point B. gE ~Saae 1 Kinetic energy of a body = 5 mv? “Ou Stew e25e s v2 = 2gx (: hdr 2.15 The kinetic energy of a body at point B = Z potential energy of a body at point 8 = mg (h- Total energy of a body at Point B = mgx + mg (h-x) = 3. Total energy of a body at ground, its velocity is maximum, The velocity at point C is v2 But, i 3M ~ 2gx = mgx and the mgh Point C : When a body strikes theech, S¢ Prop. of Matter (P-211) (S-1) 2.28 Work and Energy thus, kinetic energy of a body at point C = z m-: 2gh = mgh The potential energy of a body at point C = 0 Therefore, total energy of a body at point C = mgh Thus, total mechanical energy of a freely falling body under gravity at Two persons who weigh the same climb a staircase of same number of| stairs and height. The first person climbs the stairs in 25 s, while the second person climbs in 35 s. Explain-which person does more. work| and which one uses more power. SUMMARY “1. Energy (E) : Energy of a body is it's capacity to do work. In mechanics, the sum of kinetic energy (K) and potential energy (U) of the system is called mechanical energy and is represented by E. i 2. Kinetic Energy (K) : The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy of the body, The kinetic energy of a moving body of mass m moving with velocity v is given by K = 3 mv? 3. Work Done (W) : Work done by a force is equal to the product of the magnitude of force and the distance covered by the body in the direction of force: Work done dW is given by dW = F.x ds Where, F is the force acting on a body and ds is the distance covered by the body in the direction of the force F. SI unit of work done is joule and is denoted by J. 4. Potential Energy (V) = It is the energy possessed -by a body by virtue of its position or configuration. 5. Work-Energy Theorem : It states that work done by a force acting on a body is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. Mathematically, the theorem may be expressed as W = Ky ~ Ki or work done by a force = change in kinetic energy of a body.