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Application of geophysical methods in the study and exploration of

copper(± molybdenum, ± gold) porphyry deposits

Presentation · February 2024

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22922.03529

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Application of geophysical methods in the study and exploration
of copper(± molybdenum, ± gold) porphyry deposits
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods
Hosein Moghaddasi
www.Jarfabkavosh.ir/en/
Mohsen Moghaddasi @jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
Exploration geophysicists at Jarfabkavosh Co. 00989128848508
1
Titles:
• General understanding of porphyry deposits (focusing on copper
deposits and their paragenesis) and how they are formed Course titles:

• understanding and analyzing different alteration types related to Introduction to

porphyry
porphyry systems and their related mineralization deposits
• Analysis of geomagnetometric and radiometric responses on
Different
porphyry deposits on a regional and local scale alterations and
• Analysis of geoelectrical responses using the (IP/Rs) method on their physical
properties
porphyry deposits at a local scale.
• Analyzing the responses of electromagnetic methods on Geophysical
responses on
porphyry deposits on a regional and local scale regional scale
• Introducing new methods in the exploration and study of
Geophysical
porphyry deposits responses on
• Presenting the exploration plan for the exploration of these local scale

deposits depending on the study objective New methods

“In this presentation, some coordinates were omitted intentionally to avoid publishing the www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
client’s confidential data " 021-55439588
2 00989128848508
In which tectonically setting copper porphyry systems has
been created?
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
3 00989128848508
Fig 1: Schematic presentation of subduction and porphyry systems
PH, temperature, fluid salinity, brittleness and ductility on
copper porphyry system
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
4 Fig 2: Schematic of porphyry thermodynamical and chemical environment 00989128848508
Porphyry and other related systems

Silitoe 2010
How do porphyry systems form?
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
6 Fig 3: Porphyry formation 00989128848508
Porphyry classification based on the Cu-
Au-Mo metal content:
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
Cox and Singer (1988) divided the porphyry copper responses on
local scale
deposits into three groups:
(1) porphyry Cu-Au deposits (Au/Mo>30), New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
(2) porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits(3<Au/Mo<30), @jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
00989128848508
(3) 7porphyry Cu-Mo deposits (Au/Mo<3).
 Gold-rich porphyry copper
• They are mainly formed in the island arcs,
(although it is probable they formed in continental
arcs) the oceanic crust is more oxidizing than the
continental crust and as a result, oxygen fugacity is
higher and gold is an oxygen-loving element!).

• Magma composition is mostly mafic to

intermediate.

• They are positioned at a lower depth (1-2

kilometers).
Fig 4: Continental arc vs island ar
• They have smaller stocks (often less than 0.5
square kilometers).

• They are richer than magnetite

Copper and copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits
• They are mainly formed in continental arcs
(although it is probable they formed in island
arcs). Molybdenum is an element that is often
taken from the continental crust.
• Magma composition is intermediate to acidic
• They are positioned at a greater depth (2-5 km)
• They have larger dimensions than gold-rich
porphyry copper
Fig 5: Continental arc vs island ar

9
Oxygen fugacity and type of granitoid
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
Fig 6: Effect of fugacity and granitoid type on mineralization 00989128848508
10
Oxygen fugacity and type of granitoid
Fig 7: Classification of the oxidation
state of igneous rocks based on
Fe2O3/FeO (both expressed as weight
percent).

Table
11 1: Characteristic mineralogy for oxidation classes of igneous rocks (Champion and Heinemann, 1994)
Important alterations related to porphyries
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
12 00989128848508
Silitoe 2012
Mineralization based on the alteration types
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
Berger et al. 2008 00989128848508
13
(South Central Sinai)
14
15
16
17
Porphyry exploration challenges:
Course titles:

• Erosional level and Telescoping Introduction to

porphyry
• Intrusive history deposits

• Weathering/leaching Different
alterations and
• Cover (pre- and post-mineral) their physical
properties
• Metamorphism & deformation Geophysical
• post-emplacement faulting and tilting responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
18 00989128848508
Erosional level
What are the similarities between porphyry erosion and tooth decay?! Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

Fig 8: different scenarios for erosional level

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
19 00989128848508
Erosional Level & Telescoping
Where in a system are we?
How much of the system may remain to be discovered? Course titles:
Top Introduction to
Lithocap environment porphyry
with Advanced Argilic alteration deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties
Middle Geophysical
Exposure at phyllic or potassic level responses on
Simplest exploration regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale
Bottom
New methods
Deep potassic (kf) or Na-Ca alteration
Greisens www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
Barren stockworks Think about walking @jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
away 00989128848508
20
Cover (pre- and post-mineral)
(Covered for example by alluvium)
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

Fig: 9 An example of covering a porphyry

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
system @jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
21 00989128848508
Weathering/leaching
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
Fig 10: Schematic presentation of transition from oxidizing to reducing zone 021-55439588
22 00989128848508
Geophysical responses over porphyry systems
The image below is only a
general overview, and a lot
of other factors should be
considered for analyzing
geophysical responses over
porphyry deposits

23
 Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Geophysical responses Different

alterations and
their physical

on regional scale properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
24 00989128848508
Responses on regional scale
Potassic alteration: Course titles:

Magnetite creation. Increasing the magnetic field relative to Introduction to

porphyry
the field (in most cases) deposits

Phyllic and argillic alteration: Different

alterations and
their physical
Destroy primary ferromagnetic minerals or convert them to properties

nonferromagnetic minerals (like hematite). decreases the Geophysical

responses on
magnetic field relative to the background regional scale

Geophysical
Propilitic alteration: responses on
local scale
Less destruction of primary ferromagnetic minerals and
New methods
as a result less reduction of the magnetic field compared to
www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
phyllic and argillic alteration (in most cases) @jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
25 00989128848508
The following factors are very effective in the
final observed response of airborne magnetic
resonances: Course titles:

Introduction to
Porphyry type (continental arc vs island arc) porphyry
deposits

Different
Porphyry erosion level alterations and
their physical
properties
Flight height
Geophysical
responses on
Composition of host rocks regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
post-emplacement tilting local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
26 00989128848508
RTP technique
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale
Fig 11: RTP technique
Geophysical
responses on
local scale

“Note: Because observed magnetic signatures of any given model depend on the New methods
local geomagnetic inclination, it is necessary to convert the predicted signatures
into a standard form that is independent of the field inclination and can easily be www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
compared with suitably processed observations” 021-55439588
27 00989128848508
Magnetic Susceptibility of different
minerals and rocks
Course titles:
Keynote: Consider the difference between the magnetic susceptibility
of S-type and I-type granitoid Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
28
Fig 11: Magnetic Susceptibility of different minerals and rocks 00989128848508
Oxidized gold-rich porphyry copper
(relatively mafic, strongly oxidized systems in island arc environments or associated with
alkaline (e.g. high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic) magmatism in continental settings)
gold-rich porphyry copper

Table 2: Dimensions and susceptibilities of zones

comprising the gold-rich porphyry copper model
with maximal development of a magnetite-rich
potassic core.

The above model described corresponds to

Au-rich porphyry Cu
deposits with particularly well-developed
magnetite-rich potassic zones.
Such deposits tend to be either relatively
mafic, strongly oxidized systems
in island arc environments or associated
with alkaline (e.g. high-K calc-alkaline to
shoshonitic) magmatism in continental
29 settings.
Less oxidized Porphyry
(or relatively felsic systems, or low-medium K calc-alkaline
associations, typically in areas with thick continental crust)

Fig. 5. Theoretical RTP magnetic profiles over gold-rich porphyry copper models, emplaced
into magnetic mafic-intermediate rocks, with either maximum development (“maximum K” in
the legend), or a more typical development (“less K”), of a biotite–magnetite assemblage in the
potassic alteration zone. “Maximum K” represents relatively mafic systems in island arc
environments or systems associated with alkaline (e.g. high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic)
magmatism in continental settings. “Less K” represents less strongly oxidized or relatively felsic
systems, or low-medium K calc-alkaline associations, typically in areas with thick continental
crust. Profiles were calculated as described in Fig. 3 and are shown for uneroded deposits and
after30removal of 500 m and 1000 m by erosion
High sulphur quartz monzonite Porphyries
(Areas that have thick continental crust that was underlain by a shallow subduction zone
(e.g. the Laramide porphyry province of SW North America) tend to produce magmas with
substantial crustal contamination, including high sulfur magmas

Table 4: Dimensions and susceptibilities of zones

comprising the quartz monzonite model
associated with a high sulphur magma intruded
into mafic host rock

Fig: Theoretical RTP magnetic profiles over a Laramide-type high sulfur quartz-monzonite
porphyry copper model, with a potassic core that contains pyrite at the expense of magnetite,
surrounded by magnetite–destructive phyllic and propylitic zones. Profiles are shown for an
uneroded deposit and after removal of 1 km and 2 km by erosion.

For this type of deposit, the phyllic zones are well-developed in the intrusion and within suitable
host rocks, and are surrounded by broad propylitic zones with extensive pyritisation of
magnetite
31 in country rocks.
Airborne geomagnetic responses

Batu Hijau Copper-Gold Sarcheshmeh TMI

Fig 13: Comparison of magnetic response over gold rich porphyry(Batu Hijau) and Cu-Mo Au
porphyry (Sarcheshmeh)

32
Effect of erosion level
gold-rich porphyry copper

Table 5: Dimensions and susceptibilities of zones

comprising the gold-rich porphyry copper model
with maximal development of a magnetite-rich
potassic core.

For the uneroded deposit the signature is a

magnetic low, reflecting the reduction of
susceptibility of the host rocks throughout
the large volume of magnetite-destructive
alteration surrounding and above the
magnetic core. As deeper levels of the
system are exposed by erosion, a central
magnetic high overlying the potassic core
becomes increasingly prominent
33
Effect of post-emplacement tilting

Fig 14: Models and theoretical RTP

magnetic signatures of a gold-rich
porphyry copper model, with maximum
development of a biotite–magnetite
assemblage in the potassic alteration zone.
Top: uneroded deposit hosted by magnetic
mafic rocks, with geometry and
susceptibilities given in Fig. 2; Bottom:
same deposit after tilting through 60° so
that originally vertical porphyry stock now
plunges 30° to the left of the figure. The
color bar indicates RTP anomaly in nT.

34
Effect of flight height
Important physical principle:
Magnetic fields are damped by the third power of distance(for a Magnetic sphere).
Therefore, it is necessary to get as close as possible to the origin of the anomaly. (ground-based
acquisition have a much higher resolution and field intensity than airborne images).
The key to exploration: in airborne and drone-based surveys, the height of the flight should be
considered as low as possible so that the anomaly can be recorded with the highest resolution.

Fig 15:
35 consider how much magnetic intensity field and resolution decreased after 100 meters upward
continuation
Composition of host rocks
Magnetic anomalies arise from magnetization contrasts—thus the magnetic properties of the
unaltered country rocks inherently influence the magnetic signature of the mineralized system.
For example, a moderately magnetic intrusion emplaced into weakly magnetic, unreactive
country rocks, such as quartzites or silicic volcanic, will have an associated reduced-to-the-pole
(RTP) magnetic high.
In fact, mafic wall rocks have a greater capacity to form secondary magnetite during potassic
alteration than do relatively iron-poor felsic rocks.

Table 6: Equivalent alteration stages/differing host rocks (Beane, 1994)

36
Composition of host rocks

Fig 16: Theoretical RTP magnetic

profiles, for differing host rocks, over
an uneroded gold-rich porphyry
copper model with a maximum
development of a biotite–magnetite
assemblage in the potassic alteration
zone.

For magnetic mafic-intermediate igneous host rocks the signature is a magnetic low, as in Fig.
For weakly magnetic felsic host rocks the effects of magnetite-destructive alteration are less
important and the signature is a broad high, reflecting the deeply buried magnetic potassic core of
the system. For a carbonate host, the magnetic high is broadened by the contribution of
magnetite-bearing distal skarn alteration. For unreactive host rocks such as quartzites, the
magnetic high represents the contribution of the central magnetic intrusion, with overprinting
potassic alteration, alone. The magnetization of the quartzite host rocks is unaffected by alteration
and remains essentially zero
37
Review by case study modeling
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods
Fig 17: Case model from USGS
www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
38 00989128848508
Introduction of electromagnetic methods:

Fig 17: Em spectrum

You can choose your
depth of investigation
by choosing a specific
part of the EM spectrum

39 Cedar Hanneson
1-Natural Electromagnetic Field methods:
Magnetotelluric methods (MT AMT and...)

40 Fig 18: Schematic presentation of origin and acquisition of MT methods

2- Artificial Electromagnetic Field methods:

Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
41 00989128848508
1-2- Frequency domain
Course titles:
methods
(VLF, CSMT, Slingram Introduction to
methods and...) porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
2-2- Time domain local scale
methods
TDEM (TEM) New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
42 00989128848508
Advantages and limitations of the TDEM method
compared to the conventional geoelectric method (IP/RS)
Course titles:

Advantages: Introduction to
porphyry
1- Deeper investigation, depending on the equipment, up to 1000 meters deposits

Different
2- Less sensitivity to the topography and the ability to perform it better in alterations and
their physical
difficult conditions
properties

3- Higher execution speed Geophysical

responses on
4- Better vertical and lateral resolution regional scale

Disadvantages: Geophysical
responses on
1- Greater sensitivity to noise, especially around artificial effects such as local scale

powerlines New methods

2- The impossibility of direct measuring the IP (chargeability of the earth) www.Jarfabkavosh.ir

@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
43 00989128848508
Effect of dissemination vs veining on electrical resistivity

Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
44 00989128848508
Electrical resistivity (conductivity)
responses over porphyry systems
Argillic alteration: the formation of clay minerals and Course titles:
in some cases sulfide, which increases the
polarizability and decreases the specific electrical Introduction to
porphyry
resistance to the ground.
deposits
propylitic alteration: less altered so higher electrical
resistivity to other alterations Different
alterations and
their physical
Phyllic alteration: the highest concentration of sulfide properties

minerals such as pyrite low electrical resistivity

Geophysical
compare to potassic responses on
Potassic alteration: fewer sulfide minerals assemblage regional scale
compared to phyllic alteration and presence of pluton
and quartz vein and veinlets so higher electrical Geophysical
responses on
resistivity.
local scale

“based on our experiences in different

New methods
geoelectrical data acquisition the resistivity
range (especially upper limit) declared in Fig is www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
so high and maybe it is better to consider lower @jarfabkavosh-company

than 2000 Ω-m” 021-55439588

00989128848508
45
Airborne electromagnetic responses
The mineralization related to any type of alteration as well as the erosion level of the porphyry
system is important in EM response analyzing.
(lower frequency has more exploration depth and vice versa)

4600 Hz 935 Hz

Fig 19: Sarcheshmeh Porphyry resistivity map based on EM survey

46
 Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different

Geophysical responses on alterations and

their physical
properties

local scale Geophysical

responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
47 00989128848508
Geomagnetic survey
Case study: TMI over potassic alteration zone of a Cu+Au Porphyry
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
48 00989128848508
Fig 20:Total magnetic intensity (TMI) over potassic zone of a Cu+Au Porphyry
Geomagnetic survey
Reduction to pole of TMI over potassic alteration zone on a
Cu+Au Porphyry Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
00989128848508
49 Fig 21: RTP of previous TMI map
Geomagnetic survey
Upward continuation of TMI over potassic alteration zone on Course titles:
a Cu+Au Porphyry Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

Fig 22: Upward continuation(25 meter) of previous TMI map www.Jarfabkavosh.ir

@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
50 00989128848508
Geomagnetic survey

First vertical derivative over potassic alteration zone Course titles:

of a Cu+Au Porphyry Introduction to

porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
Fig 23: First vertical derivative of previous TMI map 021-55439588
51 00989128848508
Geomagnetic survey

Analytic signal over potassic alteration zone on a Course titles:

Cu+Au Porphyry Introduction to

porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
Fig 24: Analytic signal derivative of previous TMI map 021-55439588
52 00989128848508
Another case study: RTP on potassic alteration
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
Fig 25: RTP on potassic alteration 021-55439588
53 00989128848508
Overlying gold and copper geochemical anomaly map on potassic
alteration based on TMI(very good correlation)

Fig 26: Overlying gold and copper geochemical anomaly map on potassic alteration
54
Analytic signal over argillic (phyllic)
alteration zone of a copper porphyry
Keynote: Why analytic signal is one of the best techniques for Course titles:
delineation of a demagnetization zone? Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
55 Fig 27: Analytic signal over argillic (phyllic) alteration 00989128848508
Alteration differentiation based on analytic signal

Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
56 00989128848508
Fig 28: Analytic signal as a good tool for alteration differentiation
Chargeability(IP) responses
over porphyry systems
Course titles:
Phyllic alteration: the highest concentration of sulphid
minerals such as pyrite, the highest amount of Introduction to
porphyry
chargeability, and low electrical resistivity compare to deposits
potassic
Potassic alteration: fewer sulphide minerals assemblage Different
alterations and
compared to phyllic alteration and as a result lower their physical
chargeability and higher electrical resistivity. properties
Both of these variations have higher chargeability
Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
57 00989128848508
Suggested procedure of IP/RS studies in
porphyry deposits exploration Course titles:

First step: IP/RS data acquisition on a grid by rectangular array in a large area Introduction to
The second stage: profile data acquisition on the susceptible areas identified in porphyry
deposits
the first stage using pole-dipole or dipole-dipole arrays.
Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

Fig 29: Rectangular array Fig 30: Well-known arrays used in geoelectric www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
58 00989128848508
Distribution of chargeability on a map
acquired by using rectangle array
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
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Fig 31: Chargeability map

Keynotes for correct IP/Rs data
acquisition Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry

Maximum “n” for dipole-dipole is 5-6 deposits

Maximum “n” for pole-dipole is 7-8 Different

alterations and

Higher “n” doesn’t necessarily lead to deeper their physical

properties

penetration but can lead to noise instead of real data Geophysical

For going to a deeper zone increase “a” instead of responses on

regional scale
increasing “n” (too much) Geophysical
Be cautious about topography and its bad effects responses on
local scale
(Choose a profile line with possible minimum
topography change) New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
60 00989128848508
The response of EM (electromagnetic)
methods on local scale Course titles:

Introduction to
In electromagnetic methods, finally, the electrical porphyry
deposits
conductivity (the inverse of electrical resistivity) of the Different
subsurface is obtained. alterations and
their physical
properties
Advanced phyllic and argillic alterations generally have
Geophysical
lower electrical resistivity (higher conductivity) than other responses on
regional scale
alterations.
Geophysical
When silicification increases (percent of quartz veinlet responses on
local scale
increase) the resistivity increases
New methods
The electrical resistivity of each alteration related to a
www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
porphyry system depends on its mineralogical composition. @jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
61 00989128848508
Electromagnetic surveys

AMT and MT electromagnetic Course titles:

methods
Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
Time domain electromagnetic methods(TDEM) regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
62 00989128848508
Electromagnetic surveys

Course titles:
Since we finally obtain the electrical
conductivity factor (the inverse of the electrical Introduction to
resistivity) in the electromagnetic porphyry
deposits
measurements, so the same principles of
geophysical interpretation are true for this Different
alterations and
method. their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
63 00989128848508
 Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different

New methods alterations and

their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
64 00989128848508
Seismic method especially by using the new
FWI technique (Full Wave Inversion) Course titles:

Introduction to
• Production of high-resolution seismic wave velocity cross-section porphyry

• Determining the boundaries of intrusive bodies and structures deposits

• Determining the altered zones (the alteration process reduces the Different
alterations and
speed of seismic waves, especially in argillic and phyllic alteration) their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
65 00989128848508
Fig 33: Schematic of seismic reflection over an intrusion
Passive Seismic Methods
Using noises with very low frequency as a source for exploration
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
Fig 34: Case study using ambient noise for Caosiyao porphyry responses on
local scale

New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
66 00989128848508
Important notes for preparing geophysical exploration plan

✓ Determination of the tectonic setting and magma type, composition of

host rocks, depth of emplacement, erosion level, depth of burial Course titles:

beneath younger cover, post-emplacement faulting and tilting Introduction to

✓ Collection, processing, and interpretation of all three information layers porphyry

deposits
of magnetometry, radiometry and electromagnetics in airborne flights.
Different
✓ Conducting ground geomagnetic surveys in preliminary and detailed alterations and
their physical
phases properties
✓ Conducting IP-RS studies in susceptible areas identified in the previous
Geophysical
steps responses on
✓ Using the ground electromagnetic method, especially with TDEM and regional scale

MT susceptible porphyry deposit targets. Geophysical

✓ Utilizing other methods such as gravity (in some cases) and also new responses on
local scale
geophysical methods by considering financial and executive constraints
New methods

www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
@jarfabkavosh-company
021-55439588
67 00989128848508
References:
•Jarfabkavosh Co. archive, Geophysical responses over some of the Iran porphyries.
•Clark, D.A., 2014. Magnetic effects of hydrothermal alteration in porphyry copper and iron-
oxide copper–gold systems: A review, Tectonophysics, 624-625, 46-65.
•Sebastian Mollapaza (2022) - Geology life and healing Online presentation on YouTube
•Geologist Andrew Jackson ORE DEPOSITS, Online presentation in YouTube
•Pathways to Porphyries: Mapping Alteration and Related Mineralisation- Terry Hoschke,
2015
•Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070—B U.S. Department of the Interior U.S.
Geological Survey.
•Gustafson and Hunt (1975). The Porphyry Copper Deposit at El Salvador, Chile.
•Sillitoe, R. (2000). Gold-Rich Porphyry Descriptive and Genetic Models and their Role in
Exploration and Discovery.
• Sillitoe, R. (2010-). Porphyry Copper Systems.
•Sillitoe, R. (2012). Copper Provinces.
•Mark Reed (2013). The Butte Magmatic-Hydrothermal System: One Fluid Yields All
Alteration and Veins
‫‪Field Geophysics, John Milsom, 2008, 4th Edition, Wiley‬‬
‫‪•Telford W.M., Geldart L.P. and Sheriff R.E., 1998, Applied geophysics, second edition,‬‬
‫‪Cambridge University Press, P 45-47 and 522- 560.‬‬
‫‪•Calagari, A.A., 1992. Principals of geophysics exploration. Tabesh press, Tabriz, 588 pp.‬‬
‫‪•Cooper, G.R.J. And Cowan, D.R., 2004. Filtering using variable order vertical derivatives.‬‬
‫‪Computers and Geosciences, 30(5): 455-459‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tfq6PL-jnZE‬‬
‫‪Loke, M. H. (1996-2023). Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D electrical imaging surveys.‬‬

‫•فاتحی مسلم ‪ ،‬اسدي هارونی هوشنگ‪ ،‬ویژگیهاي ژئوفیزیکی کانسارهاي مس پورفیري غنی از طال‪ :‬مطالعه موردي در کانسار مس‪-‬‬
‫طالي پورفیري دالی‪ ،‬استان مرکزي‪ ،‬زمین شناسی اقتصادي جلد ‪ ،10‬شماره ‪1397،2‬‬
‫•کانسار تیپ مس ‪-‬طالي پورفیري (ماهر آباد)‪ ،‬دکتر ملک زاده‪ )1397( ،‬همایش چهارمین کارگاه آموزشی متالوژنی ایران‪ ،‬دانشگاه‬
‫شاهرود ‪ ،‬وبسایت آپارات‬
‫•مدل کانسار مس پورفیري گزارش تحقیق علمی سازمان زمین شناسی امریکا(‪ )USGS‬به سرپرستی مارشیا کی‪ .‬مک نات ترجمه‬
‫ساسان ملکی‬
‫•آموزش مبحث پورفیري‪ ،‬دکتر احمد حسینخانی‪ ،‬سایت آموزشی فرادرس‬
‫•صمدي لطیف‪ ،.1391،.‬مبانی ژئوفیزیک کاربردي‪،.‬انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی دانشگاه خوارزمی‬
 Thanks a lot for your Attention
Course titles:

Introduction to
porphyry
deposits

Different
alterations and
their physical
properties

Geophysical
responses on
regional scale

Geophysical
responses on
local scale

New methods

You can find more information about Moghaddasi brothers through www.Jarfabkavosh.ir
the following link: @jarfabkavosh-company
www.jarfabkavosh.ir/en/ 021-55439588
70 00989128848508

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