Table 3.21 Weights of towers used on various voltage categories in India sie Tonnes 00a Bow RoW Tay new oo Py Singiscrcist Geune crcut Single crcon Dowbearcue Sige creak Double Greil Singie reU Span iow 400 320 320 320 320 25 a Conaucen: Moose Zeb zetea Paoires Paneber Bog Beg 54252 mm AL SHB IBM S4/3IS mm SORMMAL BOaMA BI2mMm 4/4724, LIAS ems Als 1AiB Ale 7AIB s7Anms e7AmmS, AALS? ST/ST smi St i Sc iS. rm 5. Groundwre Pemm 2BISmm SIS BIS mm TRIE 72S eH ms 11Gkgi/nm! | 10kgbmme — HTOKgUrm? 1 'SegH/mm? FT Degtimm? —110igKtme® 1 Lokam? ually sity quay euoity aun auaity qty Tangent Tower 2. 45 30 23 un 12 08 30° Tower 159 93 62 59 BS 23 15 GOP and Deaton §— 23.16 134 92 2 49 32 20 Tower Weight of towers fora IOwmntine 279 202 138 126 76 2 46 te: Recent dens nave shown 10% 20% reduction in weight Table 3.22 Various load combinations under the normal and broken-wire conditions for a typical 400 kV line Longitcinal loads Transverse loads Tower type Normal Brckenswire Normal Brokerswire condition canaition corattion ‘condicn A 00 G.SxIxCos 72 WOW OS W/C¥WIrO.SDIA 8 0.0 LOxMITKCos 72 WCHWHD —O.GWC#WIHO.SD. B Section Tower 0.0 1Oxmt WCHWHO.O — O.BW/CHWI+0.0 € 0.0 LOxMTeGos 2 = WC+WHD = O.6 CHW. CSecton Tower 0.0 LOxMr WCHWHO.0 — DLOWCHW+0.0 260" 0.0 LOXMTKCos 9/2 WOHWHD —(O.6W/CHWI+0.50 Dead-end wth slack span (slack span side broken) 0.7 MT. LOM OesweKM «= Lew Dead-end with slack span line side broken O.7 MT —O.3MTxCos 15° O.65WCwtWle 0. 25WCHW+0.3 O.3MTSin 15° MTxSin 15° Dead-end MT Ni OSWCHWIHO.0. 0. 1WCHW+O. 0 load calculation should be reviewed. Particular attention should be paid to the footing reactions, since an estimated weight: which is too high will make the uplift footing reaction too low. Load combinations ‘The varions loads coming on the tower under the norma] and broken-wire conditions (BWC) have been discussed. An appropriate combination ofthe various loads under the two conditions should be considered for design purposes. Table 3.22 givas a summary of the various Toad combinations under the two conditions for a typical 400 kV transmis- sion line using a twin-conductor bundle. The fol- lowing notations have been used in the Table. Tension at 32°C =T without wind Maximum tension =Mr Wind on conduetor = WC Wind on insulator Angle of deviation Transmission tine Structures 85Load due to deviation of ‘A’ type tower under BWC = DA = 2xTxSin (02) Load due to deviation for others = D = 2xMTsSin (92) ‘The vertical loads due to conductors and ground. wire are based on the appropriate weight spans; these are in addition to the dead weight of the structure, insulators and fittings. Example: Caleulation of tower loading for a typical 132 kV double circuit line. Basie data 1, Type of tower : Tangent tower with 2 degrees lino do’ 2. Normal span 2 335m 8. Wind pressure a. Tower (on 1¥2 times the exposed area of one face) : 200 kg/m? b, Conductors and ground wire (on fully projected area) + AB legit? Characteristics of conductor 1. Size conforming to : 90/8.00mm Al+7/3.00mm, 1S:398-1961 St ACSR Overall diameter of the conductor 21mm 3, Area of the complete 2. conductor 126.2 mm? 4, Ultimate tensile strength 9,127 kg 5. Weight 976 kg/m 6. Maximurn working tension 3,300 kg (say) Characteristics of ground wire 1. Size conforming to : 7/3.16 anm galvanised 18:2141-1968 stranded steel wire of 110 kg/mm? quality 2. Diameter 9.45. mm 3. Area of completo; 64.5 mm? ground wire 4, Ultimate tensile: 8,710 ke strength 5. Weight 428 ke/lern 6. Maximum working tension 2 2,500 keg (say) 86 Transmission Line Structures Tower loadings: 1. Transverse load For the purpose of calculating the wind load on conductor and ground wire, the wind span has been. assumed as normal span: a, Wind load on conductor = 884521 (Normal condition) : = 317 kg Wind load on conductor = 0.6x317=190kg (Broken-wire condition) 2852945 245 b, Wind load on ground ao wire (Normal condition) = 142 kg Wind load on ground = 0.6 x 142= 85 kg wire (Broken-wire condition) ¢. Wind load on tower ‘The details in regard to the method of caleu- lating the equivalent wind load on tower (We) are given in Figure 9.17. 4, Wind load on insulator strin, Diameter of the insulator skirt = 254 mm Length of the insulator string with arcing horns = 2,000 mm Projected area of the cylinder with diameter equal to that of the E insulator skirt = 2,000 x 264 59, mm = 0.508 sq. m. Net offective projected area of the insulator string exposed to wind = 50 percent of 0.508 39. m. = 0.254 sq.m. Wind load on insulator string = 200x 0.254 = 50.8 kg Say 50 kg ‘Transverse component of the maximum work- ing tension (deviation load) (1) For power conductor = 2sin1°13,800kg 8B kg sin 1°2,500kg = 8Tkg (2) Por ground wire