The isolation of lactose from milk and the oxidation of D-

glucose

Objectives
 To isolate lactose from fresh milk.
 To synthesize glucaric acid from glucose.
Reaction equations
Oxidation of D-glucose

Structures of sugars
Table of physical and chemical properties and hazards
Reagent Physical properties Hazards Precautions
D-glucose Physical state: White generally non-toxic, not Avoid inhalation of
crystalline solid flammable. Inhalation of dust.
Taste: Sweet D-glucose dust should Wear gloves and safety
Odor: Odorless be avoided as it may goggles to prevent skin
Melting point: 146°C cause respiratory and eye irritation.
Boiling point: 150°C irritation, although the Store in a dry place
risk is generally low. away from moisture.
D-Glucaric Acid Physical state: Solid generally considered Avoid inhalation of
Color: White to off-white low toxicity. Not dust.
Odor: Odorless flammable or reactive Wear gloves and safety
Melting point: 125- under normal goggles to prevent skin
126°C conditions. and eye irritation.
Boiling point: 269°C Store in a dry place
Solubility: Soluble in away from moisture
water
Ethanol Physical state: Liquid It is flammable at room Keep away from open
Color: Colorless temperature. Ingestion flames. Avoid skin and
Odor: Characteristic of large amounts can eye contact, and wear
alcoholic cause alcohol appropriate PPE.
Melting point: -114.1°C poisoning. It causes Store in a well-
Boiling point: 78.37°C skin and eye irritation ventilated area away
Solubility: Miscible with upon contact. from heat and direct
water sunlight.
Acetic Acid Physical state: Liquid it causes severe skin Handle in a well-
Color: Colorless burns and eye damage. ventilated area to avoid
Odor: Pungent, vinegar- Inhalation or contact inhalation of vapors.
like can cause respiratory Wear appropriate PPE.
Melting point: 16.6°C irritation and skin burns. Store in a cool, dry
Boiling point: 118.1°C It is flammable when place away from
Solubility: Miscible with exposed to open flame. oxidizing agents and
water bases.
Nitric Acid Physical state: Liquid It Can cause severe Wear (PPE), Use in a
Color: Colorless to skin burns and eye well-ventilated area to
yellowish damage. avoid inhalation of
Odor: Pungent Reacts violently with fumes. Store in a cool,
Melting point: -42°C combustible materials, dry place away from
Boiling point: 83°C increasing fire risk. organic materials and
Solubility: Highly soluble Inhalation or ingestion reducing agents.
in water can be fatal
Calcium Physical state: Solid Generally considered Avoid inhalation of
Carbonate Color: White non-toxic, but inhalation dust.
Odor: Odorless of dust may cause Wear gloves and safety
Melting point: respiratory irritation. It is goggles to prevent skin
Decomposes at high not flammable under and eye irritation.
temperature (825oC) normal conditions. Store in a dry place
Solubility: Insoluble in away from moisture.
water
Flow chart
Oxidation of D-glucose

Isolation of lactose from milk

Sources
1. Solomons, T. W. Graham, and Craig B. Fryhle. Organic Chemistry 11 ed. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley, 2008. Pp 986 – 991
2. GARCíA, Graphene. ISOLATION of CASEIN and LACTOSE in MILK. Jan.
2021. www.academia.edu
3. Eggleston, Gillian, et al. ‘Carbohydrates’. Principles of Food Chemistry, edited by John
M. deMan et al., Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 165–229. Springer Link,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63607-8_4.