EDIMENTATION 289 (b) CONVERSION OF CLARIFIER WITH TUBE MODULE (o) TUBE MODULE CONSTRUCTION FIG. 9.29. THE TUBE SETTLER 0, ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 9.9. Find the dimensions of a rectangular sedimentation in for the following data : (i) Volume of water to be treated= 3 million litres per day. (ii) Detention period = 4 hours. (iii) Velocity of flow = 10cm/min. Solution = Detention time = 4 hours= 240 min. Velocity of flow = 10 cm/min. . Length of tank = 0.10 x 240 = 24 m. Volume of water in 4 hours 7 3x10 4 _ 3 “5 4 5, = S00 : . Cross-section area V _ 500 _ A apa ay 7 8m Assume a working depth of a4 m. Width of tank = 208-7 m m. Provide an extra Jeph of 1 m for sludge storage and 0.5 2 for free board making a total depth=3+15=45 m. Hence provide a settiing tank of size 24m x 7mx45 m. Check : Volume of water per hour _ 3x 10° ~ 2d290 WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERIN¢ ’. Surface loading rate i (3 x a0) wae 24 24x7 = 744 litres/hour/m’ which is . satisfacto1 Example 9.10. Find the dimensions of a circular sedimentatie basin for the above data. Solution : A circular sedimentation tank is generally provided with i bottom cone-shaped, with a slope of 1 vertical to 12 {horizontal Under this condition, its volume V, in terms of its diametét D an height H, is given by V =D' (0.011 D + 0.785 H) (9.3 Now volume of water during detention period 3X 4 sq = 500m? io “24 Let the effective depth =3 m. Substituting the values in the above expression, we get 500 = D’ (0.011 D + 0.785 x 3) Solving this by trial, we ae D142 Providing an extra depth of 1.5 m for sludge storage and free board, the size of the tank is 14.2 m dia x 4.5 m depth. Example 911. Design a plain sedimentation basin to treat 2 million of water litres per day so as 10 settle at least 75% of th particles of grain size 0.002 cm or more. Assume any suitable data required. Solution: Velocity of settlement of 0.002 cm (or 0.02 mm) diameter at 26°C.can be determined from Eq. 9.9 (a) by assuming an average specific gravity of 2.65. Vs = 418 (2.65 — 1) (0,02)? ( nae see) 100 = 0.408 mm/sec = 0.0408 cm/sec. ¢ From Eq. 9.11 (e), 1 cm per sec. settling velocity corresponds to a surface loading of 8,64,000 litres per day/m’, ’. Associated surface loading = 86400 x 0.0408 = 35278 _ litres/day/m’,SEDIMENTATION to 291° Assume the depth of tank as 3 m. The time required to settle with the above velocity of 0.0408 cm/sec will be 300 i = 0a08 x60 = 122.5 min. As per past experience, for 75% removal of the particles of | the designed category (ie. 0.002 cm), the surface loading should be reduced by an average of 52%, and the detention time increased by 120%. ". Design surface loading = 35278 x 0,52 = 18345. litres/day/m? Design detention period = 1225 (1+ ) = 270 min. = 4.5 hours _ 3x 10° _ 2 Surface area = Teas = 163.5 m Volume of water in 4.5 hours x 10° agi x 7 = 562.5m? Let L=10x3=30 m ; — 562.5 “ B= 30x93 7025 m Displacement velocity of flow = = 0.111 m/min. = 11.1 cm/min. which is satisfactory. Provide an extra depth of 1 m for sludge storage and 0.5 m for free board, making a total depth =3+15=45 m Hence provide a tank of 30 m x 6.25m x 4.5m size. Exampie 9.12. Design a coagulation sedimentation tank. to treat 10 million litres of water per day. Assume suitable data where necessary. ; Solution : Scag Alum and iron flocs adsorb and entrain water and feats the specific gravity to as little as 1.002, However, these flocs may be as large as 0.1 cm in diameter, and their settling Velocity”at 26°C may be assumed to be about 0.12 cm per sec. Since'1 cm per sec. settling velocity corresponds to a surface loading of 8,64,000 litres per day/ m’, the associated surface loading = 864000 x 0.12 = 103680 litres/day/m’.WATER SUPPLY ENGINEU Reducing this by about 52%, _. Design’ surface loading a = 103680 x 0.52 ~ 54000 litres/day/m’ 10 x 10° _ 2 =a000 = 185.2 m’. Provide a tank of size 20 mx 9.3 m. «. Surface area = is Provide an effective depth of tank= 3 m, and an overall dep I = 4.5 m, making an. allowance of 1 m for sh feo bane r sludge and 0.5 m Theoretical detention time. =. 0 0.12 x 60 Total actual detention time may be = 42 min. » i 120) _ - =42(1 +99) = 2 min. Hence provide the settling basin of size 20 m x 9.3m x 4.5 m, and give a slope of 1 in 50 to the floor of the tank. Average velocity of flow in the tank, _ _Length of tank Detention period = 20100 ~ 99 cm/min. which is satisfactory. Design of floc chamber. The section of tank is shown in Fig. 9.30. Effective depth of tank near floc chamber 20 =3+1-= 341 30 3.6 m. ‘Assume that effective depth of floc chamber is equal to half he effective depth of the settling tank near floc chamber. <. Effective depth of floc chamber Gi =$X36=18 m Assume a detention period of 15 minutes for the floc- chamber <. Total capacity required a ~ 10x 10° Y 10° Width of floc chamber = Width of settling tank =93 m. . Length of floc chamber 104. : 3 x Keep length of floc chamber= 6. Example 9.13. A setiling basin is designed to have a surface overflow rate of 32.6 miday. Determine the overall removal obtained Jor a suspension with size distribution given below. The specific gravity of the particles is 1.2 and the water temperature is 20°C at which dynamic visocity is 1.027 centipoise and the density is 0.997 g/em’. 1s 3 Zax = 104.2,m". Particle size (mm) Weight fraction greater than size (per_cent) wee | (UP.S.C. Engineering Services 1992) Solution : 4 7 The settling velocities may be calculated from Stoke’s law (Eq. 9.6) : Bk Eg pyar ve = agg © — P)4 = TECLOIT) = 107.73a° (i) The corresponding Reynolds number can be computed from the relation [1.2 — 0.997] d* pe vsd _ 0.997 3d Roe = TON (107.73 d’) d : or R = 104.56d° (ii) The computed values of vs and R for various particle sizes (d) are tabulated below :294 WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERII ‘Weight fraction greater than stated 40 70 93 85 60 30 Weight fraction finer than stated % vs (mm/s) R 1.077 | 0.689 | 0.528 | 0.387 | 0.172 | 0.043 Since R is less than 0.5, Stoke’s law is applicable and hen calculation for v, are valid. From the above table, the cumulati distribution curve is drawn as shown in Fig. 9.31. Ul] 10 + Solution. 4 - 34+70 2 08 ct m= 418 (8,- He 100 é 8 = 418 (2.62-1) (0.05) (sxe x m+70 | =2.2 mm/sec g,06 ~—+ 100 oe | = 0.22 cm/sec = 7.92 m/hour Zé 55 ; 2 z From Eq. 9.11, vs = 5 ze 4 s=TR g soe Also, (im = LBW LH (Eq. 9.11 d) fone it Va Q Vs 8 oe is Preece H : id 1 = (i) g IS 7.92 eG lt (Where f is detention time in hours) ° 02 0-4 O-6 o-8 10 2 12 x 10° M TERMINAL VELOCITY (mm/s) Q =12 million litres per day = =e" Xa m’/hour FIG. 9.31. CUMULATIVE ets CURVE = 500 m’/hour x Now SOR = vs = 32.6 m/day = 572 FTE = 0.377 mmis . Capacity of tank, V= 500x we fii) Hence all particles with setting velocities greater than 0.377 LBH = 500 x 705 mmjs will be removed. Thus, from the graph (Fig. 9.31), the fraction (1—x,) is equal to 0.72. The graphical determination of 2v,’ Ax is But L=38B tabulated below : 3B = 500 792 From which B=459 ~4.60 m If The overall removal is given by Eq. 9.13 (a) 12 million Hiresiday of raw water. A sedimentation basin. of. width, mm in size. Assume a relative density of 2.62 for the particles* and 20°C as the average temperature, determine DIMENTATION 295 R=(1 =) t LE var =072+ ot Example 9.14, A rectangular sedimentation basin is to handle’ (0.0676) = 0.899 or 89.9 % length ratio of 4 3 is proposed to trap all particles larger tha 05 the basin dimensions. . the effective depth of tank is 3 m, calculate the detention time.2% 6 WATER SUPPLY ENGINED a ape 9.15. In a continuous flow settling tank, 3.5 m and 0m long, what flow velocity of water would you recom o effective removal of 0.03 mm particles at 20°C. The specific particles is 2.65 and the kinematic viscosity of we i iscosity MH as 0.01 cm*/sec. acted Solution : = £is,-)% wa fs- _ 981 0. = FP (2.65 = 1) ae = 0.081 em/ From Eq. 9.11 (c) : va = z Taking 0.5 m FB, H=35-05=3m;L=50 m ie ( a= 2 X 0,081 = 1.35 em/see. Hence the flow velocit i ty or displacement velocity s| be more than 1.35 cm/sec. 7 ‘eng sn -Example 9.16. Two primary settling basings are 25 m in diame with 2.5 m side water depth. Single effluent weirs are located on th peripheries of the tanks. For a water flow of 30000 m*/day, calculate (i) surface area and volume (ii) overflow rate in m*/m?/d (iii) detention time, in hours, and (iv) weir loading in m*/m/day Solution : For a circular sedimentatioi i : n tank with cone-shaped bot having a slope of 1 vertical to 12 horizontal, 7 q V =D’ .011D + 0.785 H) = 25° (0.011 x 25 + 0.785 x 2.5) = 1398.4 m? Now. Q per tank = 5 x 30000 = 15000 m’/day 15000 Soo m’/hr = 625 m’/hr. . Detention time to = v, fos 4 = “G55 = 2.2375 hours IMENTATION Surface area of tank = 0.785 D* = 0.785 (25)° = 490.63 m’ : @ 15000 Overllow Tale = crface area 490.63 = 30.57 m'/m’/day Length of weir along periphery of the tank =aD=2x25 =7854 m Weir loading per day ~ Tape _ 15000 _ 3 = sg = Woh m'/m/day. Example 9.17, A coagulation-sedimentation plant clarifies 50 ynillion litre of water per day. The raw water has an alkalinity equivalent of 4 mgil of CaCOx. The filter alum required at the plant is 20 mg/l. Determine the filter alum and the quick lime (containing 88% jy CaO) required per year by the plant. Use the following molecular weights + (Al = 27; S = 32;0 = 16;H =1;Ca = 40;C = 12) Solution = (i) Alum required per day = 50 x 10° x 20 = 1000 x 10° mg/day = 1000 kg/day = 365 tonnes/year (ii) The chemical reaction is indicated by Eq. 9.19, when water has sufficient natural alkalinity. If the natural alkalinity is insufficient, lime is added to water, due to which the reactions are : CaCO; + H20 + CO2 = Ca (HCOs)2 Mol. wt. of Al2(SO4)3.18H20 = (2 x 27) + 3(32 +4 x 16) + 18 (2 + 16) = 666 Mol. wt. of Ca (HCOs)2 = 40 + 2(1 + 12 + 48) = 162 Mol. wt. of CaCO; = 40 + 12 + 48 = 100 Mol. wt. of CaO = 40 + 16 = 56 From Eq. 9.19, we find that alum requires 3 x 162 ( = 486) parts of natural alkalinity, Ca (HCOs)2 for every 666 parts of alum. Also, 162 parts of natural alkalinity is equivalent to 100 parts of alkalinity as CaCO3. Hence required alkalinity ( as CaCOs),, for water containing alum of 20 mg/l =3 am x 20 = 9.01 mg/l i Natural alkalinity available as CaCO3 = 4 mg/l’ (INTATION 298 WATER SUPPLY ENGIN} 7 ee 5 rticles f putation of settling velocity. of minimum size partic! fa -. Additional alkalinity required to be added in the fi Se = 9.01 — 4 = 5.01 mg/l as CaCO3 =£(65,- ne ..(Eq. 9.7 a) Since 100 part of CaCO3 produces 56 Parts of CaO, qu “18 y a of CaO required 981 (0.018 x 10) _ 2.98 x 10~ mis 5.01 x 56 = AS (2.65 - 1) - 2.806 mg/l. ; 78 1.01 x 10 -3 But market available quick lime contains only 88 per vs.d _ 2.88 x 107 (0.018 x 107) of Cao, Hold’s No. = =o Quick lime required = 2806% 100 _ 5 16 = 0.00513 < 1 Sateen is applicable and the computation: 7 . abet a Hence stoke’s law is app! “+ Quantity of quick lime per day= 50 x 10" x 3.188 | Rove are valid, = 159.4 kg/day ~ 58.2 tonnes/year j vs = 2.88 x 107‘ m/s. 9.21. DESIGN EXAMPLES Determination of surface overflow rate Example 9.18, Design of rectangular plain sedimentation ii i: ‘icles, ideal tank, for 100% removal of min. aoa sa eretbion rate will be equal to the settling surface iii, size particles. Design a rectangular sedimentation tank for the following di © Required outflow from sedimentation tank = 300 m¥/j (i) Water used in destudging = 2% ap = 24.88 miday (ii) Min. size of particles t0 be removed= 0.018 mm Rice at ee eel deercaee lik () Expected removal efficiency of min. size Particle = 75 However, due to short circuiting, (¥) Nature of particles : : i be reduced. For Eq. + Discrete and non-flocculating efficiency, due to which SOR will have to (+i) Specific gravity of particles = 265 ) we have (vii) Assumed Performance of the settling tank : Good (n = 1/4) SOR = v, = 2.88 x 107 ‘m/s Hae : bn wey Yat OA Yo (Vili) Kinematic viscosity of water at 20°C=1.01x10-*m?/y Here, 2=075 and n= 1 (for good performance). Solution > Yo 1. Design elements We have to design the following elements of the tank @ Size (or dimensions) of the tank vs _ 24.88 (ii) Design of influent Structure Se = 15.02 mid a Design SOR = 2 = 7657 ~ 1.657 15. (iii) Design of effluent Structure. imal values o} range betwee to d for The normal val ff SOR range en 15 to 30 m’/m’/ So designed has to checked a ‘0! 2/m’, gainst the re-suspension Jain sedimentation tanks. Of the deposited partictes. Determination of dimensions of tank ; = 3 : = Required outflow rate = 300 m’/hr : Surface “aves of tank, A= O/A Water loss = 2% 306 x 24 ~: Design average flow = ( i ane = = 488.9 m* x) x 300 = 306 m’/hr. a5. Check against scour, of flow of 0.4 m, tank. Let us assume a depth in the inside wall of th uniformly in to the settling tank. the orifices, to reduce t MENTATION Let us assume L/B as 4, ae LXB= 4889 Head loss through the orifices= (aorel B= ($889)12 Caa VB (FP) = im = 306/3600 2 L=111*4=444 m. (6x4 (020 x 020) VEXOR Let us assume detention time h= = 0.04 m Design of effluent structure Various components to be provided in an effluent structure : effluent weir, effluent launder (or trough), outlet box and outlet pe or channel. 4 hours, Water depth of settling zone= 2% _ _ 306 x 4 A 11.1 x 44.4 Taking £ = 0.04 for unigranular sand Let us assume a weir loading of 250 m’/d/m length 300 x 24 250 Provide effluent weir of 30 m length. Let us provide 90° V- wiches @ 200 mm c/c. No. of V-notch =3 = 150 Hence Provide 30 m length of effluent launder-with 90° V-notches ced only to one side of the launder. Let us keep width of launder © 0.3 m. Weir length = = 28.8 m. f= 0.03 for settling tanks. 8 x. 0.04 0.03% 2-81 (2.65 — 1) (0.018 x 1073 va = = 5.57 x 107? ms Also, horizontal displacement velocity is given by vy = 2 _ 306/3600 BxH ~Titx2 Since vy, < vd, design is OK. 3.09 x 107? més Hence critical depth A at the other end of the launder is (Eq. 9.18 6) : 6. Design of influent structure. Q@)* The influent structure mai is ) an i og i} r 'y consist of (i) an influent ch: ii) submerged a fo cha 00 ® b). merged orifices, and (iii) baffles in front of orifices (1 where Q =discharge from each side = 2 m'/nour Let us provide 0.75 m wide and 0. i 300 . 5 .6 m di = P/s = * running across the width of the m deep influent chan) =x 3600 ™ 7s = 0.04167 m°/hour b =width of launder = 0.3 m. syn 1/3 eh | 0467) ) 0.125 m (0.3) x 9.81 Depth of water at the other end, neglecting the friction losses, is given by Eq. 9.18 (a), taking n =1 Hale ¢ 22 goih = 0.04167 m’/s *. Velocity of flow in channel= 26/3600 0.75 x 0.4 | = 0.283 m/s <0.3 mp. Let us provide 4 submerged orifices of size 0.20 m x 020 ‘¢ influent channel to distribute the flo 1 Also, provide a ba ffle 1 m deep, at a distance of 0. he disturbance, eng 300 Where ql = Tx 3600303- WATER SUPPLY ENGINI 2 a H =| (0.125)? + 2.04167 9.81 (0.3? x 0.125 = 0.217 m. Let us assume a head loss of 0.1 m. Providing free of 0.1 m, depth of the launder below the bottom of weir disch: into it is =0.217+0.14+01=0417 m. If the weir has 5 deep V-notches, the fesulting depth of channel = 0.417 = 6.467 m. Hence provide the effluent launder of width equ 300 mm and depth equal to 500 mm. j Example 9.19, Design of radial circular Plain sedimentation. Design a secondary circular sedimentation tank to remove floc for the following data : © Required output from the tank = 300 m*/mr. (ii) Water used in desludging = 2% 7 (iii) Min. size of alum floc 10 be removed =0.8 mm @) Specific gravity of alum floc = 1.002 we (v) Expected removal efficiency of alum floc = 75% 4, vi) Assumed performance of settling tank : very good (n= 8 Y 8 (vit) Kinematic viscosity of water ai 20°C = 1.01 x 1076 m? Solution. 1. Design elements from the multiple ports of circular well in the centre of tank flow radially outwards in all directions equally (Fig. 9:12). The efflu launder is provided at the outer peripheri of the tank. Required outflow rate= 300 m’/hr. Water loss for desludging= 2% 100 “. Average design flow. 2. Design of influent pipe Let us assume a velocity of flow of 1 m/s in the pipe + Inflvent pipe dia J 1 xt Provide an influent pipe of 300 mm dia, 3 * 300 = 306 m°/hr. is 5, IMENTATION Computation of. settling velocity of min. size floc Assuming Stoke’s law to be = =£ (5,-1£ w= 8G - HF ~1) (0.8 x 107*y 1.01 x 107* _vsd_ 6.907 x 1074 x 0.8 x 1073 oy 1.01 x 107° = 6.90710" m/s Reynolds No. R =055 <1 : Hence Stoke’s law is applicable and the computations for velocity lone above ere correct. 7 vs = 6.907 x 10-4 m/s. Determination of surface overflow rate For an ideal tank, for 100% removal of min. size flocs, the SOR will be equal to the settling velocity of min. size flocs. SOR = v, = 6.907 x 1074 m/s. = 6.907 x 10° * x 24 x 3600 = 59.7 m/d However, due to short circuiting, there will be decrease in the efficiency, due to which SOR will have to be reduced. From Eq. 9.20, we have Pa ve 1 » =075 and n=4 Jo 8 [ite Here Me ly iy” 4] Bam all-Z) | =8(41-0.75 }7'*-1] =1514 2 2 597 3043 ma. A This is within the permissible range of 30 —40 m'/m?/d, and therefore acceptable. Determination of dimensions of the tank Q Surface area of tank = OAWATER SUPPLY ENGINE! SEDIMENTATION Zo — D3) = 186.24 Check for weir loading Lipp / 4 lP - (0.3) = 186.24 Weir loading = AEA 3.38 From which D=154 m 2 3 me = a = ‘/d/m. Providing a detention time f = 2.5 hours, me 200m Za/m Example 9.20. Design of mechanical rapid mix unit Design a mechanical rapid mix unit for a design flow to be treated equal to 300 mh, Assume suitable permissible values for various parameters of design.. Assume a temperature of 20°C. Solution 1. Design parameters. Let us adopt the following values of various design parameters. (@ Detention time : Normal range is 20 to 60 s. Let us provide. a detention time of 30 sec. (ii) Velocity gradient : G should be greater than 300571. Let us adopt G = 60057". (iii) Rotational speed of impeller : Speed should be greater than 100 rpm. Let us provide a speed of 125 rpm. (iv) Ratio of tank height to diameter The ratio varies from 4:1 to 3:1. Let use provide a ratio of 1.5: 1. (v) Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter : Range of the ratio is from 0.2 :1 to 0.4: 1. Let us provide a ratio of 0.4:1. 2. Determination of dimensions of the’ tank Volume of tank = Flow x detention time 300 = = ’. = 3600 * 3° 2.5m’. But volume = area x depth = (7) (1.5 D) Depth of tank= 2%“ — 306 x 2.5 A 186.24 5. Design of peripheral effluent launder For a peripheral effluent launder, is half to go about each side of the basin. ne Tow isa =4.1 m. Total length of launder = D=2 x 15.4 = 43.38 m. Q =discharge from each side = 0 = 150 m'/hour “150 = 3699 7 0.04167 m’/s Hue Let us Provide 90° V-notches fixed to the inner side of we er, 7 along its perimeter. Let us keep width of laun = 0.3 m. Hence critical depth h ie ois) P at the other end of the laun (0.04167)*_}'? (0.3)? x 9.81 losses, is given by. Eq. 9.18 (a) taking n= 1, n= [ie zig" The depth of water at the other end, neglecting the fricti govh z [ons + —20.04167 __]'? 2 yi sp =25 ; 9.81 (0.3)? x 0. ; re : 3) 125 From which D=1.285 m. = 0.217 m. Let us assume a head loss of 0.1 m. idi . . Providing a F.B. On m, depth of launder below the bottom of weir discharging i. Ne = 0.217 + 0.1 +01 = 0.417 m. If the weir has 50 mm dee Hoes ae rene depth of launder= 0.417 + 0.05 = 0.467 m provide the effluent laund i nm a fepthlecuat-081 $00 aa. ler of width equal to 300 mm an Provide tank dia. = 13 m. :. Depth of tank= 1.3 x 1.5 = 1.95 m. Providing a free board of 0.2 m, total depth of tank = 1.95 + 0.2=2.15 m. 3. Computation of power requirements From Eq. 9.29, we get P=G'.uVv yw = 1.0087 x 107° at 20°C. ~~306 WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERL P = (600)* x 1.0087 x 107? x 2.5 = 908 watts. ’. Power per unit volume= 35 = 363 watts/m? Power per unit flow of water= 208 = 3.03 watts/m’/hr of flow. 4. Determination of dimensions of flat blades and impeller Dia. of impeller = 0.4x tank dia. =0.4 x 1.3=052 m ee 5 fl 2arn Velocity, at the tip of impeller= 60 m/s mag x O52 5g 125_ or vp = 24x 7% 60 7 34 m/s Again, from Eg. 9.32, P=3Cp.p-Av.vp As = area of blades v, = relative velocity of blades = (1 —k) vp vp = velocity at the tip of impeller or blade P. = power spent = 90.8 p = density of water = 998 kg/m’ at 20°C Taking k = 0.25, by = (1 - 0.25)yp = 0.75 vp = 0.75 x 3.40 = 2.55 m/s where -. Taking Cp = 1.8 for blades, we get 908 = 5 x 18 x 998 x Ay (2.55)° From which — Ay = 0.06097 m* Providing 6 blades, area of each blade = } x 0.06097 ~ 0.01 m*. Provide blades of size 0.09 x 0.12 m (ie. 9om x 12 cm). Example 9.21. Design of flocculator Design a flocculator for a design flow to be treated equal to 300 m’/h. Assume suitable permissible values of various parameters of design. Assume a temperature of 20°C. Solution. 1. Design parameters. The following design parameters are assumed : (i) Detention period = 20 minutes. (i) Av. value of G = 4057). (iii) Speed of paddles = 4.5 rpm 307 SEDIMENTATION (iv) Area of paddles = 15% of the cross-sectional #rea of basin. (v) Velocity ratio k = 0.25 i (vi) = 1.0087 x 107? N-s/m’ at 20°C i’) p = 998 kg/m’ at 20°C. (viii) Ratio of Length to width of tank =2 2. Computation of volume of flocculation tank Volume of tank V= design flow x detention time “ 300 3 = x 20 = 100m 60 Let the depth of tank=0.4 B Let the length of tank= 2B oe BX2Bx04B = 100 From which 3. Computation of power required From Eq. 9.29 PHG.Viu = (40)? x 100 x 1.0087 x 107° ' = 161.4 watts. 4, Computation of velocity differential between the paddle and water — 5 ; ; -..Let us provide revolving paddels attached to three area shafts running parallel to the length. Let each shaft: be ee - mid-depth of the tank. Let us provide four paddles to each shaft, each running parallel to the shaft. Max. available outer radial distance of each paddle = = $= 0833 m. x Assuming 25 cm width of blade, max. value of-7 = 0,833 — 925 = 0708 m. ae i Hence keep distance r from the centre line, of padd! the centre of shaft as 0.7 m. ee vp = a = 2 x 0.7 x 45 = 0.3299 més vp = (1k) vp = (A — 0.25) x 0.3299 = 0.2474 m/s. StoWATER SUPPLY ENGINEERI 5. Computation of paddle size. From Eq. 9.32 P=3Cpp.Ap.vp Cy = 1.8 for flat blades, we: have 161.4 = 3 x 1.8 x 998.4, (0.2474) From which 4, = 11.87 m* There area total of 3x 4 = 12 paddles » Area of each paddle= 11.87/12 = 0.989 m?, Let the length of each paddle= 4.8 m. (slightly less than half the length of tank) Taking Width of paddle = 2.989 _ P 48 = 0.206 m. Hence provide 21 cm wide paddles, cach of length 4.8 PROBLEMS LW aaa ene pe harimariaclse by treatment of water ? Why is i bans ie of various processes adopted for treatment o} 2 aoe i Deseribe in brief various types of screens used for screening water, 3. Working from the fundamentals, of discrete particles in wat ter. How do the temperature effect ? aie dest 4. What do you understand: lesign principles of a settling tank. 5. Differentiate between Stoke’ if ‘oke’s a ? i drag co-efficient related to Reynolds number, ee Hw. How ig 6. Find the settling velocity of sili ic ] eC ilica particke i it at 20°C, if the diameter of particles is (@) 0005. @ Do a 7 Ans. [ (2) 0.224 cm/sec. ; (6) 27 emec] 7. Describe in brief vari be in brief various types of sedimentation tanks generally derive Stoke’s law for ri settlement jodify the law, taking into accoun| by plain sedimentation ? Describe the used. 8. Define and explai i i ctemion para following terms : (6) flow through period (©) displacement efficiency (d) surface loadings. 9. Write i it of sour ofthe seed pares. Sow tat ae heey aa ee ia agidl fo ep shone be an i lat oF an ideal tank, the ratio of q SEDIMENTATION 10. Design a plain sedimentation tank to treat 5 million litres waiter - per day. Take a detention period of 8 hours and assume a depth of-3. "4 7 11. Determine the maximum displacement velocity, without the fear of settled particles being lifted up, and the ratio of length to the depth of the settling unit for the following particles : (a) alum floc having S,= 1.15 and diameter 0.08 cm, and (b) anthracite coal dust having S,= 1.6 and diameter = 0.008 cm. ‘Assume a Weisbach Darcy friction factor f = 0.025.and a temperature of 25°C. ‘Ans. [(a) 104.1 cm/sec, L/H = 17.89 ; (b) 7.76 emjsec,.L/H = 33.30] 12. A settling tank is designed for an overflow rate of 3,000 litres per m* per hour. What percentage of particles of diameter of 0.025.mm (specific gravity 2.65) will be removed at 20°C ? Ans. [67:3%] 13. Find the diameter of particles with specific gravity of 1.4 removed in a tank having a surface area of 300m? and treating 10 million litres of water per day. Assume a temperature of 20°C. Ans. [0.02 mm.] 14, What do you understand by coagulation. and flocculation ? why are they necessary ? 15, Describe various types of coagulants commonly used in water treat- ment. 16. Describe various methods of application of coagulants. 17. (a) Prove that theoretically the surface loading (Q/A), and not the depth, is a measure of effective removal of particles in a sedimentation tank. (b) An ideal sedimentation tank with a surface area of 100 m? receives an inflow of 20 millions per day. Referring to tabuler data below for particles of specific gravity 1.20, find out what percentage of each size would settle down. Dia. in mm 0.5 04 03 02 O01 settling velocity (cm/s) 0.65 049 038 0.22 0.08 (AMLE., May 1969) 18, (a) Why alum is commonly used coagulant ? Write down the reactions. (b) Explain the mechanism of floc formation. 19. Explain various mixing devices commonly used. What is a flash mixer ? 20. Explain what is meant by flocculation ? Sketch any one type, of flocculator with mechanical agitators. 21, Design a coagulation sedimentation tank to treat 16 million litres ~ of water per day. Assume suitable data wherever necessary. 22. Write short notes on the following :WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERII Free board. The vertical distance between top of wall and water level in the tank is known as free board and a depth of about 30 cm to 60 cm should be kept as free board. Sludge Capacity. For the collection of sludge, it is necessary to provide enough space at the bottom of tank. A depth of about 50 cm to 60 cm is provided for this purpose. Sludge Removal. In order to remove sludge, the working of tank is stopped and water from the tank is drained out, The sludge is removed by gravity or pumpin the compressed air and manual labour may be applied, ifnecessary. The frequency of sludge removal will depend upon the amount of suspended matter retained from water in the settling tank. Generally, the settling tanks are cleaned at an interval of | to 3 months. 44.7 SOLVED EXAMPLES 7 Following solved examples will clearly illustrate the design of simple sedimentation. tanks. Example 11.1, A water has to purify the water for a town whose daily demand is 9 x 109 litres/day. Design the suitable sedimentation tank of the water works filted with mechanical sludge remover. Assume the velocity of flow in the sedimentation tank as 22” cm/minute and the detention period as 8 hours. Solution. Quantity of water to be treated in 24 hours =9 x 10° litres Quantity of water to be treated by the sedimentation tank during detention period of 8 hours 6 = 2H 8 titres =3* 108 cu. m = 3000 cu m Capacity of the sedimentation tank required =3000 cu. m Velocity of flow inside the tank is given as 22 cm/minute = 0.22 m/min, Length of the tank = Velocity of flow x Detention period =0.22 « (8 x 60)= 106 msay The cross-sectional area of tank required Capacity of the tank ~ Length of the tank Assuming the depth of water as 3.5 m 283 Required width of the tank 35° Providing a free board of 0.5 m, overall depth of the tank =0.5+3.5=4.0m Dimension of the tank = 106 x 8.10 *4.0m Ans. The length of the tank may be provided in one, two or three parts depending upon the shape of the are available. Example 11.2, Design a sedimentation for a water works, which supplies 1.4 x 10° litre/day water to the town. The sedimentation period is 5 hours, the velocity of flow is 12 cin/minute, depth of water in the tank is 4.0 m. Assuming an allowance for sludge is 10 be made as 80 cm.| SEDIMENTATION Part-1/157 _ Solution. Quantity of water to be treated 33 = 1.4 x 108 litres/day Quantity of water to be treated during detention period of 5 hours _14x10° 24/5 =292 cum The velocity of flow has been given as 12 cm/min. = 0,12 m/min. .. Required length of the tank = Flow velocity x Detention time =0.12 x (5x 60)=36.0m Tank capacity Tank length litres = 0.292 x 10° cum Cross-sectional area of the tank = 2 sm = 812 sq.m. Depth of the water in tank =4.0m Depth of sludge =0.80 m Net water depth =3.20m Cross-sectional area Water depth =o 954 m(2.60m say) Width of the tank = Proving free board of 0.5 m the size of the tank 36 x 2.6 x 4.5 m Ans, Example 11.3. Design a circular sedimentation tank fitted with mechanical sludge over for a water work which has to supply daily 4.2 million litres of water to the town. detention period in the tank for water is 4.5 hours, and the depth of the water in the may be assumed as 3.3 m. Solution. Quantity of water to be treated =4.2 x 10° litres/day : Quantity of water to be treated by the sedimentation tank during detention period of 4.5, rs 42108 ~ 24/45 = 0.788 « 103 cu.m=790 cum. say The capacity of circular tank having diameter as ‘D’ and water depth as ‘H’ is given by OQ =P (0.011 D+0.785 H) Here OQ =790 cum. D =to be determined H=33m a 790 =D? (0.011 D+0.785 x 3.3) or 790 =D? (0.011 D+2.59) Solving the equation by Hit and Trial method = 16.85 m(17 msay) Assuming free board of 0.5 m the size of the sedimentation tank = 3.8 m deep x 17.0 mdia. Ans. litres158 4 c WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY | ENGINEEI Example 11.4. If a rectangular sedimentation tank is treating 2.5 x 109 litres/ The size of the tank is 17.5 x 5.5 3.5 m. If 80 p.p.m. suspended solids are present in water, assuming the 75% removal in the basin and the average specific gravity as determine the following : (Average flow of water through tank. (ii) Detention time. (iii) Deposition of the solids in the tank. (iv) Overflow rate. Solution. Assuming the free board as 50 cm, the capacity of the tank = 17.5 * 5.5 x 3.0=288.75 cum. Quantity of water passing through the sedimentation tank =2.5x 106 litres/day 25x10 4 litres/hour = 0.1041 = 10° Jitres/hour = 104.1 cu.m/hour (i) Average flow of water through tank Discharge ~ Cross-sectional area . 104.1 “3.53.0 100 ; =63x EO cm/min. = 105 cm/min. Ans, Capacity of tank Discharge 288. ae 2.744 hours Ans, if) Quantity of the water passing through the sedimentation tank Detention time = =25x 10° x - litres|day Concentration of suspended solids =80 ppm Quantity of suspended solids =2.5x 10% = litres = 200 litres =0.20 cum. The average specific gravity is given as 2.0 the density will be 2000 kg/m. Weight of the suspended solids deposited in the tank with 75% removal =0.20 x 0.75 x 2000 kg = 300 kg Ans. (iv) The overflow rate of the tank = Discharge per unit plan area a2 LB. 104.1 x 10° litres/hour 17555 mi? = 1081.56 litres/hour/m?IENTATION WITH COAGULATION Part-1/169 .15 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROCESS ‘The coagulation process removes the suspended impurities of water and considerably ces the load on the filtration process. The turbidity of water can be removed less than ppm and if the process is properly controlled it can go upto 5-10 ppm. The floc formed in process also removes bacteria upto 65%. B-coli index is removed by 70%. The efficiency ¢ coagulation depends on the proper control of various processes. 2.16 SOLVED EXAMPLES Example 12.1. Waterworks of a town treat 35 * 10° litres/day. The water is treated by gulation-sedimentation tanks. The quantity of filter alum is consumed at 20 mg/litres ter. If the alkalinity of the raw water is equivalent to 4.5 mg/litre of CaCO,, determine quantity of fitter alum and the quick lime (containing 80% of CaO) required per month he water works. Molecular weights are given as [Ca = 40, C = 12, S = 32, O = 16, = 27 and H =1]. Solution. Quantity of water treated =35 x 10° litres/day Quantity of filter alum required @ 20 mg/litre 6 =20x 35x 10° mg/day = a kg/day = 700 kg/day = 21700 kg/month (of 31 days) = 21.7 tonnes/month. Ans. Following chemical reactions take place during treatment 1. Al, (SO,), 18H,0+3 Ca (HCO,), > 24l (OH), +3 CaSO, + 18H,0 + 6CO,* 2. CaCO, + H,O+ CO, > Ca(HCO,), 3. CaCO; > CaO + CO, The molecular weights shall be Al, (SO,); . 18H,O =2*27+3 (32 + 64) + 18 (2 + 16)=666 CaCO, =40+12+48= 100 CaO =40+ 16456 From the above equations, it is clear that 3 x 100 parts of CaCO, will produce the same alinity, which is produced by 666 parts of Alum. Quantity of CaCO, required to produce the same alkalinity which is equivalent to ig/litre. 3x 100 666 20 mg/litre = 9.009 mg/litre The natural alkalinity available as CaCO, =4.5 mg/litre (given) Additional alkalinity required to be added in the form of the lime =9.009—4.5 = 4,509 mg/litre as CaCO, From the above equation , it is also clear that 100 parts of CaCO, is produced by 56 of CaO. Quantity of CaO required es 38 2.595 mg/litre But as the quick lime contains 80% of CaO, therefore quantity of the quick lime required a 2.525100 80 The quantity of quick lime required for treating 3.5 x 10° litres/day = 3.156 x 35 x 10° mg/day = 110.46 kg/day = 3424.26 kg/month (of 31 days) = 3.43 tonnes/month. = 3.156 mg/litreIMENTATION WITH COAGULATION Part-1/169 15 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROCESS The coagulation process removes the suspended impurities of water and considerably ces the load on the filtration process. The turbidity of water can be removed less than pm and if the process is properly controlled it can go upto 5-10 ppm. The floc formed in process also removes bacteria upto 65%. B-coli index is removed by 70%. The efficiency ¢ coagulation depends on the proper control of various processes. 16 SOLVED EXAMPLES Example 12.1. Waterworks of a town treat 35 108 litres/day. The water is treated by ulation-sedimentation tanks. The quantity of filter alum is consumed at 20 mg/litres rater. If the alkalinity of the raw water is equivalent to 4.5 ng/litre of CaCO, determine quantity of filter alum and the quick lime (containing 80% of CaO) required per month the water works. Molecular weights are given as [Ca = 40, C = 12, S = 32, 0 = 16, 27 and H =I]. Solution. Quantity of water treated =35 x 10° litres/day Quantity of filter alum required @ 20 mg/litre 6 =20x 35x 10° mg/day = aa kg/day 100 kg/day = 21700 kg/month (of 31 days) = 21.7 tonnes/month. Ans. Following chemical reactions take place during treatment 1. Al, (SO,), 18H,0+3 Ca (HCO,), > 2Al (OH), +3 CaSO, + 18H,O+6CO, * 2. CaCO, F H,0+ CO, > Ca(HCO,), 3. CaCO, > CaO + CO, The molecular weights shall be Aly (SO,); . 18H,O =2*27+3 (32+64)+ 18(2 + 16) =666 CaCO, =40+12+48= 100 CaO =40+ 16556 From the above equations, it is clear that 3 x 100 parts of CaCO, will produce the same linity, which is produced by 666 parts of Alum, Quantity of CaCO, required to produce the same alkalinity which is equivalent to megy/litre. _3x100 a6 * 20 mgilitre = 9.009 mg/titre The natural alkalinity available as CaCO, =4.5 mgllitre (given) Additional alkalinity required to be added in the form of the lime =9.009-4.5 = 4.509 mg/litre as CaCO, From the above equation , it is also clear that 100 parts of CaCO, is produced by 56 of CaO. ; 4509 x56 Quantity of CaO required = Tie = 2525 mg/litre But as the quick lime contains 80% of CaO, therefore quantity of the quick lime required 2525 x 101 = 2525%100 «5.156 mg/litre The quantity of quick lime required for treating 3.5 « 10° /itres/day = 3.156 x 35 x 10° mg/day = 110.46 kg/day = 3424.26 kg/month (of 31 days) = 3.43 tonnes/month.470 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERI Example 12.2. Determine the quantity of copperas and the lime required per year treat 4 x 10° litre/day, if 11 mg of copperas is consumed with lime at a coagulation basi Molecular wright of Fe = 55,85, S = 32,0 =16,H=1,Ca=40, Solution. Quantity of water to be treated =4 x 10° litres/day 7 . 7 a 6 mola uantity of copperas required = 11 me/litre =11 <4 x 10° mg/day : - =44 oa =44 x 365 kg/year = 16.06 tonnes/year Ans. The chemical reactions which take place during treatment process are : FeSO, . 7H,0 + Ca(OH), —> Fe (OH), + CaSO, + 7H,0 CaO + H,0 — Ca (OH), Now the molecular weight of FeSO,.7H,O =[55.85+32+4x 16+7(2*1+16)} = 277.85 (=278 say) 7 CaO =40+16 =56 Now from the above equations it is clear that one molecule of Copperas requires one molecule of lime. On the other hand 278 mg of copperas will require 56 mg of quick lime. 16.06 tonnes of coppers will require = 2 51606 tonnes =323 278 Quantity of quick lime required =3.23 tonnes/year. Ans. Example 12.3. The requirements of a city is 40 x 106 litres/day. The detention period is one hour in the tank, and the. Slow velocity is 20 cm/sec. Design baffle-wall sedimentation tank. Any data not given may be suitably assumed. Solution. Quantity of water to be treated = 40x 106 litres/day = 40 103 cx.m/day Quantity of water to be treated by the sedimentation tank in 1.0 hour detention period =H 10° mm = 1666.7 cum, The flow velocity is given as 20 cm/sec. ~,. Length of the tank (or flow) = Velocity x Detention time 7 =0.2 (60 x 60) m=720 Capacity of tank 1666.7 = 000.7 Length of tank 720 =2.315 m? (= 2.35 m? say) Keeping the distance between the baffle walls as 50 em Cross-sectional area of channel The depth of water in the basin= © depth of water in the basin Distance between baffles Cross-sectional area of the tank = aS 47 0.590" The clear opening between the end of each baffle and the wall is kept as 1.5 times the distance between baffles, =1.5*50cm=0.75 mNTATION WITH COAGULATION Part-1/171 Fig, 12.11 shows the plane and section of the designed baffle wall sedimentation tank. {[¥ tntet maa [ae J] es Ja Je] ape la] 10m 4 Ale| a al asl a) faba elo ol al? 10m Woe on bein Wk bac cd os la os 10m Outiet +] Fig. 12.11. Assuming the sedimentation tank to have three channels of 10.0 m clear width. The effective length of each channel = Clear width of one channel —2 x % clear opening at the end of baffle = 100-2 xx 075=925m a Total flow length p _, No. of channels required — Eerective length of each channel =—— = 77.837 =78 No. 9.2: Keeping the thickness of baffle walls = 10 cnt Length of the sedimentation tank having three channels =26 0.75 + (26-1) x 0.10 =19.54+2.5=22.0m. Example 12.4. The population of a town is 1,00,000 and.the average per capita ind is 135 litre/day/eapita, Design the coagulation cum-sedimentation tank for the works, supplying water to the town. The maximum demand may be taken as 1.5 times rage demand. Assume the detention periods of 5 hours and 30 minutes for settling and floc chamber respectively. Also assume the flow rate as 900 litres/hour/m? of plan Solution. Design of Settling Tank Average daily requirement of the town ,00,000 x 135 litres 3.5 « 108 litres Maximum daily requirement = 1.5 * 13.5 x 10° litres = 20.25 « 10 cum.172 WATER: ‘SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERIN Capacity of tank = Quantity of water treated in detention period o| hours 3 = ENO Semm=4219% 10° cum Flow rate is given = 900 /itres/hour/m? ‘Now quantity of water to be treated in one hour 20.25 x 10° = 843.7 cum. (= 843.7 x 10° litres) Required plan area of the settling tank ' _ Quantity of treated water in one hour Flow rate 3 848.7 x10" = 937.45m? Providing the width of the tank as 15.0 m, the length of the tank 937.45 =——— = 62.49 (= 625m) 15 “+ Required depth ofthe tank =CPacityoftank 421910" yy LxB 62.5x 15 Providing 50 cm for sludge storage, overall depth =5.0m Provide settling tank of size 62.5 x 15 x 5.0 m Ans, Design of Floc Chamber In addition to the 62.5 m length of the settling tank, floc chamber is to be provided in th beginning. The depth of the floc-chamber may be assumed 2.5 m. Detention period in the floc chamber =30min. (given) The capacity of the floc chamber = Flow required in 30 minutes 2025x103 30 SS cum, 24 = 421.875 cum. Required plan area of the floc chamber Capacity _ 421875 = = 168.75 m> Depth 25 ms ‘ Using the same width of 15 m of settling tank 168.75 Length of floc chamber = =1125m q 1s Size of floc chamber = 11.25 x 15 x25 m. Ans.