ETHICS REVIEWER

Chapter 1

1. It is derived from the from the Greek word (ethos), which means custom in singular, and
character - plural (ethe)? - Ethics
2. The word morality has a parallel origin derived from the Latin word ____ - mos
3. It is a branch of philosophy, that deals with the study of the morality of human action -
Ethics
4. He stated that ethics is concerned with what we do, and with the kind of person we are. -
Abel (1944)
5. This provides us a detailed justification of what makes a particular action good or evil
and prescribes which is one to pursue. - Ethics
6. Our ethical assessment of any moral issue is a product of - logical reasoning
7. When can we say that our moral verdict is conventional?
8. He pointed out that ethics is prescriptive. - Fernandez (2006)
9. It tells us in black-and-white, which action is good and which is not. - prescriptive
10. When moral thoughts, recognize moral norms, ethics becomes? Normative
11. He says the ethics, as a branch of philosophy is divided into normative and meta- ethics.
- Maboloc (2010)
12. This is further divided into ethical theory and applied ethics. - Normative ethics
13. Virtue ethics, utilitarian ethics, duty ethics, and natural law ethics all fall under the
category of? Normative ethics
14. These theories provides justification for the goodness or evilness of an action. - moral
ethics
15. Who are the figures considered as authoritative in their moral insights? Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle, the Stoics, Jeremy Bentham, Immanuel Kant and etc.
16. The moral exhortation that sets standards against which actions are deemed good thus
worth pursuing or bad and thus to be avoided. - Normative ethics
17. This is ethic applied to concrete moral issues such as death penalty, animal rights,
environment, child bride, homosexuality, abortion, and other personal and social issues
which call for our moral attention. - Applied ethics
18. This ethics is advanced in their content, and are usually taken by students taking an
in-depth study of moral philosophy. - meta-ethics
19. He stated that moral judgments are mere expression of one’s emotion. - A.J. Ayer
20. It refers to the object it deals with or studies. - the material object of ethics
21. As an academic discipline ethics takes human act as its material object. True or false? -
True
22. He stated that an individuals action to be considered as human act, thus, a material of
object of ethics, must possess the following essential elements: knowledge, freedom and
free will. - Agapay (1991)
23. What are the three following essential elements that the material of object of ethics must
possess? - Knowledge, freedom, and free-will.
24. It is what the moral philosophers want to determine. - morality
 25. It is the formal object of ethics. - Morality
26. True or false : Ethics provides reasons on the morals status whether it is good or evil of
a human act. - True
27. He stated that ethics as a philosophical discipline, solely relies, on reason logic and
experience, especially in the justification and validation of certain theories, and principles
concerning good or bad. - Fernandez (2018)
28. He stated the theological ethics by contrast assumes that the answers (on moral
question), given by revelation are true. - Abel (1994)
29. He stated that no species, us included, possesses a purpose beyond the imperative,
created by its genetic history. - Edward O. Wilson (1978)
30. This ethics originated from among, the Stoic philosopher in the first century B.C. - natural
law ethics
31. According to them, to relate human behavior to this order of law was the chief concern of
stoic philosophy. - Stumpf and Fieser
32. Ethics derives from Greek _______, which means “custom” - ethos
33. The basic elements of the nature of ethics are _______, _______, _______, and
_______. - Conventional, logical, prescriptive, normative
34. _______ is the branch of ethics which deals with the moral questions and concrete moral
issues, such as abortion or death penalty. - Applied ethics
35. The material object of ethics refers to _______. - the object it deals with
36. Meta-ethics has the following sub branches: ________, ________, ________. - moral
epistemology, moral semantics and moral metaphysics.
37. The formal object of ethics refers to _______. - human act
38. In contrast to religion, ethics, solely relies on _______, _______ and _______ in the
justification and validation of certain theories, and principles concerning good and bad. -
reason, logic and experience
39. In assessing the morality of an act, religious believers rely on the ______, ______ and
______ as the sources of God’s will. - scripture, conscience, and church/religious
authorities.
40. The synonym of ethos in Latin is _____. - mos
41. The ultimate source of morality in religion is _______. - Divine will

Chapter 2

1. What are the three specific environments that man is situated in and deals with? -
Non-human the human and inner environment.
2. This environment includes everything external to him minus fellow humans and himself. -
non-human environment
3. This environment is where his fellow humans with whom he shares the same genetic
make up. - human environment
4. This environment is believed to be unique to our species, and it is where we encounter
ourselves. - inner environment
5. This environment is metaphysical the world as he sees it, the way he makes sense of
the two previous environments. - inner environment
 6. It is a radical view to internalize man’s responsibility with the nonhuman environment. -
deep ecology
7. He stated that our reason can go against the dictate of its creator, the genes. - Dawkins
(2006)
8. This particular religion, explicitly condemns the slaughter of animals. - Buddhism
9. This person’s ambition was to craft a system of ethical principles to cater for issues
concerning our treatment of animals. - Peter Singer
10. This person posted the challenge: ‘The question is not they suffer nor can they talk. Can
they suffer? Why should the Lord refuse its protection to sensitive being?’ - Jeremy
Bentham
11. It is a prejudice or attitude of bias, in favor of the interest of the members of one’s own
species and against hose of members of those other species. - Speciesism
12. The first thing singer did to carve an animal ethics out of a dominantly, anthropocentric
ethical atmosphere, was to debunk ______. - speciesism
13. True or false: this is how Singer understood speciesism in practice: there are many of
these ways in which men and women resemble each other closely while humans and
animals differ greatly. So it might be men and women are similar beings and should have
similar rights while humans and non-human animals are different and should not have
equal rights. - TRUE
14. To counter speciesism, Singer proposes that animals possess moral status, thus,
deserve ___________. - humane treatment
15. It refers to their capacity for conscious experiences, such as pain or pleasure. - sentient
16. He argued that animals have no rights because they do not have the mental or
intellectual faculty for a deliberate moral judgment. - Carl Cohen (1990)
17. This _______ incapability of animals leads Carl Cohen to conclude that they do not have
morals status, regardless of the level of their sentience. - rational
18. According to Cohen, it is also in its potentiality for moral response. - rationality
19. What are the three categories of the environment man deals with? - Human
environment, human environment, and inner environment.
20. Give five examples of the objects found in man’s non-human environment. - trees, river,
animals, things, flowers
21. Name five specific individuals you should be good within the human environment.—
mother, father, siblings, grand parents, and aunties and uncles
22. In the inner environment, man encounters _______. - ourselves or themselves
23. Where do we experience the inner environment? - In our mind.

Chapter 3

1. He stated that ‘A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty
of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.’ - Aldo Leopold
2. According to Emmanuel, it is considered ______ to treat others as mere instrument for
whatever ends the moral agent might possess in his mind. - immoral
3. If this is an approach to environmentalism most common of all the paradigms of dealing
with the environment specially by the modern consumerist society, such as ours. -
anthropocentric environmental ethics
 4. According to Mappes and Zembaty, it assumes that moral obligation to the environment
is essentially a function of human interest. - anthropocentric
5. It means things are valuable only because they serve human interest, what do you call
this term? - Anthropocentric
6. ________ will, in the end lead to the total destruction of nature. - optimal pollution
7. In this point of view, ‘we’ is inclusive of our life warm, regardless of the level of
development of the components of their nervous system. - biocentric
8. It’s considered all life forms to be inherently valuable. - biocentric ethics
9. It is a young branch of applied ethics. - environmental ethics
10. It is a branch of philosophy that emerged as a new response to the growing number of
human activities that contribute to the gradual decay of the environment. - environmental
ethics
11. He is one of the known advocates of biocentric ethics in the environment. - Aldo Leopold
12. It is another approach which grew under the umbrella of the biocentric ethics. - deep
ecology
13. These values are independent of the usefulness of the non-human world for human
purposes. - intrinsic value or inherent value
14. You have no right to reduce this richness and diversity, except to satisfy ______ needs. -
vital
15. It is the first law of life. - self-preservation.
16. According to the environmental ethicist, anthropocentric approach is accountable for the
following: ______, _______, ________. - speciesicism, egoism and unsustainability.
17. This approach spouses the conviction that the human species does not hold a special
place in this planet. In fact, human beings are just one among the myriads of life forms
on this planet, with equal footing with anyone and anything else in as much as the
inherent value of each is concerned. - biocentric approach
18. This person figured out that the biocentric approach to the environment is not solve the
issue or the diminishing environment in the hands of humanity. - Ramachandra Guha
19. What are the two new cultural values that Ramachandra Guha proposed? - Renunciation
and self-limitation.
20. Environmentalist whose thoughts help from biocentrism include: Singer, Regan, Aldo,
Devall, Naes, Seasons.
21. _______ says, “penguins are important because people enjoy seeing them walk about
rocks”.— Baxter (1974)
22. Ramachandra Guha blames the diminishing environment on: ________, _________,
__________. - over consumption by the industrialized world, and by the urban elites in
the third world and growing militarization.

True or False:

1. The other in the anthropocentric approach is exclusive for humans and primates. – false.
2. Environmental ethics was introduced in the 70s. – True.
3. By land, Aldo Leopold, refers to mountains, seas, oceans and rivers. - True
4. The anthropocentric approach is more important than the biocentric approach. – True.
 5. The interest of human beings is more important than the interest of the animals in the
biocentric approach. – False.
6. Human beings are considered as citizens of the planet earth would go equal value with
other life forms, according to the biocentric approach. – True
7. According to Leopold, a thing is wrong when it does not preserve the integrity, stability
and beauty of the biotic community. – True.
8. Judging from the point of view of the biocentric approach, a toad has a value in itself,
despite its uselessness to humans. – True.
9. The new values as proposed by Guha, include renunciation and limitation. - False.
10. The overpopulation of the human species posts the greatest threat to the environment. -
True.

Chapter 4:

1. It highlights the advancement of personal interest at the expense of the public’s. –

Selfishness.
2. It is evident in every religion where the succumb in the natural tendencies. – Spiritual
frailties.
3. He stated that “Bad deeds and deeds. Hurtful to ourselves, are easy to do what is
beneficial and good that is very difficult to do.” – Buddha
4. For famous philosophers, which are known for their philosophical tenets concerning
one’s responsibility towards the human environment – Immanuel Kant, Martin Bauber,
Levinas, John Rawls.
5. This theory is all about how to be good with others. – Classical moral theory.
6. These are the essential attributes of human. – freedom, knowledge and voluntariness.
7. This referred to factors that negatively altered, essential attributes of the human act. –
Modifiers of the human act.
8. It is the absence of such awareness or knowledge. – Ignorance.
9. What are the three types of ignorance – invincible ignorance, vincible ignorance, and
affected ignorance
10. This ignorance render the act involuntary thus, the agent is free from moral liability. -
invincible ignorance.
11. This ignorance is acted out with the intention to harm.– vincible ignorance.
12. This type of ignorance, though it deceases voluntariness, increases the accountability
over the resultant act. – Affected ignorance.
13. According to Agapi, these are psychic reactions with which we respond to the stimuli
within or without us. – Passion.
14. What are the two types of passion? – antecedent and consequent.
15. These are the passion that precede that act. – Antecedent passions.
16. It do not always destroy voluntaries, but they diminish accountability for the resultant act
– antecedent passion
17. This passion is when it is intentionally aroused, or when an individual nurses it in his
mind, and does something out of it. – consequent passion
18. This fashion do not listen and voluntaries, but may even increase accountability. –
Consequent passion.
19. He identified four major instincts in Maam, among which is the instinct of flight. – Konrad
Lorenz (1963).
20. It is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending danger
or harm to himself, or loved ones. – Fear.
21. State that three principles and fear, and the accompanying moral responsibility of the
moral agent. – 1. Acts done with fear are voluntary, 2. acts done out of fear however
great, is simply voluntary, although it is also conditionally voluntary. 3. Acts done
because of intense fear or panic are involuntary.
22. It is any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent, for the purpose of
compelling, said person to act against his will. – Violence.
23. These acts are usually the experience of the sensation of pain, and accompanied by
intense fear for one’s life. - fear.
24. What are the two principles concerning violence? – External actions and elicited acts.
25. These actions performed by a person subjected to violence, to which reasonable
resistance has been offered, or involuntary and are not accountable. – External
elections.
26. These actions are done by the wheel alone, and are not subject to violence, and are
therefore voluntary. – Elicited acts.
27. It is a lasting readiness and facility, porn of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a
certain manner. – Habit.
28. True or false: habit is one of the modifier of morality. – True
29. Are habits voluntary or involuntary? – Voluntary.
30. What are the three essential elements of the determinant of the morality? – act in itself,
motive, circumstance.
31. It refers to the deed instrumental in carrying out the doer’s motive. – act in itself.
32. These are factors accidental to both the act in itself, and the motive of the doer. –
circumstances
33. True or false: circumstances answer to the who how, where, when, why and with. – true.
34. Whether an act is good or evil, depends on the determinants of morality, which are the
_______, _______ and _______? - act in itself, circumstances, motive.
35. In the ________ passion, the moral agent, deliberately pursues, an act, thus, he is
morally irresponsible. – Consequent.
36. Knowledge can be obscured by ignorance, which can either be ______, ______, or
_______. – Invincible, vincible , affected.
37. The ______ of the circumstances refers to the time of the commission of the act. – When
38. The ______ of the circumstances refers to the manner the act is carried out. – How
39. The ______ of the circumstances corresponds with the motive of the moral agent. –
What