7.5.

INSTRUMENT AND PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 539

7.5.2 Process/Instrument line connections

Generic Threaded Socket welded

Flanged Heat/cool traced (direct) Welded

7.5.3 Instrument bubbles

Main control panel Main control panel Auxiliary control panel Auxiliary control panel
Field mounted front-mounted rear-mounted front-mounted rear-mounted

Discrete
instruments

Shared
instruments

Computer
function

Logic
540 CHAPTER 7. INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTS

7.5.4 Process valve types

Valve
(generic) Globe valve Butterfly valve Diaphragm valve

Ball valve Characterized

Gate valve ball valve Plug valve

Pneumatic pinch valve

Saunders valve Angle valve Three-way valve

Pressure regulator
Pressure relief
Check valve or safety valve
(generic)
Ball check valve

Valve status:
Open Closed
(may pass fluid) (blocks fluid flow)

Valve status may or may not be shown in a process diagram.

If you happen to see solid-colored valve symbols anywhere in
a diagram, you know that status is being represented. If you
see no solid-colored valves anywhere in the diagram, either all
valves are shown open or else status is not represented at all.
7.5. INSTRUMENT AND PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 541

7.5.5 Valve actuator types

Diaphragm Electric motor Solenoid Piston

M S

Electric motor
Diaphragm w/ hand jack
w/ hand jack Electro-hydraulic

M Hand (manual) E
/H

Piston
Diaphragm w/ positioner
w/ positioner

P P
542 CHAPTER 7. INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTS

7.5.6 Valve failure mode

Fail open Fail closed

(or) (or)

FO FC

Fail locked Fail indeterminate

(or)

FL

Fail last/drift open Fail last/drift closed

(or) (or)

FL/DO FL/DC
7.5. INSTRUMENT AND PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 543

7.5.7 Liquid level measurement devices

Bubbler (dip tube) Capacitive Tape-and-float

LT LT LT

XFI Air CA

(vessel) (vessel) (vessel)

Hydrostatic Hydrostatic (w/ seals) Displacer

(vessel) (vessel) (vessel)

LT

LT LT

Radar (guided) Radar (non-contact) Ultrasonic Laser

LT LT LT LT

Radar Radar US Laser

(vessel) (vessel) (vessel) (vessel)

544 CHAPTER 7. INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTS

7.5.8 Flow measurement devices (flowing left-to-right)

Orifice plate Pitot tube Averging pitot tubes

(or)

Flume Weir Turbine Target

Positive displacement Vortex Coriolis

Rotameter
7.5. INSTRUMENT AND PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 545

Ultrasonic Magnetic Wedge V-cone

Flow nozzle Venturi

Generic

FE
546 CHAPTER 7. INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTS

7.5.9 Process equipment

Pressure vessels Centrifugal Positive-displacement
pump pump

Dual-stage Rotary
Single-stage reciprocating screw Motor-driven fan
reciprocating compressor compressor
compressor
M

Motor-driven
axial compressor Turbogenerator Turbocompressor

Compressor Turbine
M G

Shell-and-tube Jacketed vessel

Mixer heat exchanger
Conveyor belt
M
7.5. INSTRUMENT AND PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 547

7.5.10 Functional diagram symbols

PID controllers PI controller D-PI controller PD-I controller

D P D
d
P I D K ∫∫ dt P I
P I I

Characterized
Manual adjust Manual transfer Control valve control valve
A T FCV f(x)

Automatic Manual Control valve

function function w/ positioner Indicator

FCV I

Transmitter Time delay Summer Square root Characterizer

t Σ f(x)

Analog (variable) signal Discrete (on/off) signal

548 CHAPTER 7. INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTS

7.5.11 Single-line electrical diagram symbols

Fuse Fuse Circuit breaker Circuit breaker

(600 V or less) (> 600 V) (600 V or less) (> 600 V)

Disconnect Overload Draw-out Draw-out

heater circuit breaker circuit breaker
(600 V or less) (> 600 V)

Lightning Contactor Generator Motor

arrestor

Transformer Transformer Variable Variable

(alternate symbol) transformer transformer
(alternate symbol)

SCR VFD

Rectifier Inverter DC motor drive AC motor drive

7.5. INSTRUMENT AND PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 549

V A W Hz

Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Frequency meter

cos θ var kWh

Phase meter VAR meter Lamp Kilowatt-hour meter

kvarh

KiloVAR-hour meter Current Potential Synchronization

transformer transformer meter
(CT) (PT)
550 CHAPTER 7. INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTS

7.5.12 Fluid power diagram symbols

Hydraulic pump Hydraulic pump Hydraulic motor Hydraulic motor
(fixed displacement) (variable displacement) (fixed displacement) (variable displacement)

Air compressor Air compressor Air motor Air motor

(fixed displacement) (variable displacement) (fixed displacement) (variable displacement)

Cylinder, single-acting
(ram) Cylinder, double-acting Cylinder, differential

Accumulator Filter
Electric motor Combustion engine

Fixed restriction, Variable restriction Fixed restriction,

laminar flow laminar flow inviscid flow
Check valve
7.5. INSTRUMENT AND PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 551

Fluid heater Fluid cooler Open reservoir Closed reservoir

Various spool valve "box" symbols

Hand pump Solenoid Pressure Lever

actuator actuator actuator

Roller Button Return

actuator actuator spring

Pressure relief Pressure regulator Hydraulic line

(shunt regulator) (series)

Pneumatic line