UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND VECTORS IDENTIFY: Convert units from mi to km and from km to ft Ser Ur: Tin-=2.84 em, 1km=1000m, 12in 0 EXECUTE: (a) 1.00 mi oR 10° m (10? em (8) 100m =(.004o( SE) em vatvare: Ames geet disuee han met. Thee a 5250 ina met oat 3280 ina km Inexmss Convert oie ais om tn Ser Ur: 1 L=1000 cm’. 1 in =2.54em execere: 047s iy{ 00am) (1m) agin (1) "(254 em) EVALUATE: Lin? isgreater than 1 em’, the volun which is 473 em IDENTIFY: We know the speed of light in m/s, = dy. Convert 1.00 ft to m and from sto ns, Up: The speed of light is y=3.00x 10" mis. 1ft=03048 m_ 1's=10" ns Execute: ¢=—23248 yg 10° 00x10" mis EVALUATE: In 1.00 s light travels 3.0010" m=3,00%10" km =1.86310" mi IweNTirY: Convert the units from g to kg and from em’ tom" Ser Ur: 1kg=1000g. Im=1000 em Ikg_) (100 em iit)(Tw) ansur: cid ene ext ca tenet mt IDENTIFY: Convert volume units from in.’ to L Sar abcnodeat Execute: (527 in’) (2.54 em/in) «(0 1/1000 em in in? isa smaller number than the volume in em’, Lod as Expoure: 113 Stem =536L EVALUATE: The volume is $360 em’. I emis less than 1 in? so the volume in em’is a larger number than the volume in in IeNTiry: Convert ft? to mand then to hectares, Ser Ur: 1.00 hectare=1,00%10¢ m*, 1 =0.3088 m 43,600 oso m) ( (0 hectare 100«10" m* a 86 hectares Tacre 100 EVALUATE: Since 8 =0.3048 m, 11° =(0,3048)' m* IoeNTiFy: Convert seconds to years. TU: | billion seconds =1x10" s. 1 day =24h. 1hh=3600 s EXECUTE: 100 tion seends= (1.0109 ExecLTE: Theses (120 sc Ly 3600s)18. 19. LD. 13. Lad. Chapter 1 EVALUATE: The conversion I y =3.156%10" s_ assumes | y =365.24 d , which is the average for one extra day inet a ra . 5 ie ( 0125 mt V1 fortnight (122) ni tne (8200 elev (22284) BH) ori ei re days. day =24h. eee am{'s8¥)( lk Ine) $0 essa mtn 228) Lok gy, 8 od nt 23.4 km/L 45 Litank on | mifgal =0.425 km/L . A km is very roughly halfa mile and there are roughly 4 liters ina gallon, 2 kan/L, which is roughly our result Inexrry: Convert units, ‘Ser Ur: Use the unit conversions given inthe problem. Also, 100 em=1 mand 1000 g ram (ot) wos) (ete))- (8) (V2) (ales EVALUATE: The relations 60 mifh accurate to only wo significant figures. IDENTIFY: We know the density and mass; thus we can find the volume using the relation density = mass/volume= mV’. The radius is then found from the volume equation fora sphere and the result for the volume. Ser Ur: Density =19.5 gem! and myyaj =60.0 kg, Fora sphere 7 rensiy -{ 620 kg_(1000 ¢ tet 195 gem? )\ 10g = F-Zero on!) 9000 ae Vie The density is vey large, so the 130 pound sphere is small in size, IDENTIFY: Use your calculator to display 10”, Compare that number tothe number of seconds ina year kg 10° kwim? are exact. The relation 32 fs? =9 8 m/s is 1080 em’ Ser Un, 1ye=36526 days, I day =24h, and 1h=3600 5 txncore: 65.24 dns! yn[2EE\ 26008 )—.15567. tl 95 mx! 3=314159. x10" 9) aay Kh “The approximate expression ig accurate to two significant figures, EVALUATE: The close agreement is a numerical accident, ADENTIFY: _‘The percent exzor isthe errr divided by the quantity. Set Up: The distance from Berlin to Pars is given tothe nearest 10 km. 10m 0x10" m (b) Since the distance was given as 890 km, the total distance should be 890,000 meters. We know the total distance to only three significant figures. EVALUATE: In tis case a very small percentage error has disastrous consequences. IeNTIFY: When numbers are multiplied or divided, the number of significant figures inthe result can be no greater than inthe factor with the fewest significant figures. When we add or subtract numbers it isthe location of the decimal that matters, EXECUTE: (a) 110%Ls. 116. Las. 1. Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors 1-3 Ser Up: 12 mm has two significant figures and 5.98 mm has thre significant figures EXECUTE: (a) (12 mm)x(5.98 mm) = 72 mm (‘wo significant figures) = 0.50 (also two significant figures) (€) 36:mm (tothe nearest millimeter) (a) 6mm (@) 20 (two significant Figures) EVALUATE: The length of the rectangle is known only tothe nearest mm, so the answers in parts (e) and (d) are known only tothe nearest me, IDENTIFY and SET UP: In each case, estimate the precision of the measurement EXECUTE: (a) Ifa meter stick can measure to the nearest millimeter, the ror wil be about 0.13% (b) Ifthe chemical balance can measure tothe nearest milligram, the error will be about 8.3% 10%. () Ifa handheld stopwatch (as opposed to electnic timing devices) can measure tothe nearest tenth of a second, the crror will be about 2.8%10°% Inc redeconea slash psd fad er eco ce Sin nbtghnidtea gen coalition Exece Te The e969 £007 Ths actin! mci inh ie 2212 07, athe ‘nc ucts elegant whe 150 20% at 295%, Theo se factional uncertainties is 0.20% +0 $3% =0.73%, inagreement with the fractional uncertainty in the area EVALUATE: The fractional uncertainty in product of numbers i greater than the fractional uncertainty in any of the individual numbers IDENTIFY: Calculate the average volume and diameter and the uncertainty in these quantities Ser UP: Using the extreme values of the input data gives us the largest and smallest values of the target variables and from these we gt the uncertainty. EXECUTE: (a) The volume ofa disk of diameter d and thickness is V = x(d/2)*. The average volume is V = x(8 50 eny2)*(0.50 cm) = 2.837 em’. But ris given to only two significant figures so the answer should be expressed to two significant Figures: 1” =2.8 em" ‘We can find the uncertainty inthe volume as follows. The volume could be as large as V = (8 2 em2}"(0.055 em)=3.1 em’, whichis 03 em? larger than the average valve. The volume could be as small as V = (8.52 em/2}(0004S em)= 2.5 em’, which is 03cm’ smaller than the average valve. The ‘uncertainty is 20.3 cm’, and we express the Volume as V”= 2.80.3 em’ (b) The ratio ofthe average diameter to the average thickness is 8.50 env0.0SO em=170. By taking the largest possible value of the diameter and te smallest possible thickness we get the largest possible value for this ratio 8.52 em) 045 cm =190. The smallest possible valu ofthe ratio is 8 48/0 0SS=150. Thus the uncertainty is 220 and we write the ratio as 17020, EVALUATE: The thickness is uncertain by 10% and the percentage uncertainty inthe diameter is much less, 80 the percentage uncertainty in the volume and inthe ratio should be about 10%. InenTiFy: Estimate the numberof people and then use the estimates given inthe problem to calculate the number of gallons Ser UP: Estimate 3%10" people, so 210" ears, Execute: (Number of carsxmilescarday)/milga gallons/day (210" cars 10000 mifreaetyx/365 days)/(20 mil) =3%10" galiday The number fallons of gs used cach day aproximately eq the population ofthe US xpress 200 kp pounds, Express each of 200m, 200 cma 200 mm inches Express 20 months in years ‘Ser Up: A mass of 1 kg is equivalent to a weight of about 2.2 Ibs. 1 i 54m. Ly =12 months. EXECUTE: ()200 kia weight of 40 Ib. Ths smh larger tan the typical weight «man Vin b) 200 = (2.0010 em ® (an) (6) 200m=200 m=79 incns=66 Some people are hist, but ot an tna man 9%10" inches. This is much greater than the height ofa person120, 1a. 12. 123. 124, Chapter 1 (a) 200 mm, 200 m=7.9 inches. This is much too short (€) 200 month 17.y. This is the age ofa teenager; a middle-aged man is much older than tis EVALUATE: None are plausible. When specifying the value of a measured quantity it is essential to give the units in which it is being expressed. IDENTIFY: The number of kernels can be calculated a5. =Visue/V ans Ser Ur: Based on an Internet search, lowan com farmers use a sieve having a hole sizeof 0.3125 in. = 8 mm to remove kerel fragments. Therefore estimate the average kernel length as 10 mm, the width as 6 mm and the depth as 3 mm, We must also apply the conversion factors 1 L.=1000 em’ and 1 em=10 mm. Execute: The volume ofthe kemel is: Figg =(10 mm)(6 mm)(3 mam) = 180 mm’. The botle’s volume is Foo = (2.0 L){(1000 cm?)/(1.0 L) J[(10 mm)°/(1.0 em)’ ]= 2.010" mm’ . The number of kemels is then Mant =F Vay = 2.010" ran’) /(180 man’) = 1,000 kernels EVALUATE: - This estimate is highly dependent upon your estimate ofthe Kemel dimensions. And since these dimensions vary amongst the diferent available types of com, aceptable answers could range fom 6,500 to 20,000 Iexriry: Estimate the numberof pages and the number of words per page Ser UP: _ Assuming the two-volume edition, there are approximately thousand pages, and each page has between 500 and a thousand words (counting captions and the smaller print, such asthe end-of-chaptr exercises and problems) EXECUTE: An estimate forthe number of words is about 10° Evatate: We can expect that this estimate is accurate to within a factor of 10. IENTIFY: Approximate the number of breaths per minute. Convert minutes to years and cmt m’to find the volume in m’ breathed in a year 248)(60 min 8 (TT) 10° em! =1 m' The volume ofa sphere is =4:rr' =_rd®, where ris the radius and dis the diameter. Don't Togget to account forfour astronauts, Ser Ur: Assume 10 breaths/min. 1 3.10" min, 10° 6 10" mye ww o-(eey (asa? EVALUATE: Our estimate assumes that each em of air is breathed in only once, where in reality not all the ‘oxygen is absorbed fiom the ar in each breath. Therefore, a somewhat smaller volume would actually be equited IDENTIFY: Estimate the number of blinks per minute. Convert minutes to years. Estimate the typical lifetime in ‘Ser Ur: Estimate that we blink 10 times per minute, 1 or the lifetime, S310" min ty 7m 365 days . I day Iaacits Te numeroftnis (pean 8242) 365 (Se Ay EVALUATE: Ouretinat of he mumber fink er itu an beef ya eto of vo bt cur alclation Eucly sonrateloapoverar if Imethins Catade te tunber ofa pr mine ad the dato of ii. The volume of ood pumped dn sinc thee akan per ot my te a os Serre Ansverage ml oged 1 year) all x han ert i of ogy 78 eats per mint To Sala te nme te ine aine soe eurensverage tas of 80 exe BXHEL TH Na =(75 basin) Sm) 2E 365 avs a) 2) 90 ssn =ax 10" beatsfifespan Th )\tday JU ye) ifespan , IL _)/_1gal_)(3%10" beats 7 Voogg = (50 em beat 210° grams) $$100%10* (one hundred million dolar). EVALUATE: This is quite a larg pile of gold, so such a large monetary valuc is reasonable. IneNTiry: Estimate the dameter ofa drop and fkom that calculate the volume of a drop nm. Convert ato L Ser Ur: Estate the diameter ofa drop to be d =2 mm. The volume ofa spesieal drop is V’={.2r"=}rd* 10° em? =11 110°? The amber of doen 10 is 220 EVALUATE: Since ?—d?, ior ema ofthe dameter oa dop is of ya ftor of throu stint ofthe rumberof drops off ya actor of 8 IDENTIFY: _ Estimate the number of students and the average number of pizzas eaten by each student in a school year. Ser Ur: Assume a school of thousand studenis, each of whom averages ten pizzas a year (perhaps an underestimate) They eat a total of 10* pizzas Thc sme anger apes oa schoo of 250 students verging 40 pzssa yeu each, IentiFy: ‘The number of bills is the distance to the moon divided by the thickness of one bill Serr Estimate the dks of dolar by mesring a sh tak) tena ving he Incosuement by he oa munber fils Tolan a thes of oughy Thm From Append tn dsiance fromthe earth the moon 310" m, 3.8x10' m ye mm) Ot mab tm 7 Avaya: "Thin anor ewer lion dll] Th cot of sing pet ins in 05 in Signfcay les = oughly Ten dlls IbENTIFY: | The cost would equal the number of dollar bills required; the surface area of the U.S. divided by the Surface area ofa single dol Serr: ly Gwin hcg wf US, he ps in N60 i bp IO 3,380,000 mi?. This estimate is within 10 percent ofthe actual area, 3,794,083 mi?.. The population is roughly 31010 wl hate fa dil bil teased with rt is approximately 6 in by 2 10° Expeure: EXECUTE: A... = (3,380,000 mi )[(5280 )/(1 mi] [(12 im)/(0 AY] = 1.410" in? Ag =(6.125 in)(2.625 in) =16.1 in? “otal cost =Nygy =A Ah =C1 4210" in2)/(06.1 in? bill) =9.10" bills Cost per person = (9:10 dollars)(3.0>10* persons) = 3x10" dollars/person EVALUATE: The actual cost would be somewhat larger, because the land isnt at IDENTIFY: The displacements must be added as vectors and the magnitude of the sum depends on the relative orientation ofthe two displacements, ‘Ser Ur: The sum with the largest magnitude is when the two displacements are parallel and the sum with the smallest magnitude is when the two displacements are antiparallel. EXECUTE: The orientations ofthe displacements that give the desired sum are shown in Figure 130. EVALUATE: The orientations of the two displacements can be chosen such tat the sum has any value between 06mand4.2m 24m 1am pis em eal TT ie © © ° Figure 1.3016 131. 132. 133, Chapter 1 InENTUIY: Draw cach subsequent displacement tail to head with the previous displacement. The resultant displacement isthe single veetr that points from the starting point tothe stopping point Ser UP: Call the three displacements A. B and €. The resultant displacement Ris given by R EXECUTE: The vector addition diagram is given in Figure 1 31, Careful measurement gives that is 78 km, 38° north of est EVALUATE: The magnitue ofthe resultant displacement, 78 km, is less than the sum of the magnitudes of the individual displacements, 26 km +40 km+31km +B+E Figure 131 Ibexriey: Draw the veetr addition diagram, so sale SETUP: The two vectors a and Har specified in the figure that accompanies the problem EXECUTE: (a) The diagram for = A-+ Bis given in Figure 132, Measuring the length and angle of gives €=9.0 mand anangle of 0=34° (b) The diagram for given in Figure 1.32, Measuring the length and angle of gives D. anangle of @= 250° (0) -A~B=-(4+ 8) so ~A— B basa magnitude of 9.0 m (ihe same as A+B and an angle withthe + axis of 214° (opposite tthe direction of A+) (AB), so B~ Abas a magnitude of22 m and an angle wth the + axis of 70° (opposite tothe 2 mand direetion of AB) EVALUATE: The vector ~Ais equal in magetude and opposite in direction othe vector A © Figure 132 IveNTIFY: Since she returns othe starting point, the vectors sum ofthe four displacements must be zero. Ser Ur: Callthe three given displacements A, Band and call the fourth displacement B AsB+C+d EXECUTE: The vector addition diagram i sketched in Figure 133, Careful measurement gives that B is Hm 41 south of west134. 138, 136. 137. Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors _1-7 EvaLuate: —B is equal in magnitude and opposite in diection tothe sum A+ B+ © Figure 1.33 Ioextiry and Set UP: Use a ruler and protractor to draw the vectors described. Then draw the corresponding horizontal and vertical components. EXECUTE: (a) Figure 1.34 gives components 4.7 m, 8.1 m. (b) Figure 1.34 gives components 156 km, 15.6 km (¢) Figuee 1.34 gives components 3.82 em, ~S07 em EVALUATE: The signs ofthe components depend on the quadrant in which the vector les. (-156km, 1864m)] (4.7 m.81m) (ax2em, Soren) Figure 1.34 Iexriry: Foreach vector V, use that I axis, measured counterclockwise fom the axis, . Serr: For A, 0=2700° For B, 0=600° For , @=2050° For B, 0=143.0° 800m. B,=750m, 6, =130m, C,=-109m, C, Ycosd and V,=V'sind , when 0 isthe angle V makes with the +3 EXECUTE: 4,=0, 4, SETUP: Asketch of 4,, 4, and Atells us the quadrant in which A lies (0) tn = EMO 9509. gta -0500 $7 oom A, - mont 500. 0 an 50) 4 and (c) tar a (@ n= 0.500. = tan"\(0.500). 07° 4, 200m = EVALUATES “The angles 2.6" and 207 hve the same tangent Our sketch ess which the conet vale of 8 IDENTIFY: Find the veotor sum of the two forces, Ser Ur: Use components to add the two forces, Take the +x-direction to be forward and the +y-diteetion to be upward138, 139, 140, Chapter 1 EXECUTE: The second fore his components F, first fre as components F, =725 N and Fy=Ry+ Fy =US8N and F, =F, + F,,=275N ‘The resultant force is 1190 N in the ection 134° above the forward direction EVALUATE! Sine the two frees ar not inthe same direction the magnitude of thei eetor sum is ess han the Sum oftheir magnitudes IneNtin._ Find the vector sum ofthe thee given displacements SETUP Use coorinaes for which 1 iseastand + Is poh, The driver's vector displacement ae: A=26 km, 0 of north; B=4.0 km, 0° ofeast; C=3.1 km, 45° north of east EXECUTE: R,=4,+8,+C,=0440 km-+(3.1 km)eos(45)=62 km; R= 4,+8,+C, = 26 km+0+(3.1 kmy(sinds")=48 km; R= 78 km, 0=tan”[(48 km)/(62 km)] =38" R=78km, 38 noch of east ‘This esl is confirmed bythe sketch in Figure 138 EVALUATE: Both Rand Rare postive and isin the fst quadrant Figure 138 Ioexniny: If C= A+B then C,= 4, +B, and C, = +B, Use C, nd C, to find the magnitude and direction of @ Ser UP: From Figure 1. inthe textbook, 4, 2, =+Beos300°=130m Execute: (a) C= 4+ Bs0 C, “ m 5.00 Fe © 750m (b) B+ A= A+B, so B+ Alas magnitude 9.01 mand direction specified nea 210m (¢) B= A-Bs0 D, = 4,~B,=-750mand D,=4,~B,=-210m. D and 0 = A,B, , = 4, B, 50m 4=70.3°. Disin the 3" quadrant and the angle @ counterclockwise fiom the + axisis 180° +70.3°= 2503* (@) B-A=-(4~B),s0 Baas magnitude 223 m and direction specified by 9=70.3° EVALUATE: These esl agree with those calculated fiom a scale drawing in Problem 1.32 ToeNTiFy: | Use Equations (7) and (18) to calculate the magnitude and direction ofeach a the given vectors Ser Ups A-sketch of 4, 4, and A tellus the quadrant in whieh A lies 0 aca $2") Execute: (a) (8.60 em)" + 6.20 em) 48.8° (which is 180°-31.2°), (b) (BT my = BS my (¢) (7.75 km)? + (2.70 kim)? EVALUATE: Inach case the angle is measured counterclockwise from the +r axis. Our resulls for @ agree with ‘our sketches, 0.0m, tn 22>) =1a 80194 937 21}, actn( 27) = 40. (vis 3607-192", 775Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors 1-9 LA1. IDENTI: Vector addition problem. We are given the magnitude and direction of three vectors and are asked to find their sum, Ser Ur: A=325km B=475km 1s0 km Figure Lala Select a coonlinae system where +r iseastand +y north Let 4, B and be the three displacements of the professor. Then the resulta displacement Ais given by = A+ B+. By the method of components, R,=4,+2,4C, and R=, +B, +C,, Find the xand y components of each vector, ad them to find the components of the resultant Then the magnitude and direction ofthe resultant canbe found fom is and y components that we have calculated. As always its essential to draw a sketch Execute: ). A, =43.25 km B,=-A75km, B, C150 km +B,+C, 4.75 km+0=—4.75 km : 4,+8,+C, |. 25 km +0150 km=1.75 km Figure 1.41b R= RFR = JA 7S my HTS ky R=506 km. R m tang == 1754 4 3684 R475 km 598° Figure L4le The angle @ measured counterclockwise from the +-axis. In terms of compass directions the resultant displacement is 202° N of W. EvaLuaT <0 and R,>0, so isin 2nd quadrant. This arces wit he vector ation 142, IneNTur: Addthe vectors using components. B= B+ (-A) Sertiny If @= A+ Bthen C,=4,+8,and C,=4,+8, If D= B-A then D, =B,~A,and D, EXECUTE: (a) The x- and y-components of the sum are 1 30 em+4.10 em=5.40 em, 22S em-+(-375.em)=-1,50 em. (sgt 7 a, RDB =, aChapter 1 (€) Similarly, 4.10 em (1.30 em) = 2.80 em, =3.75 em-(2.25 em| (a) J@BDemy + SDV =6.62 em. aroen( $°) 295° (which is 360°—65°). 2.80 EVALUATE: We can draw the vector addition diagram in each case and verify that our results are qualitatively correct. neXt: Vector addition problem. 4 A+B) Ser UP: Find the x- and y-components of 4 and B Then the x- and y-components ofthe vector sum are calculated from the x- and y-components of A and B. EXECUTE: A,= Aeo{600") 4, = (2.80 em)cos(60.0 4, = Asig60.0°) 4, =(2.80 em)sin(60 0") = 42425 em B, = Beos-60.0*) 90 em)cos(-60 0" sin(-60.0°) , = (1.90 em)sin(~60.0° ‘Note that the signs ofthe components correspond tothe directions ofthe component vectors = Figure 1438 (Now let R= 4+ 1, +B, = +140 em-+0.95 em = +235 em. R=, +B, =42.425 em-1.685 em=+0.78 cm [R= RE = (235 cmp + (078 emy 48cm R,_40.78em R 235m o=184" 40.3319 Figure 1430 Evatuare: The vector addition diagram for = A+B is Risin the Ist quadrant, with [Rl <|2), im agreement with our calculation Figure 1.43¢Units, Physical Quantities and Veetors 1-1 Now let R= 4-8. 1.40 em —0.95 em = +0.45 em 2.425 cm +1,645 em=44.070 em. [+R = (O45 cml +4070 omy 09.em 4070 em _ 5044 05 em Figure 143d The vector addition diagram for R= A +( Evatuan “8 , BR is inthe Ist quadrant, with [2 <|2,|, in /, agreement with our caleulation -a=-(4-8) BA and A-B oe equal in magnitude and ‘opposite in direction, 09 em and 3.7°+ 180°: = 4"12 La. 14s, Chapter 1 Evatwan The vector addition diagram for R= B+(~A) is Bt isin the 3rd quadrant, with JR, [Rin ‘agreement with our calculation, Figure 1.432 IDENTIFY: The velocity ofthe boat relative tothe earth, fg, the velocity ofthe wate relative tothe earth, Fe and the velocity ofthe boa SETUP: Fy, =5.0 kh north and ¥yyy =7.0 kn, west. The vector addition diagram is sketched in Figure 1.44 lative to the water, Fy , are related by gg “yy + Fyn e+ and yg =YG5 0 kh)? +(70 kth) =8.6 kv. tang = "at = SOMO ang Yaw 70 km/h EXECUTE: ie = 36°, north of west, EVALUATE: Since the two vectors we are adding are perpendicular we can use the Pythagorean theorem directly to find the magnitude oftheir vector sum. Figure Lad Iexniry: Let 4=625 Nand B=875 N.. We are asked to find the vector © such that 4+ B=C=0 SerUr: 4,=0, 4,=-625N_ B, =(875N)cos30°=758N,, B, = (875 N)sin30°=438 N. Expcure: C,=-(4,+B, ISBN. C, = (4, +B, )=-(-625 N-+438N)= 4187 N_ Vector [o|_is7N iG) 758 axis and therefore at an angle 180°~13,9°=166.1° counterclockwise fom sand its components are sketched in Figue 145. C= JC#C3 = 781. tng = and 6-139" E is at an angle of 139° above the - the sr-mis A vector addition diagram for 4+ + € verifies that thet sum is zero Evatosn Figure 145,Las, La Las. 150, Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors _ 113, IDENTIFY: We know the vector sum and want to find the magnitude of the vectors. Use the method of ‘components Ser Ur: The two vectors and B and their resultant € are shown in Figure 1.46. Let +y be inthe direction of the resultant EXECUTE: Ae0s-43.0° and C,=4,48,. 32 154N EVALUATE: The sum of the magnitudes ofthe two Forces exceeds the magnitude of the resultant force because only a component of each force is upward Nap IneNTiFY: Find the components ofeach vector and then use Eg (1.14) SerUr: 4,=0, 4,=-8.00m. B,=750m, B,=130m. C,=-109m, C, D,=602m Execute: A =(-8.00m)j; B=(7.50 myi+(13.0 mj; C= B= (199 mi +(602 mj Evateat 109 mi+(-so7 my); All these vectors lie in the sy-plane and have no z-component IneNTIFY: The general expression fora vector writen i terms of components and wnit vectors is A= 4,44, Ser Uns 50B=5 0(41~6)) =204 -30j EXECUTE: (a) 4,=50, 4,=-63 (b) A.=112, 4, (@) 4,=20, 4,=-30 Evatuate: The components ate signed scalars IbeNTIFY: | Use tit find the components of each vector. Use Eq(I. 11) tfind the components ofthe vector sum, Eq (1.14 expresses a vector in terms of is components SEX Ur: Use the coordinates in the figure that accompanies the problem EXECUTE: (a) A=(3.60 m) cos 70.0% + (3.60 m)sin 70.02) =(1.23 m)i-+(3.38 m)j B=~(2.40 m) cos 30,0°4 - (2.40 m) sin 30.0°7 = (-2.08 m)+(-1.20m)7 (b) ©=(6.00) A (4.00) B =(3.00)(1 23 m)i-+(3.00)(3.38 m)j-(4.00)(-2.08 m)i-(4.00)(-1.20) 7 = (12.01 mi +(14.94)) (6) From Equations (1.7) and (1.8, C= (201m) +(14.95 my me EVALUATE: Cand C, are both positive, so 0 isin te frst quadrant Ioextiry: Find A and B. Find the veetor difference using components. Ser Ur: Deduce the and y-components and use Eq.(1.8) Execite: (a) 4=400i-+300}, 4,400; 4, =+300 A= JAA = 4.00) +B 007 = 5.00 9.91 (6) A,=-150y 4, 19.17 m, axon (Sn)1st. 1st. Chapter 1 B=5.00i-2.00}. B,=+5.00: B, b= JB BF = 5.007 +2007 = 5:39 Note that the magnitudes of @ and B are each larger than either of their components. Execute: (b) A~B= 400 +300)~(5.00/~200j) = (400-5 00i+6.00+200)) Evatuat 1.008 +500) A-B=-1,00) +500}. Then R,=-1.00, R, Re + RE [1007 +E 00y =5.10. R,_ 5.00 =F - 5 509 ‘n =100 78.7° +180" =101.3°, Figure 1.50 R, <0 and R,>0, so tis inthe 2nd quadrant IENTINY: A unit vector has magnitude equal t0 | Ser Ur: The magnitude of a vector is given in terms ofits components by Ea (1.12) eyecere: (a |itjefleVP PH (0) [a= AFA A trany component is restr than +1 or ess han 1, |4]>1, so teanot he ani vector. A can have negative components since the minus sign goes away when the component is squared. (©) [Al=teives ar(B0F +a"(40) = Land VaF V35=1. a=+1 =3020 “The magnitude ofa veetoris greater than the magnitude of any ofits components “lfvectors dand Bi commute for addition, A+ B= B+. I they comme for the scalar product, a SETUP: Express the sum and scalar product in terms of the components of A and & Execute: (apLet d= Ait) and B= B48). AvB=(4,+8,)i+(4,+8,)) Evatuan V3 41 so it is not a unit vector. B+ A= (6,+A)i+(B, +4}. Sealaraddiion commutative, so A+ B= B+ A 4-B=48,+4,8, and B-A=B,4,+6,4, . Scalar muliplication is commutative, 304: B=B-A (b) AxB=(4,8,-48,)i+(48,-AB)I+ (8,-4.8 )h Bx A=(B,4,~B.A,)i+(B,4,~ B.A) + (B,4,~B,A,)& Comparison ofeach component in each vetor product shows that one i the negative ofthe oer The result in part (b) means that A» and BH have the same magnitude and opposite direction B= ABcosg Ser Ur: For 4and B, §=1500" For Band €, Execure: (a) 4-B =(6.00 mx150 mjoos180.0° (0) B-€=(15 0 m120 m)cos45 0°=-148 m* (6) 4-6 =(8.00 my12.0 myoos65.0°=406 EVALUATE: When 90° te scalar product positive and when #>90° the sala product negative Ientiey: Target variables are AB and the angle § between the two vectors Ser Ur; Weare given a and B in unit vector form and can take the scalar product using Eq(19). The angle @ can then be found from Eq.(1.18). 450°, For Aand €, @=65.0" 108m15s. 156. 137. Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors 115 00i+3.00j, B=S.00i-2.00j, 4=5.00, 001 +3003)-(S 004 -2.00))=4 004.00) +3 0042.00 AB wo 4B 0519, §=58.7, vata the angle ¢ is less than 90° ImeNtiry: For all of these pairs of vectors, the angle is found from combining Equations (1.18) and (1.21), to The component of along A is in the same direction as A, so the scalar product is positive and AB AB,+4,B, sorta pone) nn EAE) Ser Ur: Eg(1.14) shows how to obtain the components fora vector written in terms of unit vectors 22, A=Vi0, B=, ands wool Execute: (a) 4B: os (b) AB = 60, 4 = 34, B= f136, ole) (©) AB=Oand 4 = 90° EVALUATE: If A-B>0, 059 <90° If A-B<0, 90°< #5180". If A-B=0, $=90" andthe wo vectors ae perpendicular. Wextiny: A-B = ABcos¢ and |x B|= sing, where ¢ isthe angle between Aand B SerUr: Figue 1.56 shows A and B. The components 4 of Aalong Band 4, of A perpendicularto Bare shown in Figure 1$6a. The components of &, of B along Aand B, of B perpendicular to A are shown in Figure 1.56 EXECUTE: (a) From Figures 1.S6a.andb, 4 (b) A, = Asing and B, = Bsing. |B EvaLuate: When and Bare perpendicular, has no component along B and B has no component along snd 4.B=0. When And B are parallel, d has no component perpendicular to B and i has no component perpendicular to 4 and cosp and 6, = Beas. 4-B= ABeosd = BA, = AB, ABsin§ = BA, = AB, @ ) Figure 1.56 Twentir: x Bhas magnitude ADsing Its direction is given by the rih-hand rue Ser Ur, ¢=180°-83°= 127° Execute: 8.00 m)(10.0 m)sin127°= 63.9 m*. The righthand rule says 4» Bis in the nection (into the page). EVALUATE: The component of Bperpendicular to is D, = Dsins3.0° = 700 m. [4B] = AD, =63 9 m*, which agrees with ou previous result Toentury: Target variable isthe vector A> B, expressed in terms of unit vectors ‘Ser Up: Weare given A and B in unit vector form and can take the vector product using Eq (124). EXECUTE: 001 +3.00j, B=5.001-2.00j139, Lol. Chapter 1 (4.00% +3.00j) «(5 o0i -2.00) But fxd=jxj=0 and ix j= 8, The magnitude of Ax B is 230, EVALUATE: Sketch the veetots A and B in a coordinate system where the xplane isin the plane of the paper and the =axis s directed out toward you Figure 1.58 By the rightshand rule AB is directed into the plane ofthe paper, nthe ~=-diection. This aares with the above calculation that used unit vectors ToENTIFY: The right-hand rule gives the direction and Eq (1.22) gives the magnitude Ser Ur: 6=120.0° EXECUTE: (a) The direction of 4B is into the page (the ~=-direction ) The magnitude ofthe veetor product is AB sing =(2.80 em)(190censin120° =4.61 mn? (b) Rather than repeat the calculations, Eg (1.23) may be used to see that >A has magnitude 461 con® and isin the z-direction (out of the page) Evatuate: For part(a) we could use Eq (1.27) and note that the only non-vanis 2.80 em)cos60.0°(-1.90 em)sin60" = (2.80 em)sin60.0°(1,90 em)e0s60.0°=—4.61 em* ng component is “This gives the same result IwENTIEY: Area is length times width, Do unit conversions. Exncin: (Thea fone {nis iy meth ae as il Imi 5280 ft)" > 0 et) SB) seo {all ofthe above conversions are exact), 1) (7877 gal (6) (1 acre-foot) = (43,560 (OC foot) =( ): ( Ta EVALUATE: An acre is much larger than a square foot but less than a square mile. volume of 1 acre-fot is smuch larger than a gallon IneNTIFY: The density relates mass and volume. Use the given mass and density to find the volume and from this the radius SEN Ur: The earth has mass m, =5.9710™ kg and radius 1; =6.38%10" m. The volume ofa sphese is 16 em = 1760 kim" )}=3.26:10 gl whic sound designe Fue Vater BUC (Te pth mas mgs, 7 == EE va (21820) sta mente im Volume ¥’is proportional to mass and radius ris proportional to P", so ris proportional to mt? If the planet nd earth had the same density its radius would be (55)""%,=1.8r The radius ofthe planet is greater than tis so its density must be less than that ofthe earthUnits Physical Quantities and Vectors _ 117 102. 1.63. 164. 168. 1.66. Inestiry and Ser UP: Unit conversion ENpCUTE: (a) f'=1.420%10" eyclevs, so 04310" 5 for one eyele (€) Calculate the number of seconds in 4600 million years= 4.610" y and divide by the time for 1 cycle (610° 7.04% 10" 2.110 eyeles (d) The clock is ofFby 1 sin 100,000 6x10" s 20's, win 6oonto'y wasomry a o( AOE") 110° (about 134) EVALUATE: In each case the unis inthe calculation combine algebraically to give the correct units forthe answer. IoENTIFY: The numberof atoms is your mass divided by the mass of one atom Ser UP: Assume a 70-kg person and thatthe human body is mostly water. Use Appendix D to ind the mass of one H,0 molecule: 18 015 wx ,661<107” kgju'=2.992%10™* kgfmoecule ExpcuTE: (70 kg)/(2.992%10™ kwimolecule) =2.34%10" molecules, Each H,O molecule has 3 atoms, so there ar about 610" atoms EVALUATE: Assuming carbon tobe the mest common atom gives 3x10 molecules, which isa reslt ofthe same order of magnitude Toesrity: Estimate the volume ofeach abject The mass is the density times the volume Set Ur: The volume of a sphere of radius r is V =4.2r?. The volume of a cylinder of radius rand length fis V =2r'l. The density of water is 1000 kg/m" EXECUTE: (a) Estimate the volume as that ofa sphere of diameter 10cm 1” = 5.2.1"? ‘m-=(0.98)(1000 kg/m')(5210*m") =0.5 ke (b) Approximate as a sphere of radius r= 0.25,m (probably an over estimate): ‘m=(0.98)(1000 kg/om?)(65%10 m)=6,10"" kg= 6x10 g (Estimate the volume a that of eylnder of length em and revs 3 mm: V ‘m=(0.98)(1000 kg/om)(2.8%107 mn) = 310" kg=03 g EVALUATE: The mas is dtetl proportional othe volume 3x10"? enti: Used volume Fan dnsty pt calelt the mas Mp 7 SET Up: The volume ofa cube with sides of length x is x? The volume of a sphere with radius R is $.2R° xccure: (a) 8 = 22a S410! 2=2 Ma m= 2 om 7.86x10" kg/m’ S4x10%m’, R=182x10%'m 4 (o) Sak S2em EVALUATE: $4=4.2, soa sphere with radius & has a greater volume than a cube whose sides have length R IoeNTiFY: Estimate the volume of sand inall the beaches onthe earth. The diameter ofa grain of sand determines its volume. From the volume of one grain and the total volume of sand we can calculate the numberof grains SETUP: The volume ofa sphere of diameterd is V = xd”. Consulting an atlas, we estimate thatthe continents hhave about 1 45%10° km of coastline. Add another 25% of this for rivers and lakes, giving 1 82x10° km of coastline. Assume that a beach extends 50 m beyond the water and thatthe sand is 2m deep. 1 billion =110" EXECUTE: (a) The volume of sand is (1.82>10' m)S0-m)(2 m)=2%10" m’, The volume ofa grain is V2 14(0.2x10" m)’ =4x10- m’. The number of grains is ee = 5x10". The number of grains of sand isabout 10" (b) The numberof stars is (10010"X100 10") =10". The two estimates result in comparable numbers for these two quantities.168. 169. Both numbers ar cle estimates but are peobably accurate toa few powers of 10. The numberof particles isthe total mass divide by the mass of one paticle Ser UP 1 mol=6.0%10" atoms. The mass ofthe earth is 6 0x10™ kg. The mass ofthe suns 2.010" kg “he distance fiom the earth to the sun is 1.510" m. The volume of sphere of radius Ris 42? Protons and neutrons each have a mass of 1.7%10~ kg and the mass of an electron is much less. 6.010% ag Tt tweens ta (60=10%8P ]=2.6%10* ams (b) The numberof neurons isthe mass ofthe neutron star divided by the mass ofa neutron 2)2.0%10" kay C710 kg/retzon) (© Toe average mass ofa panicle is esentally 3 the mass of eter the proton or the newton, 1.710" kg. The total numberof particles isthe total mass divided by this average, and the total mass isthe volume times the average density. Denoting the density by , 410" neutrons sae M_g7 F(a) x10" my (10" kg/m’) Dy 1710" ke ” 2x10”, [Note the conversion from gfem’ to kg/m’ EVALUATE: These aumbers of patticls are each very, very large but are still much less than a googol. Ipentiry: Let B be the fourth force Find Bsuch that A+ 8+E+B5=0, s0 B: Ser Ur: Use components and solve forthe components D, and D, of B EXECUTE: 4, =+Ac0s300°= 486 6N, 4, = +A00s300" +B60530.0°= +69 28N Then D, =-2253N, D,=-8734Nand D= JOFDF =902N. tana # = 180° + @ = 256° , counterclockwise from the +x-axis. Asshown in Figue 1.68, since D, and D, ae both negative, B must iin the third quadrant EVALUAT Figure 1.68, IDENTIFY: We know the magnitude and direction ofthe sum of the two vector pulls and the direction of one pul ‘We also Know that one pall has twice the magnitude of the other. There are two unknowns, the magnitude of the smaller pull and its direction. 4, +B, =C,and A, + B, =C, give two equations for these two unknowns SETUP: Let the smaller pull be A andthe larger pull be B. B=24, C= A+ Bhas magnitude 380.0 N and is northward, Let +x be east and +y be north B, =~Bsin25 0°and B, = Beos25 0°. C,=0, C, =350.0N A must have an castward component to cance! the westward component of B. ‘There are then two possibilities, as sketched in Figures 1.692 and b_ 4 can have a northward component or 4 can have a southward component. Ineither Figure 169 a orb, 4, +B, =C, and B=2d gives (24)sin25 0°= Asing and §=577°. In Figure | 69a, 4, +B, =C, gives 2-4e0s25,0°+ Acos57.7° =350.0.N and A=149N In Figure 1.696, 74 N . One solution is forthe smaller pull to be $7.7 east of north {In this ease, the smaller pull fs 149 N and the larger pul is 298 N. The other solution is forthe smaller pull to be $77 east of south. In this case the smaller pul s 274 N and the larger pull i $48 N.Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors __ 119 EVALUATE: For the fist solution, with 4 east of north, each werker has to exert es fore to produce the given resultant free and ths is he sensible drction for the worker fo pull al c © © Figure 1.69 1.70, Inexriry: Find the vector sum ofthe two displacements Serr: Call the two dsplcements A and B where 4170 km and B=230 km. A+B=R. Aand Bare a shown in Figure 170 EXECUTE: £,= 4, +8, =(170 km) sin68"+ (230 km) cos 48°= 311 5 km R, = A, +B, =(170 kin) 0s 6 (230 km) sin 4° = 1072 km ; > z Jk,|_1072 km = RES = JOU San) (1072p 3304, = = 0,19" south of as EVALUATE: Our calculation using components apres with A shown in the vector alton diagram, Figure 170. igure 1.70 LT, Aenty: 44-B=6 (or B+ A=C), The target variable is vetor A SEV Ur: Use components and Eg (1.10) to solve forthe components of 4. Find the magnitude and direction of from its components Execute: (a) C448, 90 4,=C,-B, C=4,4B, 90 4,=C,—B, (6.40 empcos22.0° 40 em)sin22.0° B, = Beos(360" ~63.0°) = (6.40 em)eos297.0° B, =+2.906 em B, = Bsin297. (640 em)sin297.0° Figure 1.71a (b) 4,=C,~B, = +5934 om—2.906 em A, =C,~B, =#2397 em=(-5.702) em1.20 Chapter 1 © Vata A= (3.03 my’ +(8.10 cmy’ = 8.65 em 8:10em 303em Figure 1.710 EvALUate: The A we calculated agrees qualitatively with vector inthe vector addition diagram in part (a). 1.72. IvENTIFY: Add the vectors using the method of components. Ser Ur: 4,=0, 4,=-8.00m. B,=750m, B,=130m. C,=-109m, C, S07m 007 ENpCUTE: (a) R= 4,+B,+C,=-34m. R,=4,+B,+C,=-007m, R=34m, tand= = 1.2" below the —x-axis (by S,=C,-4,-B,=-I84m. 5S, = 4,-B,=-101m. S=210m. tne below the —s-axis Evatosn ‘The magnitude and direction we calculated for Hand Sagree with our vector diagrams. ° Figure 1.72 1.73. WENTIFY: Vector ation. Target variable isthe sth displacement Ser Ur: Usea coordinate system where east i inthe +2-drection and north s in the y-direction Let 4, B, and & be the three displacements that are given and let B be the fourth unmeasured displacement Then the resultant displacement is R= 4-+B-+C+D. And since she ends yp back where she started, R =0 A+B+C+D, so D=-(4+ B+C) (4, +8, +C,) and D, =-(4, +B, 4C,) Execute: 4,=-180m, 4,=0 as B, = Beos315°= (210 m)eos315*= +1485 m (210 m)sin315 Figure 1.730 (A, +B, +C,)=(-180 m + 148.5 m-+140 m) 1085 m1. 178. Units, Physical Quantities and Veetors 1-21 quadrant since both D, and D, ate negative.) Figure 1.73b “The diection of B can also be specified in tems of ¢=0-180"=40.9", B is 41° south of west. EVALUATE: The vector addition diagram, approximately to scale, is p Vector Bin this diagram I agres qualitatively with nen] our calculation using components > /, np Figure 1.73¢ InENTIFY: Solve for one ofthe vectors in the vector sum, Use components. Ser UP: Use coordinates for which +x is east and +y is north, The vector displacements are: A= 2.00 km, (Pf east: B=3.50 m, 45° south of cast, and R= 5.80 m, 0° cast Execute: C, = R,-4,-B, =5.80 km—(2.00 km) -(3.50 km)(cos45* 33km; C,=R,-4,-B, = 0. km—0 km—(-3.50 km)(sin45°)= 2.47 km ; C= (1.33 km)’ +(2.47 km)? = 2.81 km (0 tan"[(2.47 km/(.33 km)]+61.7 north of east. The vector addition diagram in Figure 1.74 shows good qualitative agreement with these values. The third leg lies inthe first quadrant since itsx and y components are both positive Figure 1.74 IDENTIFY: ‘The sum of the vector forces on the beam sum to zero, so their x components and their y components sum to 20, Solve for the components of F Sex Ur The forces on the beam are sketched in Figure I. 75a, Choose coordinates as shown inthe sketch, The 100-N pall makes an angle of 30.0° + 40.0" =70.0® with the horizontal, F and the 100-N pl have boen replaced by theirx andy components EXECUTE: (a) The sum of the xcomponcnts is equal to zero gives F,+(100 N)cos700°=Oand F, =-34.2N The sum ofthe -components is equal t zero gives F, + (100 N}sin7D("124.N-=0 and F, =4300N. Fand r, ISSN. tang= 300N A ie] aN ‘ts components are sketched in Figure 1.756, F = JF+F directed st 41 3° above the —x-axsin Figure 1.752 (b) The veetor ation diagram is given in Figure | 75e E calculated in par (a) using components letermined from the diagram agrees with1.22 Chapter 1 EVALUATE: The vertical component ofthe 100 pulls les than the 124 N weight so F must have an upward component ial thee frees balance (4100) sin 70° T100N) cos 70° f toon, F r ' 126 124 “or @ © © Figure 1.75 1.76. IDENTIFY: The four displacements return her to her stating point, so B=-(A+B+C), where A, B and € aze in te twee given displacements and B is the displacement for ber return Stawr Urs Let +x beast and +y be nor ENBCUTE: (a) D, =-{(147 km) sin85* +(106 km)sin167" + (166 km)sin235 D, = (147 km) c0s85° + (106 km)cost 67 + (166 km)oos235°) = +185.7 km D= [C343 kmy + (185.7 km) = 189 km 343km 5 (b) The dizeetion relative to north is ¢ = arctan| 10S. Since D, 0, the direction of B 185.7 km : is 105° west of oth EVALUATE: The four displacements ad to 270 1.77, Inentiryand Sex Ur: The vector that connects points (35) and (3,94) has components 4 4 wi{ 200-20 210-10. ‘Therefore X =10 +250 cos 72°=87, ¥=20-+ 250 sin 72° =258 fora final point of (87.258). (b) The computer screen now looks Something like Figure 1.77. The length ofthe hottom line is (258-200) 55 [210 —¥7y' + (200258) (Fy) 25" blow ait et EVALUATE: Figure 1.77 is vector addition diagram, The vector fist line plus the vector arrow gives the vector Tor the second line 3 EXECUTE: (a) Angle of first line is 12%. Angle of second line is 42° +30 136 and its direction is tan“ 60,20) 210, 200) (97, 258) Figure 1.77Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors 1.23, 178, IwENTUN: Lethe toe given displacements be A, B and E where A=40 steps, B=80 steps and C=50 steps. R= A+ B+C. The displacement € that wll etm him to hishutis ~& Ser Up Let the east direction be the +iecton and the noth dtetion be the +)-irection EXECUTE: (a) The tree displacements and their resultant are sketched in Figure 178 UN leat js oF Tan (aon heme 6 Theme an sin fees (CITI = TAF =i, ain 28) oh We know that Bis inthe second quadrant because <0, R, > 0. To retum tothe hu, the explorer must ake 49 steps in direction 76° south of east, whichis 14° east of south EVALUATE: Itisusfil to show R,, Band Ron a sketch, so we can specify what angle we are computing Figure 1.78 1.79. IDENTIFY: Vector addition. One vector and the sum are given: find the second vector (magnitude and direction). Ser Ur: Let +x be east and +y benorth. Let A be the displacement 285 km at 40.0° north of west and let B be the unknown displacement, A+ B= R where R=115 km, east 2 tancr = [2/2 =(183.2 (3383 km) 88, south of ast Figure 1.79 The southward component of B cancels the northward component of 4, The eastward component Evatwan ‘of B must be 115 km larger than the magnitude of the westward component of 1.80. Ipentiry: Find the components of the weight force, using the specified coordinate directions Ser Ur: For parts (a) and (b), take + direction along the hillside and the +y direction in the downward direction and perpendicular to the hillside. For part), a=35.0° and w= 580 N EXECUTE: (a) w,=wsing (b) w, = weosaa (€) The maximum allowable weight is w=w, (sina) =(350 N)/(sin35.0°) =959 N EVALUATE: The component parallel to the hill increases as cinereases and the component perpendicular to the hil increases as or decreasesChapter 1 192. IDENTIFY: Vector addition. One force and the vector sum are given; find the second fore. Ser Ur: Use components. Let +) be upward B isthe fore the biceps exerts Figure 1.810 E isthe force the elbow exens. E+ By B= RB, Expcure: B, =—Bsin43*=-1582N, B, = +Bc0s43 +1582.N, E,=-372N 160 N, R, where R=132.5N and is upward. tanar=[6, /£,|=372/1582 (@=13*, below horizontal Figure L81b EVALUATE: The s-component of & cancels the x-component of #. The resultant upward force is less than the upward component of B, so E, must be downward, Iexniry:_ Find the vector sum ofthe four displacemenss. Ser Urr Take the beginning ofthe journey asthe origin with north being the y-direction, east the -diection, andthe =-nxs vertical. The ist displacement is then (-30 m) the sezond is (1S mth thd is (200 mpi andthe fourth is (100 mj EXECUTE: (a) Adding the four displacements gives (30 mp4 (-15 m) +200 mi +100 my j= 200 m)i-+(85 m)j~ GO me (0) The ttl distance traveled isthe sum ofthe distances ofthe individual segment: 530 m 1S m#200 m+ 100 m= 345 m. The magnitude of the toa displacement is D= DPF DF + DS = 200 my +(85 m)* +(-30m)’ =219 m, The magnitude ofthe displacement is much less than the distance traveled along the path. laeements must be zero, Use components SETUP: Call the displacements 4, B, Gand B, where Dis the final unknown displacement forthe return from the treasure to the oak tee. Vectors A, Band € are sketched in Figure | 83, 4+ B+ E+ B=0 says A,+B,+C,+D,=Oand 4, +B, +C, +D, =0. A=825 m, B=1280 mand C=1000 m. Let +x be eastward and +y Denon EXECUTE: (8) 4,48, +C, +D, =0 gives D,=(4,+8,+C,)=(0-[1280 misin30 0" {1000 mjeos40.°)=—I41m. (4, +B, +C,)=—(-825 m-+{1250 m}eos30.0°+ {1000 m]sin 40.0") = 900 m pe 9°, You should head 8.9° west of south and must walk 911 m, ives D, “The fourth displacement Band is components are sketched in Figure 1.836 Mim og 5300 m184. 188. 1.86, Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors __ 1.25 (b) The vector diagram is sketched in Figure 1.83, The final displacement B fom this diagram agrees with the vector B calculated in par (a) using components EVALUATE: Note that Bis the negative ofthe sum of AB and a > © Figure 1.83 IpeNTIFY: Ifthe vector from your tent to Joc’s is and from your tent to Karl's is B , then the vector from. Joe's tent to Karl's is BA Ser Ur: Take your tent’ positon asthe origin. Let +x be east and +y be north EXECUTE: The postion vector for Joe's tet is ((21.0 moos 23°)#—((21 Omlsin 23°) j= (19.33 mi Te position vector for Kats tent is ([32.0 mleos 37°)é + ((32.0 min 37°): “The difference between the two position is (19.33 m~25 56 m)i + (-8 205 m~19.25 m)j=-(6 23 m)i—(27.46 mj, The magnitude ofthis vector isthe 23m) +(-27.46 m) =282 m EVALUATE: If both tents were due eas of yous the distance between them would be 32.0 m~21.0 m=17.0 m If Joe's was due noth of yours and Kat's was due south af yours, then the distance between them would be 320m+21,0 m=53.0-m. The atual distance between ther lies between these limiting values IpeNriFy: In Egs(1.21) and (127) writ the components of 4 and B in tems of A,B, 8, and 0, Ser Ur: From Appendix B, cos(a~b) =cosacosb +sinasinb and sin(a—b)=sinacosb—cosasind 25.56 m\i+(19.26 mj distance between the two tents: D. EXECUTE: (a) With 4, = B, =0 ,Eq(1.21) becomes A.B,+ A,B, =(4.00s 8,)(B c0s6,)+(A sin 8,)(B sin 6) A.B, + A,B, = AB( os @,<03 0, + sin 0,sin 05) = ABCos( 0, ~0,)= AB cos 4, where the expression for the cosine of the diference between two angles has been used (b) With 4, =2, fant C=|C). From Eq (127), B,~A,B,|=[(A.c0s0,)(B sin,)~(4 sin 8,)(B cos 0,)] |cl= 48|c0s0, sind, ~sind, cosd,| = AB)sin(9, ~2,))= ABsing , where the expression forte sine ofthe difference between two angles has been used, EVALUATE: Since they are equivalent, we may use either Eq (1.18) or (1.21) forthe scalar produet and either (1.22) 0 (127) for the veetor product, depending on which is the more convenient in a given application. Inextiry: Apply Eas (1.18) and (122), Ser Ur: The angle between the vectors is 20° + 90° +30°= 140° EXECUTE: (a) Eq. (1.18) gives A.B = (3.60 m)(240 m)eos 140° =~6.62 m* (b) From Eg (122), the magnitude ofthe cros product is (3.60 m)(2.40 m)sin 140° fom the righthand rule, i out ofthe page (he +5-dtetion EvaLuaTe: We could also use Eqs (1.21) and (1.27), with the components of Aand B 55 m’ and the direction,190, 191. 192. Chapter 1 ToexriFy: Compare the magnitude ofthe eoss product, ABsing tothe area ofthe parallelogram Ser UP: The two sides ofthe parallelogram have lengths 4 and B. isthe angle between A and HE EXECUTE: (a) Te length ofthe base is Band the height ofthe parallelogram is sing, othe areas ABsing “This equals the magnitude ofthe eoss product. (8) The coss product 4B s perpendicular othe plane formed by Aand 30 the angles 90° EVALUATE: tis usefil toconsider the special cases ¢= O°, where the areas ero, and #=90°, where the parallelogram becomes a rectangle un the area is 4B. Toexriry: Use E4127) for the components of the vector product SETUP: Use coordinates withthe ss-akis tothe ight, + y-axis toward the top ofthe page, and z-axis out of the page. 4,=0, 4,=0 and 4, =~3.50 cm. The page is 20 cm by 35 em,s0 2, =20emand B, execute: (4% 2) =122 em?,(4% 2) =—70em!,(4A) =0 Sem: EVALUATE: From the components we calculated the magnitude ofthe vector product is em? B=403 emand $=90", so ABsing= 141 em’ which agrees. Ioewriey: and B are given in unit vector form Fink 4, Band the vector difference Bt Ser Ur: =-2007 +300j +4008, B=3.00i +1.00j 3.008 Use Eq (1.8) to find the magnitudes ofthe vectors = BEBE + ~ R007 HOOF HBOOF = 436 (b) 4-B=(-2.001 +3.00j +4.008) -8.00/ +1.00j~-3.004) ae (00-300) +(3.00-1.00)j + (4.00 -(~3.00))k = 5.007 + 2.00} + 7.004. (lat C=A-B, 0 C,=-500, C,=1200, C,=4700 [3007 (2.00) + (7.007 and B- 4 have the same magnitude but opposite directions A, Band C ace cach larger than any of their components IweNTIFY: Caiculat the scalar proiuct and use Eq (1.18) to determine SeVUr: The unt vectors are perpendicular o each other EXECUTE: The direction vectors each have magnitude V3, and their scalar product is ()()+()(-2)+(0)(-1) ==1, 0 from Eq (1.18) the angle between the bonds is -1 1 avon( 55} arins(-1)} =109" EVALUATE: The angle between the two vectors in the bond directions is greater than 90° Ivextiry: Use the relation derived in part (a) of Problem 1.82: C= + B* +24B cos9, where ¢ isthe angle between A and SET Ur: c0s#=Ofor 9 =90°. cos <(for 90° <9 <180° and cos#> 0 for 0 <9 < 90" EXECUTE: (a) If C? =" +B", cos @=0, ad the anale between Aland B is 94° (the vetors are perpendicular (b) IFC’ <4 +B, cosp-<0, and the angle between A and B is greater than 90° (e)If o> 4° +BY, cosg>0,and the angle between A and B is less than 90° EVALUATE: It is easy to verify the expression from Problem 1.92 fr the special cases =, where C= A+B, and for #=180°, where C= A~B exrury: Let @= 4+ Band caleulate the scalar product C-€ SerUr: Forany vector 7, VV =", A B= ABeoss EXECUTE: (a) Use the linearity ofthe dt product to show thatthe square ofthe magnituie of the sum + B is EXECUTE 83 (4+B)(4+B)-4.4+4 BiB AB B= A ABBA B= AB = 2B 2ABCosd193. 194. 195. 1.96, Units, Physicl Quantities and Vectors _1-27 (b) Using the result of pat (a), with A= B, the condition that =2+ 2009, cosd=—H, and #=120" The expression C= 4+ B+ 24Bcosg is called the law of cosines. Find the angle between specified pairs of vectors. AB a Execute: (a) 4=4 (along line ab) B= i+ +4 (along tine ad) B=NP+P +P =V3 (i+j+a)=1 P +A +24°c0s ¢, which solves for Ser UP: Use cos; ae B 80 0036-48 avi + )-+4 (along tne a) B= j+4 (along line ac) A= MFSFSE =, B=NPFE JE AeB=(i+j+8).(i+j)=101-2 AB 2 2 AB_ 22. gaasy 48 dw ve * Each angle is computed tobe less than 90°, in agreement with what is deduced fiom Fig, 1.43 in So eos; Evatt the textbook Ign: The cross product x Bis prpendicularto both A and Ser Ur: Use F(1 27) wecaeulate the components of 4B ExEctTE: The cross products ; ; i jx{ 600)= 11.00 13.0093 +(6 00) j+ (11.00) —c.00)8+ (13.0094 + (6.00) + (-11.00) af pis( 8007-1109 ] Te mest ofthe vestrin gue brackets is JTB5, and so unit vector in his dietion i ~11.00)i +(6.00/13.00) j-(11.00/13.00)4 iss ‘The negative of this vector, ros is also a unit veetor perpendicular to A and B EVALUATE: — Any wo vectors that are not parallel or antiparallel farm a plane and a vector perpendicular to both ‘vectors is perpendicular to this plane entity and Ser Ur: The target variables are the components of @. Weare given 4 and B We also know AcE and B+C, and this gives us two equations inthe wo unknowns C, and C,, Exvcutt: A and € are perpendicular, so 4-C=0, A.C, +4,C,=0, which gives 50C, ~65C, 6.00/13 00 j401 snaond) ‘We have two equations in two unknowns C, and C,. Solving gives C, 0 and C,=6.41 Evatvare: Wecan check that our result does give usa vector @ that sais the two equations 4-€- 5-€=150. Inexriry: Calculate the magnitude of the vector product and then use (122) ‘Ser Up: The magnitude of a vector is related to its components by Eq.(1.12).197. 198. 199, Chapter 1 sino. ino 24) Y-S00F =. 4B ~ (3.00)(3:00) 5984 and EVALUAT Wehaven' found 4 and just the angle between them. (a) Ioent Ax B)-€. Prove that A-(BXC) =(4%B) ‘Ser Ur: Express the scalar and vector products in terms of components ExpcuTE: A(BxC)=4,(x0) +4,(BC) +4 (B86) 8) C,+(axB), 6, «(AxB) c (4*8) 6 =(4,8,-4.8,)C, (AB, ABC, +(48,~4B)C. Comparison ofthe expressions for 4-(B€) and (4>#)-C shows they contain the same terms, so 4 (Bx€)=(4*8)-€ (ty toestiry: Calculate (4>8)-C, given he magnitude and direction of A, B, and €. Ser Ur: Use Eq(1.22)to find the magnitude and direction of » . Then we know the components of AB and of C and can use an expresion lke (1.21) to find the scalar product in terms of components, EXECUTE: A=5.00, 0,=260°, B=400, 0,=63.0° [ded = ABsing The angle ¢ between A and B is equal to 0, =630°-260"°= 370 $0 |AxB| =(5.00\4.00)sin37.0* = 12.04, and by the right hand-rale AB isin the (4x2)-C= (12.0446 00)= 722 Evatown liestion. Thus AB is a vector, s0 taking its salar product with € is legitimate vetor operation. (Ax B)-€ isa scalar product between two vectors so the result sa scalar. IDENTIFY: Use the maximum and minimum values ofthe dimensions to find the maximum and minimum areas and volumes. Ser Ur: Forarectangle of width WV and length 1 the area is LW: For a rectangular solid with dimensions L, 17 and H the volume is LIVH, EXECUTE: (a) The maximum and minimum areas are (J. +1)(W +w)=LW +1 + Lw, (L-1)( —w) = LIV ~~ Lw, where the common terms w have been omitted. The area and its uncertainty are then 17L4(0W + Ly), so the uncertainy inthe area is (6) The rational uncertainty in the areas $= length and width () The similar calculation to find the uncertainty vin the volume will involve neglecting the terms heHf, Wh and ‘wh as well as heh; the uncertainty inthe volume is ¥=/1VH + Lw/ + LWh, and the fractional uncertainty inthe volume is ¥= WH + LwH + LWh 1, © It ihe cum of the fractional uncertainties in the length, width and r TNT heieht Evaeast The calculation assumes the uncertainties are small, so that tems involving products oF two or more ‘uncertainties can be neglected IDENTIFY: Add the vector displacements of the receiver and then find the vector from the quarterback tothe Set Ur: Add the x-components and the components,1.100. 1101, Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors 1.29) EXECUTE: The receiver's postion is [(+1.0+9.0-6.0+12.) yaji+|(-S0+110+4.0+180) yal) = (16.0 ya) +(280 ya). Te vector from the quarterback tothe receiver isthe receiver's position minus the quarterback’ s positon, or (160 y8)i+(38 0 yd), vector with magnitude 4160 8) (35 0 yd)" ~385 yd. The ane is arcn( 180) -24 6" o nei of down 350. EVALUATE: |The vector from the quarterback to receiver has positive x-component and positive y-component IngNtr¥: Use the x and y coordinates for each object to find the vector from ane objet tothe other: the ditance between two object isthe magnitude ofthis vector. Use the salar product to find the angle between two vectors Ser Ur: object A has coordinates (x,y, and object B has coordinates (x,y), the vector Fy from A to B hhas s-component x, ~x,and y-component J, —¥, EXECUTE: (a) The diagram is sketched in Figure 1100. (b) In AU, (0.3182) + (0.9329) = 0.9857 (iy In AU, YOU 3087 + (0.4423) + (—O.04TAY = 1.3820. (i) In AU (03182 =1 3087) +(0.9329 (—0.4423))* +(0 0414) =1.695, (€) The angle between the directions fiom the Earth to the Sun and to Mars is obtained from the dot product. ‘Combining Equations (1.18) and (1.21), poste 87 (0.3182) + (~0.9329)(-0 4423 ~ 0.9329) + (0) 6 ston (0.9857)(1.695) (d) Mars could not have been visible at midnight, because the Sun-Mas angle is less than 90° EVALUATE: Our calculations correctly give that Ma is farther from the Sun than the earth is. Note that om this date Mars was father from the earth than itis from the Sun, ay Sn Figure 1.100 InENTIE: Draw the veetor addition diagram for the position vector SET Ur: Use coordinates in which the Sun to Merak line lies along the x-axis. Let 4 be the postion vector of Alkaid relative tothe Sun, Mis the position vector of Merak relative to the Sun, and isthe position vector for ‘Alkaid relative to Merak._/=138 ly and Mf =77 ly A=M,+R90 138 ly)sin25.6°-0= 59.6 ly EXECUTE: The tlative positions are shown in Figure 1.101, 47-4 R,=4,—M, = (138 l)c0s25.6°—77 ly =475 ly. R= 4,—M, the distance between Alkaid and Merak 475 762 Wy The concepts of vector addition and components make these calculations very simple (b) The angle is angle ¢ in Figure 1 101. esd and 0=514° Then §=180"°-0=12° Evatoan Ty Merk Figure L101Chapter 1 Olt Axe By+ Ioexniny: Define $=A7+0}+CK Show tha # SETUP: Use Eq(121) to calculate the scalar product. Exvcvme: | 7.8=(ai+yj +28) (al+8)+C8) Aes By sCe te points satisfy A+ By + are sketched in Figure 1.102 EVALUATE: If two vectors are perpendicular their scalar product is zero 0, then #-5=0 andl points # ae perpendcularto 5 The vector an plane 4.8.0) Le? LP” Figure 1.102MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 2, 22, 23. 2a. IeNTIry: The average velocity is ¥,..= Ser Ur: Let + be upward 1000 m—63 m EXECUTE: (a) y 197 mis bad 4755 000 — =169 m/s 0) le EVALUATE: Forthe fist L15 softhe flight, 548.n/5_ When the velocity isn’t constant the TASS average velocity depends on the time interval chosen, In this motion the velocity is inereasing Dex: Ser UP: 135 days =1,166%10" 5. Atthe release point, x= +5.150<10* m EXECUTE: (0) 1,4 S1S0010° 4.42 mis A 1166x105 (b) For the round trip, x, =, and Ax=0. The average velocity is zero EVALUATE: The average velocity forthe trp from the nest to the release point is positive ImeNtiry: Target variable isthe time AZ it takes to make the trip in heavy trafic Use Eq (22) that relates the average velocity to the displacement and average time Ser Ur: so. EXECUTE: Use the information given for normal driving conditions to calculate the distance between the two cities: Av=,..§1 = (105 km/h} 60 min)(140 min) =245 km. Now use ¥,,, forheavy traffic to caleulate Ar, Ax is the same as before Av 245k _ Tay 70k 350) hand 30 min. The trip takes an additional | hour and 10 minutes EVALUATE: The time is inversely proportional tothe average speed, so the time in talc is (105/70)140 m)=210 min IweNtiry: The average velocity is, Use the average speed for each segment to find the time traveled ar in that segment. The average speed isthe distance traveled by the time SET Ur: The post is 80 m west of the pillar. The total distance traveled is 200 m-+280 m= 480m tsncore (The evar nntestine 292-400 sane este tes 28 — pn a (8) tow Ar 100s a22 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. The displacement is much less than the distance traveled and the magnitude ofthe average velocity is much less than the average speed. The average speed for the entire trip has a value that lies between the average speed for the two segments, Inextiry: | When they first meet the sum of the distances they have run is 200 m. ‘Ser Ur: Each runs with constant speed and continues around the track in the same direction, so the distance each runs is given by d= v1. Let the two runners be objects and B 200 m 1170 mvs (b) d.=¥.4= (620 misX17.13)=106 m. dy, (550 m/s)(17.1s)=94 m. The faster runner will be 106 m ‘rom the stating point and the slower runner will be 94 m from the starting point. These distances are measured around the eircular track and are not straight-line distances, EVALUATE: The faster runner runs farther InENTIFY: To overtake the slower runner the first time the fast runner must run 200 m farther. To overtake the slower runner the second time the faster runner must run 400 m farther Ser Ur: cand are the same forthe two runners, ENpCUTE: (a) Apply x~x,=¥,,/t0 each runner: (xX), 100m and r= EXECUTE: (a) dtd, =200m $0 (6.20 misyr+(5:50 mv 71s (620 msyrand (x), =15 50 my 5.50 misy +200 m and ¢= 200 _ 9365, mis 5 50 mis (em), =(— 5), +200 m gives (620 m/s} (¢-%) =1790 mand (—x,),=1570m (b) Repeat the calculation but now (x—2,), =(x—¥,), +400m. ¢=$72 8. The fast runner has traveled 3540 m, He has made 17 full laps for 3400 m and 140 m past the starting line in this 18" lap. In pat (a) the fast runner will have run 8 laps for 1600 m and will be 170 m past the starting Hine in IneNTIFY: In time 1, the S-waves travel a distance d d=m Ser Ur: 1, and in time 1, the Pewaves travel a distance Expcure: Evatuan The times of tavel for each wave are &=71 sand ax IeNtiry: The average velocity is», Use x1) to find x for each aw Ser Ur: x(0)=0, x(2.00s)=5.60m and x(4.00 s)=20.8m Execute: (a) 5, =52™=9 49 80 ms 2008 08 m 0) tS 20mis 208 m=5 60 766 ag 200s ‘The average velocity depends on the time interval being considered Calculate the average Velocity using Eq 2.2) so use a() to find the displacement Ax for this time interval 120: x=0 40 m—120 m= 120 m (b) eNTIFY: Use Eq(2.3)to calculate ¥,(¢) and evaluate tis expression at each specified serur: y=“ 260-307 a Execute: (i) (=0: ¥,=0 (i) 1508: ¥,=2(2.40 mis?V5.0 s)- 0.120 mis?\50) (Gi) =10.0 5: ¥, = 2(2.40 mis" (10 0s) ~0.120 m/s*\(10.0 5)Motion Along a Straight Line 2-3 240, zal. 2a2. (e)IoeNTIFY: Find the value of when ¥,(¢) fom part (b) is 220. Ser Ur: y,=2h—3er° Oat next when 261—3er* =0 2(2.40 mst Be 30( 120 m/s?) EVALUATE: _¥,(0) fortis motion says the car starts fom rest, peed up, and then slows down again. Iexriry and Set UP: The instantaneous velocity i the slope of the tangent othe x versus ¢ graph EXECUTE: (a) The velocity is zero where the graph is horizontal, point 1V (b) The velocity i constant and postive where the graph isa straight line with positive slope point (6) The velocity is constant ae negative where the graph isa straight line with negative slope; point V. {d) The slope i positive and increasing at point I. {6) The slope is postive and decreasing at point IL EVALUATE: The sigh ofthe velocity indicates its dtection EXPCUTE: 2b=3er so = 338 ax IeNTny: The average velocity is given by Yn. ‘We ean find the displacement A¥ foreach constant a velocity time interval. The average speed isthe distance traveled divided by the time, SETUP: For (=Ot0 =205, ¥,=20 Vs. For 1=2.0 10 1=30, x, =3.0 mvs. In pat(b), 1, =-30 mis for £=200 sto £=30 . When the velocity is constant, Ax=v,At Execute: (a) For 08, Ax=(2.0.m/s}205)=40m For 1=20st0 1=305, ‘Ax=(30 misX1.0 s)=3.0 m. Forthe fist 30 s, Ax=40 m+30.m=70m. The distance traveled is also 70 m. The average vloiy is y,, = = 20 2:3 m/s. The average sped i lo 2.33mi, (b) For 1=20s 030s, Av=(-30 ms)(.0 s)=-3.0 m, Forte first 30s, Av=4.0 m-+(-30 m)=+10m The dog runs 40m in the +x-ditection and then 3.0 m inthe —x-ditection, so the distance traveled is still 7.0m av_10m 7.00 m Se = EEE = 0.33 ml, The average peat is 20 EvaLvaTe: When the motion is always in the same direction, the displacement and the distance traveled are equal and the average velocity as the same magnitude asthe average speed. When the motion changes direction during the time interval, those quantities are different 33 m/s Iexiryand Ser Ur: a, M Te instantaneous acceleration is the slope ofthe tangent tothe v, versus graph EXECUTE: (a) 05t025: 4,,.=0; 251045: a,,.=1.0ms';4 51065: a, =1.5 m/s’; 651085: 2S:ms?; 8sto 10s: a,,=25ms!; 10st0 128 ay, =25 mb"; 12510 14s a,,,=1.0 m/s; 14 sto 165: a,,, =0. The acceleration is not constant over the entte 16 s time interval. The acceleration is constant between 6s and 12 s (b) The graph of ¥, versus ris given in Fig 212 1=9 5: a,=2S mis; 1=138: a, =10mIs'; 1=15s: a, =0213. The acceleration is constant when the velocity changes at a constant rate. When the velocity is constant, the acceleration is ero sos) Figure 2.12 Inexriry: The average acceleration for a time interval AV is given by a, Ser UP: Assume the cris moving inthe +x direction mih=0.447 mis, so 60 mi/h=26 82 ms, 200 mifh=89 40 mis and 233 ufh=113 1 ms EXECUTE: () Te raph ofr, versus sketched in Figue 213. The raph is not a tight ine, the acceleration isnot constant. 2682 ms 82 ms (VO Ane = 2s “200s-21s a, = H3LWs=8940 9715 mys? The slope ofthe graph fy, versus decreases sins. This is 35-2008 consistent wih an average acceleration hat decreases in magni during each successive time itera Evatuater The avenge acceleration depenis on the chosen nc intrel Fer th mera between 0 and 335 131 mis=0 3s 213 mis cay 2s 20 19) ola 200 sso Figure 2.13,244. 2s. 216. aay. Motion Along.a Straight Line 2-8 4,(0) isthe slope ofthe », versus «graph ow Ser Ur: 60 kmfh=167 mis a, = O67 mls 05 EXECUTE: (4) (i) di, (ii) Av, =O and 0g, =0 (iv) Ay, (b) At 1=205, ¥,isconstant and, 4,=44, =-1.7 mit Evatte: When «,., and 7, have the same sign the speed is increasing. When they have opposite siz the speed is decreasing ‘AU (=35 s, the graph of », versus rs straight line and Ines and se ee Ue = nd = os 1 nd 00 amet proces 1-20-85 (a) At 1=0, x= 50.0 em, ¥,=2.00 emis, a, =~0.125 emis* (b) Set ¥, =0 and solve fore 1=16.0 (¢) Set x=50.0 cm and solve for This gives 1=0 and ¢=32.0 s, The turtle returns to the starting point after 3208, (@) Tul is 10.0 em from starting point when = 60.0 em or x= 40.0 em. Set ¥=60.0.em and solve for ¢=620 and 1=258s, Set x=40.0.em and solve for ¢=364 s (other root tothe quadratic equation is negative and hence ‘nonphysical), At 1364s, v,=-255 emis (€) The graphs are sketched in Figure 2.15. EVALUATE: The acceleration is constant and negative. v, is linear in time. It is initially positive, decreases to zero, and then becomes negative with inereasing magnitude. The turtle initially moves farther away from the origin ‘but then stops and moves in the ~x-direction, WENTIEY: Use £4.24), with Ar=10's inall cases. ‘Ser Ur: _», is negative if the motion is tothe right Execute: (a) ((5.0 m's)-(15.0 ms))/(10 8 (b)((-150 ms) -(-S.0 ms))(10 5) =-10 mis (© ((-150 mi/s)~(415.0 ms))/(10s)=-3.0 mis? EVALUATE: Inall ease, the negative acceleration indicates an acceleration to the left. ‘The average acceleration a, = “2 SETUP: Assume the cargoes from rest to 65 mish (29 m/s) in 10 s In braking, assume the ear goes from 65 mith tozer0 in4.0's Let +x be nthe direction the car is traveling 29 ms-0 10s EXECUTE: (a) 4, = 29 mist 9 mis a, -12 m/s} 40s26 Chapter? (6) In prt) he speed increases so the ccleratin inthe same decton asthe velocity the velocity Sires s postive then te scelerton poste In par () the speed decreases so the acceleration nthe sirection oppositt the decton ofthe vlc IF the velocity econ s postive hen he eceleration regatve, tif te wcocty rection sna then the acceLaton deco is postive EVALUATES The sign ofthe velocity andf the acceleration indicate her ection Zit, neon: ‘Themengesetionis 2, = 25 ew) find tech The tin ation Ser UP. 1(0)=3.00 m/sand ¥.(5.005)=5 50 ms EXECUTE: (a) ag, = Se = 550 I= 3.00 9 599 yy? a SWs (oy =o 00 mix) =(0200miy A120, 0,20. AL e505, 02 1¢0mb (© Graphs of (9 anda) ae given Fig 2.18 EVALUATES a(t) isthe slope of (0) and increases a increases. The average acceleration for =010 00 seqalsteistantaneous acceleration atte midpoint of the time itera, = 250s, since (isa Tear funtion ot sas 09 3 a os °° us oe & ser att < a a3 “3 is a 4 ' ' Slerniszassssaas' oforriszzssse0a55 Figure 248 2.19, (a)tevtirvand Ser Ur: 5, isthe slope of thes versus curve and a, isthe slope af they, vera cue EXECUTE: /=0 to 1=5:xversus1i8a parabola so a, is a constant, The curvature is positive so a, is positive. 1, versus sa straigh line with positive slope. x, 5 to ¢=15 5: x versus is a straight line so ¥, is constant and a, =0, The slope of x versus is positive so ¥, is positive 5 s: x versus is a parabola with negative curvature, so a, is constant and negative. v, versus ris a straight line with negative slope, The velocity i 2ero at 20 s, positive for 15 $1020 s, and negative for 20 sto 25 s 15s to 1-35. x versus isa straight line so v, is constant and a, =0. The slope of x versus 1s negative so is negative 35s to £=40/s. x versus isa parabola with positive curvature so a, is constant and positive. v, versus 18 a straight line with positive slope. The velocity reaches zero at220, Motion Along a Straight Line 2-7 ‘The graphs of »,(0) and a,(¢) are sketched in Figure 2.193 16) Figure 2.198 (b) The motions diagrams are sketched in Figure 2.196 1 aot rect Figure 2.196, EVALUATE: spider starts to slow down, stops momentarily at ¢ spider starts to slow down again and stops at The spider speeds up forthe first Ss, since v, and a, are both positive. Starting at ¢= 15 s the 20 s, and then moves in the opposite direction, At 1=35 s the ds Deni: »,(1)= “and a.) = Se (= Gard a0) serure Z¢ry=mfor n21 a EXECUTE: (a) 14()=(0.60 m/s?) (0.600 mis) and a,(t)= 9.60 mis? ~(.00 mis*y*, Setting v, =O gives and 1=200 8. At 1=0, x=2.17 mand a,=9.60 mis? At 1= 200s, x=15.0 mand a, =-384 mis! (b) The graphs are given in Figure 220.Chapter? 221. 222. 223. EVALUATE: For the entire time interval fiom 10 1=2.00 s, the velocity », is positive and x increases, While a, is also positive the speed increases and while a, is negative the speed decreases. on os 115 2 3s Figure 220, IDENTIFY: Use the constant acceleration equations to find vg, and a, (a) Ser Ur: The situation is sketched in Figure 2.21 a som send x=700m mo 17008 Figure 221 270.0 m) Execute: Use xx, {02% 2000) 45.0 mls 5.0 mls { Tore (0) Use ¥,=¥, 4a, 90 a, == 143 mis? EVALUATE: The average velocity is (70.0 m(7.00 s)=10.0 mvs. The final velocity is larger than this, so the antelope must be speeding up during the time interval; ¥,,<¥, and a, >0. IwENTIEY: Apply the eonstant acceleration kinematic equations Ser Ur: Let +x be in the direction of the motion ofthe plane. 173 mish= 7733 ms. 307 = 93.57 m EXECUTE: (a) ¥),=0, v,=7733 misand x—3,=93.57m. v= 13, +2a,(x—%) gives (77.33 misy'-0 2s-x,) 20337 m) (ut Janet 2x-m) __29357M) 9 49 320 mis* Either ¥, result asin part (b). Inextiry: For constant acceleration, Eqs. (2.8) (2.12), (2.13) and (2.14) apply: ‘Ser Ur: Assume the bal starts from rest and moves inthe +x-direction otal or x 14° ould also be used to find rand would sive the same ( +9.) p gives p= 2¢=5) _ 21.50 m) 2 se mtr, ASO mis We could also use ¥, =¥,, +a, t find 10667 s which agrees with our previous result. The acceleration of the ball is very large.224, 225, 226, 227. 228, Motion Along Straight Line 2.9 IDENTIFY: For constant acceleration, Eas (28), (2.12), (2.13) and (2.14) apply Ser Ur: Assume te ball moves in the +x direction Execute: (a) v,=73 14 mis t—ta, 7B sO 300x107 s 0473.14 mis Ce) We could also use x—x=¥,,+ $a, to caleulate x—x, 440s?) 30.010" 5) =1.10 m. which aguees with our previous result. The aceleration ofthe ball is very arg. IDENTIFY: Assume that the acceleration is constant and apply the constant acceleration kinematic equations. Set |a,| equa to its maximum allowed value. 440 mis? (30.0.10" 3) 0m tags Ser Ur: Let +x be the direction ofthe intial velocity ofthe car. a, =-250 mis*. 105 km/h = 29.17 mis p raat js. v= 0. vE=v,42a,(a— a) gives x=, = Mn = OS CANT mY 4 79 Execute: y=429.17 ms. 9,50. v=, 42a nna) gives x3 = th = SEE TEES 1.70 EyALUaTE: The car frame stops over a shorter distance and has a larger magnitude of acceleration. Part of your 1/70-m stopping distance is the stopping distance of the car and part is how far you move relative to the car while stopping IDENTIFY: Apply constant acceleration equations to the motion ofthe car. Ser Ur: Let +x be the direction the car is moving a0 mys" (=m) 220m (0) Using Eg, (2.18), 1=2(4~,)/¥, =2(120 my (20 my/s)=12. (6) 02 5)20 sys) =240 EVALUATE: The average velocity of the cari half the constant speed of the tai, so the trafic travels twice as far Execute: (a) From Ey (2.13), with my =0, 4, 167 m/s? Inernn: Tseng actin 4, SFr coer aston. 21 (212), 210) 21) apply. Ser Ur: Assume the shuttle travels inthe +x direction. 161 kava 100 min =600 s _ Ay, 44.72 mis—0 Execute: (a) (i) a,., =! =" = 5.59 mis? (9.0) dg = Ci) ggg M2 EAT 814 6003-8008 (b)( #=800, %,=0, and v, (AZ 0 (i) A1=600 s~800 s=5208, y,,=44.72 mils, and ¥, ( 4 44-72 mis +4472 mis 2 2 EVALUATE: When the acceleration s constant the instantaneous acceleration throughout the time interval equals the average acceleration for that time interval, We could have caleulated the distance n part (a) as (5.59 m/s')(8.00 s)' = 179 m, which agrees with our previous calculation, Inextir¥: Apply the constant acceleration kinematic equations to the motion of the er SeVUr: 0.250 mi=1320. 60.0 mph 88.0 ls. Let x be the direction the cars traveling EXECUTE: (a) braking: ¥,=88.0 US, xx) =146 Rv, E 0-(88.0 fs)? 2a-x) 2046R) ‘Speeding up: %,=0, xx, =1320 ft, damn) 203208 (999) Jesoo tam 265 tus 6.67 Rist229, 230. Chapter? EVALUATE: The magnitude ofthe acceleration while braking is much larger than when speeding up. That is why ittakes much longer to go fiom 0 to 60 mph than to go from 60 mph 100, IweNTIFY: The acceleration a, isthe slope of the graph of v, versus Ser Up: The signs of v, and of a, indicate their directions EXECUTE: (a) Reading from the graph, at £40, v, =2.7 ems, to the right and at ¢= tothe let. =13emls, 8.0 cmis 60s 1.3 om, tothe left. It ha this value at al times. (@ Since the aceleraton is constant, x—%,=¥,+ 4a, For 1= 010455, x8) = (BO emisf(45 8) +H(-1 Fem’s \(45 5)'=22.8em For 1= 010755, (b) », versus 1s straight line with slope — 1.3 emis. The aceleration is constant and equal to (a) The graphs of a, and x versus are given in Fig, 229, EVALUATE: In parte) we could have instead used 3% =13mf? Figure 2.29 IneNTIFY: Use the constant acceleration equations to find x, vg. v, and a, for each constant-aceeleration segment ofthe motion Ser Ur: Let +x be the direction of motion ofthe car and let x= Oat the frst traffic Hight ss) EXECUTE: (a) For 20 mis Bs from zero to 20 mis. The acceleration isa constant 2.50 m/s" ‘Constant speed for 60 m: The car moves from x to x=80 m. The velocity x, inereases linearly 140 m. v, isa constant 20 mvs. a, =0. This interval starts at ¢=8 s and continues until ¢=-°" 48 s=11 5, 20 mis ‘Slowing from 20 mvs until stopped: The car moves from x=140 m to x=180 m. The velocity decreases linearly 240m) 4, yee 20 ms+0 7 from 20 m/s to zero song =( BJ aes = 2 + 2a,(x- 1) gives 20.0 mis)? 240 m) constant ~5.00 mis? ‘The graphs are drawn in Figure 2 30a, (b) The motion diagram is sketched in Figure 230b. Isto 1=15 s. The acceleration isa -S.00 mvs? This seament is fromMotion Along & Staight Line 241 231. EVALUATE: When di and #are in the same ditection, the speed increases (1=0 to 4=8 3), When and # are in ‘opposite directions, the speed decreases (¢=I1 sto t=15 8). When a=O the speed is constant ¢=8 sto #=11s 0m) scab) 20 109) @ © Figure 2303-5 (a) IneNtirYand Set Ur: ‘The acceleration a, at time 1s the slope ofthe tangent to the time ENRCUTE: At f=35, the ¥, versus ¢curve isa horizontal straight line, with zero slope. Thus a, =0, 45 mis—20 m/s s-5s 3s At f=75, the ¥, versus curve is a straight-line segment with slope Thus a, =6.3 mis? ALI=115 the curve is again a straight-line segment, now with slope 1Bs-98 12 ms? ‘when ¥, is constant, a, >0 when », is positive and the speed is increasing, and a, <0 ‘when ¥, is positive and the speed is decreasing (b)IpeNTIEY: Calculate the displacement during the specified time interval, Ser Ur: We can use the constant acceleration equations only for time intervals during which the acceleration is constant. If necessary, break the motion up into constant acceleration segments and apply the constant acceleration equations for each segment. For the time interval ¢=0 10 1=5 8 the aceeleration is constant and equal 10 2e10 For the time interval 1=5 8 to #=9 the acceleration is constant and equal to 6 25 mis". For the interval to 1=13 the acceleration is constant and equal to -11.2 mis? EXECUTE: During the first S seconds the acceleration is constant, so the constant acceleration kinematic formulas can be used 20 mis a, = wat (a, =0 50.90 ba,e term) x=4=(20 m/s. s)= 100 m: this isthe distance the officer travels in the first S seconds During the interval ¢=5 s 109 the acceleration is again constant. The constant acceleration formulas can be applied to this 4 second interval. It is convenient to restart our clock so the interval starts at time ¢=0 and ends at (Note that the acceleration is nor constant over the entire = 0) to £=9 5 interval) tye=20 mls a,=625 mis! r=48 x,=100m 3-5 ttt 20 ms) 3) + (625 ms") 5)? =80 m+ 50 m=130 m. Thus x—x, +130 m= 100 m-+130 m=230 m.232. 233. Chapter? At =95 the officer is at x= 230 m, so she has traveled 230 m in the first 9 seconds During the interval ¢=9 s to ¢=13 the acceleration is again constant. The constant acceleration formulas can be applied for this 4 second interval but not for the whole 1=0 to #=13s interval. To use the equations restart our clock so this interval begins at time ¢=0 and ends at time IS mus (at the start of ths time interval) AL2mis 1245 % x=) =(4S mist s) + (11.2 mfs?\(4 5)? =180 m—89.6 m =904 m. Thus x=, +904 m=230m+90.4 m=320 m 320 m, so she has traveled 320 m in the first 13 seconds The velocity ¥, is always positive so the displacement is always positive and displacement and distance traveled are the same. The average velocity for time interval AF 18 ¥, toss, Mu =20 mvs, For 1=0 1095, ¥,,,=26 ms, For £=0 10 135, yy, =25 mis. These results are consistent with Fig. 2.33 IDENTIFY: In cach constant acceleration interval, the constant acceleration equations apply ‘Ser Ur: When a, is constant, the graph of v, versus 1s straight line and the graph of x versus 1s a parabola, When a, =0, v, is constant and x versus 1s a straight line EXECUTE: The graphs are given in Figure 2.32 EVALUATE: The slope of the x versus # graph is ,(¢) and the slope of the v, versus ¢ graph is a,(0) AU I=13 5 the officer is at EVALUATE: AxJAt For ¢ Figure 2.32 (a) IDENTIFY: The maximum speed occurs at the end of the inital acceleration period Ser Ur: 4, =200 vs! 1=150min=900s %,=0 ¥,=? EXECUTE: ¥, =0+(20.0 mis*\900 )= 1.80210" m/s (b) IDENTIFY: Use constant acceleration formulas to find the displacement Ax. The motion consists of three constant acceleration tervals Inthe middle segment ofthe trip a, =0 and v, =1 80x10 m/s, but we can't ively find te distance waveled during this prof the trip because we don't know the time. Instead, find the distance waveled inthe ftst pat oF the wip (where a, = +20.0 mys") and in the last part ofthe trp (where 44, =-20.0 m/s"), Subsrat these two distances from the total distance of 3.84310" m to find the distance traveled in the middle part of the tip (where, ficsseament SerUr: x-x=? EXECUTE: x—3) second segment SerUr: x-x,=? 1.80.10" mis EXECUTE: —x— 3) =(1,8010* 5900) + 1(-20.0 m/s? (900 5)? =8.1010° m=8.10%10" kim (The same distance as traveled asin the first segment.)Motion Along & Staight Line 243 234. 236. ‘Therefor, the distance traveled at constant speed is 3.8410" m=8 1010" m—8.10x10" m=3.678 x10" m=3678x10" km 3678x108 3 84x10" m (6) lneNtIFy: We know the time for cach acceleration period, so find the time forthe constant speed segment. Ser Ur: x—x,=3678x10" m y,=180x10" mis a, =0 “The fraction this is ofthe total distance is 958 omy _ 3.67810! m “The total ime forthe whole trip is thus 15.0 min + 340.5 min +180 min =370min, EVALUATE: Ifthe speed was aconstant 1.80% 10* mvs forthe entice trp, the tip would take (G 84510" my(. 80210" m/s) =356 min. The trip actually takes abit longer than this since the average velocity is less than 1.80510" mvs during the relatively bie aeceleration phases Ivexriry: Use constant acceleration equations to find x for each segment ofthe motion Ser Ur: Let +x be the diretion the wai is taveling (1.60 mis*\04 05) At £1405, the speed is ¥, =¥, .0,1=(1 60 mis? KL40 s)=22.4 mls Inthe next 7100s, a, =0 and at = (22.4 m5),70.0 5)=1568 m Forte interval during which the train is slowing down, Execure: + 043%10* s= 340.5 min. EXECUTE: f=0 t0 40s: xx, = 1.4440," Wi, #2a,(2—x,) gives x 2a, The total distance traveled is 157 m+1568 m +72 m=1800 m EVALUATE: The acceleration is not constant forthe entive motion but it does consist of constant acceleration segments and we ean use constant acceleration equations for each segment, IDENTIFY: _»,(0) isthe slope of the x versus # graph. Car B moves with constant speed and zero acceleration Car A moves with positive acceleration; assume the aeceleration is constant Ser Ur: For carB, y, is positiveand a, =0. For car 4, a, is positive and x, inereases with EXECUTE: (a) The motion disgrams forthe cars are given in Figure 2.3Sa (b) The tWo cars have the same position at times when their 1 graphs cross. The figure inthe problem shows this ‘occurs at approximately ¢=1 sand 1=3 s (€) The graphs of v, versus foreach car are sketched in Figure 23h. (a) The cars have the same velocity when their sf graphs have the same slope. This occurs at approximately (€) Car A passes car B when x,moves above .x in the x- graph. This happens at (0 Car B passes cat A when x, moves above x, in the x graph, This happens at =1's EVALUATE: When a, =0, the graph of », versus isa horizontal line. When 4, is positive, the graph of | +, Versus isa straight line with positive slope. vets) o Figure 2.35a-b IweNtiry: Apply the constant acceleration equations to the mation of each vehicle. The truck passes the car ‘when they are atthe same x atthe same 1> 0237. 238. Let + be inthe direstion of motion ofthe vehicles. Both 20 ms". The truck has ¥, = 20.0 mis t+ Lay gives x =Yyt and xe =a". Seting x, =e gives Execute: (a) x=% 2vy_ _2(200 mis) The car and truck have each traveled 250 m, (6) At -=125 5, the cars v, = ¥,+f= (3.20 mis"\(12.5 s)= 40 mis inf and xe = 140°. The st graph ofthe motion for each vehicle is sketched in Figure 2.363 rr Yo =@ct The ¥,-1 graph foreach vehicle i sketched in Figure 2360, EvaLuate: When the car overtakes the track it seed is twice that ofthe truck ae veins) and vy =Hat $0 250 mand x= 46.20 mis*y125 5)" 250m 258. Atthiss, x, =(200 misX125 5) © Figure 2360-0 Inexriry: For constant acceleration, Eqs. (2.8), (2.12), (2.13) and (2.14) apply Ser Ur: Take +y to be downward, so the motion isin the +y direction. 19,300 km/h 11600 km/h = 444.4 mvs , and 321 kav EXECUTE: (a) Stage 4 1= 2405, %, 444.4 mls ~5361 ms 361 mis sy =n, +40 gives Yo _S92ms—A44$ mis yg ge 7 os Stage C. y—y,=75m, vy, =89.2 mis, 9, vi-ve, _ 0-(89.2 m/s)" ¥j, +24, y,) gives 53.0 is. In each case the negative sign means thatthe acceleration i (75 m) ca tse yy SE -( SHEE a sage yy =[ Mbit 2 asim ‘Stage C: The problem states that ‘The total distance traveled during all three stages is 697 km +25 km +0.075 km=722 km EVALUATE: The upward acceleration produced by friction in stage 4 is calculated tobe greater than the upward acceleration due to the parachute in stage B. The effecs of air esistance increase with increasing speed and in reality the acceleration was probably not constant during stages 4 and 8. IeNTIFY: Assume an initial height of 200 m and! a constant aeceleraion of 9.80 m/s? Ser Ur: Let +y be downward. I km/h=0.2778 m/s and 1 mifh= 0.4470 misMotion Along & Staight Line 248 239, 240, zai. 242. EXECUTE: (a) y~y=200m, a, vy, = 219-80 mis"}(200 m) = 60 m/s (b) Raindrops actually have a speed of about I m/Sas they strike the ground, (€) The actual speed atthe ground is much less than the speed calculated assuming fiee-fall, so neglect of wit resistance i a very poor approximation for falling raindrops. EVALUATE: In the absence of air resistance raindrops would land with speeds that would make them very dangerous, IneNtirv: Apply the constant acceleration equations to the motion of the flea. After the flea leaves the ground, 44, =g, downward. Take the origin atthe ground and the positive direction to be upward. (a) Ser Ur: Atthe maximum height», 0440 m a, =-9.80 mis rs +24, (VI) 3a, 93) = VRBO wis KO.AAG m) = 2.94 mis (b)SeCUr: When te flea has retumed tothe ground y— 3p = an vi svi, +2a,(y—y,) ives EXECUTE: y, InN Execue: EVALUAT 0 after 0.300 s, Inexrury: Apply constant acceleration equations tothe motion ofthe lander. Ser Ur: Let +3 be postive Since the lander is in free-fall, a, =+1.6 mis Execute: =08 mis, Om, a,=+16msin v3 ¥, = hs, #24, 07= 3) = VOR mish +2016 mis VSO m) =4.1 mis Evatuste: The same descent on earth would result in a final speed of 9 9 mis, since the acceleration due to sravity on earth is much larger than on the moon Inext1ey: Apply constant acceleration equations tothe motion ofthe mtestick. The time the meterstick fll is Ser Ur Let +y be downward The meter stick has y, =0 and a, =9.80 mis? Letd be the distance the meterstck falls i, +2a, (yy) gives 90 mis? and. EXECUTE: (=H, = WH LGP gives d (o) r= [227% 9 190 5 4.90 mis EVALUATE: The reaction time is proportional tothe square ofthe distance the stick falls InENTIFY: Apply constant acceleration equations to the vertical motion of the brick. SerUr: Let +3 be downward. a EXECUTE: (@) 50's, a,=9.80 ms? yy, building is 30.6 m tal 0-+(0.80 mis!y2.50 (6) The graphs of a,. x, andy versus ‘ate given in Fig. 242 Take 9.80 mis")(2.50 8)°= 30.6 m. The ‘atthe ground243. +2a,(y~¥.)10 check our results Figure 2.42 IDENTIFY: When the only force is gravity the acceleration is 9.80 mis®, downward. There are two intervals of constant acceleration and the constant acceleration equations apply during each of these intervals, Ser Ur: Let +y be upward. Let y'=Oat the launch pad. The final velocity forthe first phase of the motion is the initial velocity for the free-fall phase EXECUTE: (a) Find the velocity when the engines cutoff. yy, =525 m, a, f=, +2a,(1— 95) gives v, = Y21225 mis" S25 m) "Now consider the motion fom engine cut off to maximum height) yy =525m, yy, 2.25 mis, ry, 186 mis maximum height), 0, =-9.80 mils.» y= 121m +525 m=646 m 2p = +4865. vf ~ (486 mis)? +2(-9 80 mis 325 m) =112 m/s 48.6 mis —9 80 mls 2a,(y~ yy) Bives 112 mis. Then », (€) Find the time from blastoff until engine failure: »~ y ow) _ [2S75m, a, V225 ms 21.6 $+ 1645380 sale bast off The acceleration a, 8 +225 mvs" fiom 525m, ¥, 1.6. The rocket strikes the launch pad wo 1=216s. tis 9.80 mis! from 1=21.6 sto 380s. », =¥%, +4,¢ applies during each constant acceleration segment, so the graph of v, versus is a straight line with positive slope of 2.25 ms during the blast-ofF phase and with negative slope of ~9.80 mus" after engine failure. During each phase y— yy curvature of (4). At 1= 38.0 s the rocket has returned t0 Evatusn ryt+$a,0 The sign of a, determines the The graphs are sketched in Figure 2.43, In part (b) we could have found the time from yy, avoid solving for # from a quadratic equation, + 4a? finding, fist allows us to $86 mk bares Hams Figure 2.43Motion Along a Straight Line 217 244. IDENTIFY: Apply constant acceleration equations tothe vertical motion of the sandbag, Ser Ur: Take +y upward a, =-9.80 m/s®. The initial velocity ofthe sandbag equals the velocity of the 5.0 m/s. When the balloon reaches the ground, ~ y =—40.0 m. At its maximum height the 1P = (5.00 m/sy(.250 5) + 4(-9.80 m/s? X0.250 s)' = 094 m. The 35 mis EXECUTE: (a) (=02508) y= 39=% 44 sandbag is 40.9 m above the ground. ¥, = ¥y, +a,¢=+500 mils +(-9 80 mis?\(0.250 s)= (00s: y~ 3g =(5.00 mvs 00 s)-+(-9.80 mis?\_1.0 5)* =0.10 my. The sandbag is 40.1 m above the +4,1=+5.00 mis +(-9 80 mis"\(1.00 s)=—4 80 mis 5.80 mis. yy 40,0 m =(5.00 mis)¢—(4.90 mis"), (4.90 mis!) (5.00 mvs}t-40.0 m=O and (6903 55 AEA shal $005 W500" -aa90F—0H) (0) 9) =, +9 #5.00 mine (-9 80 my 3.415)=-264 ms (d) %, =S.00 mis, a, =-9.80 mvs? v, =0. ¥F Hoe _0-G00msy Ya,” 2-980m/) (6) The graphs of gr, and versus far given in Fig. 2-44, Take »=0 a the ground EVALUATE: The sandbag initially travels upward with deereasing velocity and then moves downward with increasing speed Jafar gives (0,512.90) s. ¢must be positive, so ¢= 3.41 s "i #2a,(y—34) gives 28m. The maximum height is 41.3 m above the ground IIe 245, IDENTIFY: The balloon has constant acceleration, 8, downward (a) Ser UP: Take the 4 diction to be upward 00s, %,,=-600 m/s, a, =-9.80.ms!, », =? EXECUTE: _y, =n, +4,1=-6.00 m/s-+(-9 80 mis"V200 8)=-25 5 ms (o)SerUr: y-y,=? Execute (6.00 {2.00 s)+4(-9.80 mis*)2.00 5 =-31.6m (@SerUR: yy, 2 vpavi, +24,(9-95) fi +2a,(y— ya) -152 mis ~Y(600 mis)? ¥2(-9-80 o's (—10.0 m) EXECUTE: ¥, (a) The graphs are sketched in Figure 2.45. 4 PRN Figure 245 The speed ofthe balloon inreases steadily since the aceleration and velocity are in the same sles than this (15.2 rs) when |y-~ yi es (10.0 m). Evatuan direction28 246. 2ar. 248, Chapter? Since air resistance is ignored, the egg is in fce-fill and has a constant downward aceleration of ‘magnitude 980 m/s. Apply the constant acceleration equations othe motion ofthe eg SeVUr: Take 4 tobe upward. Atthe maximum height,» -50.0 m, 1=5.00 s, a, =-980 mis? p39, = 0.0.m 2a S008 (b) %,= 4145 ms, ¥,=0 (atthe maximum heigh), a, =v, #2a,¢y—39) gives EXECUTE: (a) y—¥ 9.80 mls \(S.00 s) =+14 5 ms s0ms*, Yinwi, _0-(145 ms)! 2a, 2-980m/s) (¢) Atthe maximum height ¥, =0 (a) The acceleration is constant and equal to 9.80 mvs*, downward at all points inthe motion, including atthe ‘maximum height. (€) The graphs are sketched in Figure 2.46 % 0.7m EVALUAT The time forthe egg to reach its maximum height is 485. The egg has ‘returned to the level of the cosnice afer 2.96 sand after $00 sit has traveled downward from the cornice for 2048 om vy mts anh) 0 ao] 240 3 Figure 2.46 IeNTIFY: Use the constant acceleration equations to calculate a, andl x— xy (a)SerUr: y,=224 mis, my, 900s, a, 224 mis 1 03008 (b) 4, (g=(249 mis") (9.80 mis?) =25.4 (0) xm =n + $a = 0+ 4249 mis?(0.900 5)? = 101 m (@)SerUr: Calculate the acceleration, assuming it is constant: ADS, Y.=283 mvs, ¥,=0 (stops), a, =? ExpcuTe: a, 249 mis? 0-283 7 Taos a, g=(-202 m/s?) 9.80 mis!)=-206; a, =-20.6g Tre acceleration wil the sled is stoping const ihen te magi ofthe celeron i nly 206g. Buti the actleraton sol constant Kia cera ponble ttl Sone pon he istntaneou celeron oul ews tage a EVALUATES Is easonable that for this motion the acelertion is much larger thang Toewrras Sins tenstance is gnred, he boule neal and ars conta! downward acecleation of ‘magnitude 9 $0 m/s? Apply the constant aeceleration equations to the motion of the boulder. Ser Ue Take +) tobe upward EXECUTES (a), = +400 mis, v,=*200 mis, a, =-980m". y, 20.0 mis~ 40.0 mis 9.80 ms ExecurE: a, 202 mis? nt, gives 2.04 s249, 250. Motion Along Staight Line 219 0, yy = +40.0 mis, a, = 9.80 m/s? 240.0 ms) 48.168 (ay, 08 s voy Ft gives & (The acceleration is 9.80 m/s, downward, at all points inthe motion (1 The graphs are sketched in Figure 2.48 EVALUATE: y, Oat the maximum height The time to reach dhe maximum eight is half Uhe toa time inthe ar, so the answer in part (is half the answer in prt (c). Also note that 2.04 <4 08s <6.12 5. The boulder is going ‘upward unit each’ its maximum height and after the maximum height iis waveling downward voc) socal astm) 0 ° 2s | os 2s of 10) 8) BE) Figure 2.48, IDENTIFY: We can avoid solving forthe common height by considering the relation between height, time of fall and acceleration due to gravity and setting up a ratio involving time of fall and acceleration due to gravity Ser Ur: Let gy, be the acceleration due to gravity on Enceladus and let g be this quantity on earth. Leth be the ‘common height from which the abject is dropped, Let +y be downward, soy yp=h ay ENeCUTE: yy, LP gives h= Ler and b= £g,f,. Combining these two equations gives seit an) -o mas!) uae si -eaamt carat} mone (5) ser fra Le or 220 nat Expire: (a) 1,=m,+ [letde=, thar, 44060 mist\P 9, =50 mis when 410 gives 44 mis, Then, at = 2.05, v,=44 m/s (0.60 m/)\2.05)°= 68 mis sflou teenies tryertar x=60mat 110s gies =14m. Then at so ldims(bdne}205)¢ 02409209 14 (6) x()=14. m+ (44 mis +(0.20 ms) yP (2) = 44 mis + (0.60 mis?) 0,6 sketched in Figure 2.50. 1.20m/s?)¢. The graphs are220 Chapter? Evatuare: Wecan verify that = 2 and v, = 2 a a xm) sun cos) aannls) 1s 2 10) 10) 2st. 252. 1 +10 Figure 2.50, 4, = At—BE with A=1.50 mis! and B=0.120 mist (a) IbenTIFY: Integrate a,(1) to find v,(7) and then integrate ¥,(9) to find x(0, fied SETUP: y, Execute: y, ret (A= B) d=, 4b 4B? Attest at =0 says that ¥,=0, 50 $401.80 =4(150 nvs!y? (0.120 mise (0.75 mis'y? —(0.040 ms? afisa tthe origin at 1=0 says that x = 4A? Br = (1.50 mls? — (0.120 rs") x=(025 vs!) ~(0.010 ms") SerUr: x EXECUTE: x Be) dr=3, +440 00 vate: Wecancsk os ing mio t= al) at (vtnyrev maser, atime ate, bo marin, 00, et a2 6, te mde ey dt is sill inereasing, For later times a, is negative and v, is 0, For earlier times a, is positive so», EXECUTE: 4, One root is Atthis time v, =(075 m/s")? (0.040 mis" gives ¥,=(0.75 mvis!X12.5 5) ~(0.040 mis! 12.5 5)°=1172 m/s ~78.1 mls =39.1 m/s EVALUAT For <1255, a,>0 and y, is increasing. For ¢> 12.55, a, <0 and y, is decreasing ‘a(1) is the slope ofthe v versus # graph and the distance traveled isthe area under the v versus # graph, ‘Ser Ur: The v versus ‘graph can be approximated by the graph sketched in Figure 2.52. EXECUTE: (a) Slope=a=0 for 213 ms ) og = Atea under ¥f g799H © Apuage + desu ©S(.3 ms)(133 cms) +(2.5 ms—1.3 msy(133 cm/s) 0.25 em 133em/s (©) a= slope of +1 graph. a(0.5 ms) =a(1.0 ms) =~ 010% em/s* ‘a(1.5 ms)=0 because the slope is zero,Motion Along & Staight Line 2-21 253. 258, (a) h=area under vt graph (05 ms)~ Apne = =(0.5-ms)(33 ems) = 8.310 em 1.0) ae" m0 es) =$010% om HOLS ms) Apage + Arcos = 30 3 ms)(133 cmls)(0.2 ms)1.33) =0.11 em EVALUAT The acceleration is constant until 4=1.3 ms and then itis zero, g=980 emvs*. The acceleration during the fist 1.3 ms is much larger than this and gravity can be neglected for the portion of the jump that we are considering 133 ems Figure 2.52 (a) Ioextiry and Ser Ss and 1-758, EXECUTE: This area is {(4.00 emis? +8.00 emis#)(7.5 s~2. s)= 30.0 ems ‘This acceleration is positive so the change in velocity is positive. (by Slope of v, versus #s positive and inereasing with 1 The graph is sketched in Figure 2 53 Pa Figure 23 ‘The change in speed is the area under the a, versus «curve between vertical lines at EVALUATE: The calculation in part (a) is equivalent to Av, =(2y,.)At Since a, is linear in 4, = (de, +4,)!2. Thus 4, = (4.00 cms! +8.00 cms) forthe time interval 1=2.5 $ to 1=75s. IweNTIFY: The average speed isthe total distance traveled divided by the total time. The elapsed time is the distance traveled divided by the average speed Ser Ur: The total distance traveled is 20 mi, With an average speed of 8 milh for 10 mi, the time for that First 10 mites is 2™ <1 254 Exscr ne: (9 Anange pom 20 migraine of 222%, Thess 0 mma 10 mi be covered in § 0-125 h=3.75 h. This corresponds to an average speed of 375h (Anas pdf 2 hr 0 mig ta ie 22-167 Than 1 Lomi covrdia P8135 ho 0128 iscarepntoanengesedaf 12H pe tee speee or Daz {¢) Anaverage speed of 16 mifh for 20 mi gives a total time of 1.25h. But 125 h was already spent 16 muh * oe ducing the first 10 miles and the second 10 miles would have to be covered in zero time. This is not possible and an average speed of 16 mi forthe 20-mile ride isnot possible EVALUATE: The average speed forthe total trip isnot the average of the average speeds foreach 10-mile segment, The ride spends a different amount of time traveling at cach of the two average speeds extn: »,( 4 serur 4 erure Sor EXECUTE: (a) ¥(0)=(0.00 mls}F (20.0 mis!) +9.00 ms. (0) =(18.0 ms!)¢-200 ms The graphs are sketched in Figure 2.55256. 257. Chapter? (b) The patile is instantaneously at rest when ¥,()=0. ¥ [42002 G00 WGTRYGDN) 5-1 1152048 ‘y+ graphs in part (a) (6) For 1=063s, a, =(18.0:5!\0.63 s)~20.0 mis! =-8.7 mls’. For 1=1595, a, the slope of the v,-f graph is negative and at 1=1.59 siti positive, so the same answer is deduced from the 1¥,(0 graph as from the expression for a,(1) 0 and the quadratic formula gives 63 sand 59 5. These results agree with the 86 mis? At 1=0635 20.0ms* 180m" Janda, <0 (so the particle is starting 10 Ms This occurs at 1 = (@) ¥,(0) is instantaneously not changing when a, (©) When the particles a its greatest distance from the origi, y ‘move back toward the origin) Tis isthe case for ¢= 0.63 s, which agrees withthe x graph in part (a). At 635, x=245m (1) The particle’ speed is changing at its greatest rate when @, has is maximum magnitude. The 4,1 eraph in pat (a)shows this oceursat r= Oand at = 2.00 s. Since spocding up atts greatest rte when a is positive, and this is for = 2.00 3 The particle is slowing down at its greatest rate when a, i negative and this is for ¢ always positive inthis time interval, the particle is Evatvare: Since aris linear in, v,(is parabola and is symmetric around the point where | (0) has its ‘minimum value (= 1.115) For this eason, the answer to part (dl) is midway between the two times in pat () xm soins axoonke s 6 5 7 1 n 1-4 to) 10) U| Or oR 1s 2 basis as 8 ora ate 2 Figure 2.88 ax Iextiry: The average velocity is ¥,,, =". The average speed isthe distance traveled divided by the a lapsed time SET Ur: Let +x be inthe direction ofthe first leg ofthe race. For the roundtrip, Ax >0 and the total distance traveled is 50.0 m, For each leg ofthe race both the magnitude of the displacement and the distance traveled are 25.0 m, |ax|_ 250m jar” 200s Execute: (a 1.25 mis. This isthe same asthe average speed fortis eg ofthe ace 0) bral (67 mis. This is the same asthe average sped fortis leg ofthe race ar (6) Ax=050 500m =143 ms (4) Te average speed is OO" EVALUATE: _ Note thatthe average speed forthe roundtrip is not equal tothe arithmetic average ofthe average speeds foreach leg IbENTII¥: Use information about displacement and time to calculate average speed and average velit. Take the origin to beat Seward andthe postive direction tobe west. (a) Ser Urs average speed = pone vet EXECUTE: The distance traveled (different from the net displacement (x—%,)) is 76 km+34 km-=110 km. to finds foreach leg ofthe journey.Motion Along & Staight Line 2.23 258, 259. 260. (serum o,,95 wt A eden the dna 42km 1336 EVALUATE: The motion is not uniformly inthe same direction so the displacement is less than the distance traveled and the magnitude of the average velocity is less than the average speed. IDENTIFY: The vehicles are assumed to move ai constant speed. The speed (mi/h) divided by the frequency ith ‘which vehicles pass a given point (vehicles/h) i the total space per vehicle (the length ofthe vehicle plus space to the next vehicle) For the whole trip he ends up 76 km —34 km =42 km west of his starting point. v,., 31km/h SEVUr: 96 koh =96%0" mah 96107 min EXECUTE: (a) The total space per vehicle is 2610" mMt__ 40 syvchicle, Since the average length ofa ional ese 2400 vehicles = emt vehicle is 4.6m, the average space berween vehicles is 40 m—4.6 m=35 m (0) The frequency of vehicles (vehicles is 9210” ™____ 999 yenictesth (46+92) mivehicle EVALUATE: The traffic flow rate per lane would nealy triple Note that the tac flaw rate is directly proportional to the traffic speed oy, (a) Ioextiry: Calculate the average acceleration using 4, Yes. Use the information about the time 7 and total distance to fd his maximum speed Ser Ur: ¥%,=0 since the runner starts from rest (0, but we need to calculate ¥,, the speed ofthe runner atthe end ofthe acceleration period EXECUTE: For the last 9.15~4,08=5.1s the acceleration f zero and the runner travels a distance of 4,=(5.1 9), (obtained using xx =a") During the acceleration phase of 4.0, where the velocity goes from 010 ¥,, the runner travels a distance (2) *(40)=@09 The total distance traveled is 100 m, so d, +d, 100m (00 m. This gives (5.1 x, +(2.0 s)y, =100 m. 1408 ms, 71s 1408 s. 7 4Gs (b) For this time interval the velocity is constant, 0 a,., =0. EVALUATE: Now that we have ¥, we ean calculate d, =(5.15)(14.08 mls)=71.9 m and ,=(205)(14 08 m/s)=282 m. So, d, +d, =100 m, which checks. (ovewrvand Ser Ure, =!—, whee no the tine tral thei 8.1 a te se Now we can calculate a! Oy = Sms: ‘We have calculated the final speed to be 14.08 mis, so 14.08 mvs 31s EVALUATE: The acceleration is zero forthe last 5.1, so it makes sense for the answer in part (c) tobe less than half the answer in par (a). (a) The runner spends differen times moving with the average accelerations of parts (a) and (b) IneNtirv: Apply the constant acceleration equations to the mation ofthe sled. The average velocity fora time Sms! interval Avis