VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA”, BELAGAVI-590018.

A Synopsis on

“BIG DATA ANALYTICS USING MACHINE

LEARNING”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

By

DEEPTHI K [1JB19CS044]

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Internal Guide
Dr. Veena H N
Associate Professor
Dept. ofCSE SJBIT,Bengaluru

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
#67, BGS HEALTH AND EDUCATION CITY, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Kengeri, Bangalore-560060.

2023-2024
 ABSTRACT

1. “A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning

and Deep Learning in The Healthcare Sector with Big Data
Analytics”
 Publication: Juli Kumari Ela Kumar · Deepak Kumar

The research paper talks about increased applications of Machine Learning (ML) and
Deep Learning (DL) in healthcare, especially when combined with big data analytics.
They offer predictive analytics, medical image analysis, drug discovery, personalized
medicine, and EHR analysis. ML and DL have the potential to revolutionize healthcare
by improving patient outcomes, reducing costs, and speeding up treatment development.
This study analyzes research trends using bibliometric and VOS viewer software, aiming
to guide future research and help healthcare professionals understand and leverage these
technologies effectively.

2. “The use of Big Data Analytics in healthcare”

 Publication: Kornelia Batko and Andrzej Ślęzak

The paper examines the integration of Big Data Analytics (BDA) in healthcare, aiming
to assess its potential benefits and current adoption. Through a literature review and direct
research involving 217 medical facilities in Poland, it evaluates the utilization of BDA in
medical settings. The findings indicate a growing trend towards data-driven healthcare,
with facilities leveraging structured and unstructured data for administrative, business,
and clinical purposes. Various data sources such as databases, transaction records, emails,
documents, and sensor data are being utilized, although the use of social media data
remains limited. Overall, the research confirms the shift towards data-driven decision-
making in healthcare, aligning with the observed advantages outlined in existing
literature.
Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering (2023) 30:3673–3701
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-023-09915-y

REVIEW ARTICLE

A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep

Learning in The Healthcare Sector with Big Data Analytics
Juli Kumari1 · Ela Kumar1 · Deepak Kumar2,3

Received: 28 October 2022 / Accepted: 13 March 2023 / Published online: 31 March 2023
© The Author(s) under exclusive licence to International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) 2023

Abstract
Machine and deep learning are used worldwide. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are playing an increas-
ingly important role in the healthcare sector, particularly when combined with big data analytics. Some of the ways that ML
and DL are being used in healthcare include Predictive Analytics, Medical Image Analysis, Drug Discovery, Personalized
Medicine, and Electronic Health Records (EHR) Analysis. It has become one of the advanced and popular tool for computer
science domain.’ The advancement of ML and DL for various fields has opened new avenues for research and development.
It could revolutionize prediction and decision-making capabilities. Due to increased awareness about the ML and DL in
the healthcare, it has become one of the vital approaches for the sector. High-volume of unstructured, and complex medical
imaging data from health monitoring devices, gadgets, sensors, etc. Is the biggest trouble for healthcare sector. The cur-
rent study uses analysis to examine research trends in adoption of machine learning and deep learning approaches in the
healthcare sector. The WoS database for SCI/SCI-E/ESCI journals are used as the datasets for the comprehensive analysis.
Apart from these various search strategy are utilised for the requisite scientific analysis of the extracted research documents.
Bibliometrics R statistical analysis is performed for year-wise, nation-wise, affiliation-wise, research area, sources, docu-
ments, and author based analysis. VOS viewer software is used to create author, source, country, institution, global coopera-
tion, citation, co-citation, and trending term co-occurrence networks. ML and DL, combined with big data analytics, have
the potential to revolutionize healthcare by improving patient outcomes, reducing costs, and accelerating the development
of new treatments, so the current study will help academics, researchers, decision-makers, and healthcare professionals
understand and direct research.

1 Introduction

Nowadays, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL),

* Juli Kumari
send2juli@gmail.com
Ela Kumar
ela_kumar@igdtuw.ac.in; ela_kumar@rediffmail.com
Deepak Kumar
deepakdeo2003@gmail.com; dkumar3@albany.edu
1
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women
(IGDTUW), New Church Rd, Kashmere Gate, Delhi, James
Church, New Delhi 110006, India
2 Different machine learning-based model has been applied
Center of Excellence in Weather & Climate Analytics,
Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University
at Albany (UAlbany), State University of New York (SUNY),
Albany, New York 12226, USA
3
Amity Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote
Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh
(AUUP), Sector‑125, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Noida,
Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
are leading topics and centres of interest in the industry, aca-
demia, and popular culture all over the world [1, 1]. Machine
learning has emerged as a popular field of study and cutting-
edge tool in recent years. Multiple areas of prediction and
decision-making benefit from its suite of algorithms and
statistical techniques. The fact that it can use a variety of
learning approaches means it can process large amounts of
unstructured and complex data in ways that lead to revolu-
tionary shifts in perspective based on the data experience.
in two ways: (1) Supervised learning, and (2) Unsupervised
learning. The data are input into the supervised learning-
based model, and then the model is used to perform clas-
sification, regression, and prediction on the labelled dataset
[3–5]. In contrast, an unsupervised learning-based model
is applied to unlabeled datasets to perform tasks such as

13
Vol.:(0123456789)
3674
clustering, dimensionality reduction of a dataset, detec-
tion, etc. Also, the concepts of machine learning are being
applied in various industries; it is largely responsible for the
revolutionary changes occurring in the healthcare industry.
The majority of the time, it is utilized for the prediction
of early-stage disease, the identification of disease, and the
monitoring of the patient's status based on clinical datasets.
Detecting automatic object features in medical images can
also be accomplished by the use of machine learning tech-
niques to datasets related to medical imaging. To manage
picture collections and larger datasets, the deep neural net-
work-based technique has emerged as the model of choice
among the various machine learning models [6, 7]. Because
it uses the three-layer perceptron for analyzing the dataset.
Deep Neural Network-based approaches are a great solution
in larger-scale datasets with different structures in fields of
data mining, Image processing, Natural Language Process-
ing, Expert Systems and Prediction, etc. [8, 9].
The subfield of machine learning known as "deep learn-
ing" employs iterative methods for learning new features.
It offers several neural network algorithm variants that can
learn features in a variety of ways [10–13]. It is used on
a huge scale and processed via numerous layers of filters.
As a result of its use of multi-layer filtering techniques, it
can deliver increasingly precise results compared to conven-
tional machine learning while efficiently organizing massive
datasets.
Healthcare is the fastest expanding sector, drawing in
more scientists, professors, and medical experts who are
all eager to make important contributions to the discipline
and the healthcare system as a whole. Hospitals, medical
equipment, clinical trials, telemedicine, medical tourism,
health insurance, and other related services are all examples
of healthcare facilities. It presents a tremendous chance to
enhance healthcare facilities with the use of cutting-edge
technologies. Therefore, the development of more sophisti-
cated technology has allowed for massive amounts of data
and proven to be a massive transformation in healthcare
fields, in terms of providing easy access to the best diag-
nostic tools, the most cutting-edge treatments, and a vari-
ety of minimally invasive procedures that result in less pain
and quicker healing. Drug development, tailored treatment,
robotic surgery, illness monitoring, etc. all rely heavily on
healthcare in various capacities. A field's research dynam-
ics and behaviours can be gleaned from scientific articles
using bibliometric analysis, making it the most reliable
tool for spotting patterns in the research landscape. Math-
ematical and statistical methods are used to research articles,
books, and other forms of scholarly communication, and the
results are used to analyze patterns in the scientific publish-
ing world. Systematics examination of published sources is
commonly used to gauge advancements in science across a
range of disciplines using a variety of criteria.
13
J. Kumari et al.
In this research, bibliometric analysis has been applied
to analyze the most significant and crucial research pat-
tern in machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and the
healthcare field, as well as the most relevant research areas
of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) appli-
cation applying in the healthcare field. Also, explored the
most related research areas of healthcare like disease detec-
tion, diagnosis, and prediction [14–16]. For this, Thomson
Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS) (Clarivate analytics, 2020)
database has been used to collect the bibliometric informa-
tion in topic-wise and title-wise categories and “Machine
learning”, “Deep Learning” and “Healthcare OR health*”
used as query keywords. The web of science (WoS) database
is a well-structured and differently indexed database, that
selected only the most relevant top publication, it includes
many significant scientific articles. Out of all relevant signif-
icant-top publication document types, only article, review,
and early access articles have been selected for descriptive
analysis. Another aspect of the bibliometric study is the fol-
lowing: number of published papers from 2010–2021; the
number of authors; the number of papers per author and
contribution; authors' collaboration; country-wise numbers
of publications: country-wise paper impact factors; year-
wise paper publication; top-most institution etc. Finally, we
elected top categories to show the research dynamic, trends,
hot topics, and research directions and variations on this
related type of strategy have been successfully applied by
the recent literature [14, 17, 18].
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to give depth
insight and a clear understanding of the research pattern
of machine learning and deep learning application in the
healthcare sector and compare the application of both
techniques in the advancement of healthcare treatment.
Hence, this study will be more beneficial for academia, and
researchers’ health professionals to determine the relevant
area of research in Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and
Healthcare that has been broadly focused on along with the
gaps that should be addressed. The paper is organized as
(1) the “Introduction” section deals with the introduction of
the topic. (2) “Methodology" section discusses the proposed
methodology. (3) “Results and discussion” section provides
the results and follows them with discussions. The “Sum-
mary” section deals with the summary of the whole work.
(4) “Conclusion and prospect” section concludes and future
scope of this work. (Fig. 1).
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Data Collection
For this study, all bibliometric information has been col-
lected using the text keyword search strategies in topical
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare… 3675

Keyword Search

Title Keyword Search Topic Keyword Search

Title wise keyword search ("machine learning”, “deep Title wise keyword search ("machine learning”, “deep
learning”, “healthcare OR health”, “machine learning" learning”, “healthcare OR health”, “machine learning" AND
AND "healthcare”, “deep learning" AND "healthcare”). "healthcare”, “deep learning" AND "healthcare”).

Web of Science (WoS) Database Collection

Criteria:
1. SCI-EXPANDED Journal
2. Years from 2010-2021

Document Type Search

Criteria:
1. Arcle type
2. Review Arcle type
3. Early Arcle type

Selection Criteria

Criteria:
a. Inclusion Criteria
b. Exclusion Criteria

Bibliometric Analysis

Analyzed Topmost
1. Author
2. Country
3. Instuon
4. Source Of Publicaon
5. Published Document

Network Visualization
Analyzed interacon
1. Co-Author
2. Co-Country
3. Co-Instuon
4. Most Trending Topic
5. Most Occurrence of Topic

Fig. 1  Workflow diagrams

and title wise search from the Web of Science (WoS) data- only from Science Index-Expanded (SCI-Expanded)
base in machine learning and deep learning application journal categories and retrieved complete data in plain
in healthcare. The bibliometric information was searched text and BibTex data format, at global respect published

13
3676 J. Kumari et al.

Table 1  Total bibliometric data retrieved in categories
Categories
Machine learning
Deep learning
Healthcare
Machine Learning AND Healthcare
Deep Learning AND Healthcare
literature during timespan 2010–2021(data accessed:31
august 2021). Then, filter the bibliometric information
from Research articles, review articles, and early access
articles from literature publication categories. Further,
the bibliometric analysis method and network visualiza-
tion methods were used to show the deep research trends
and different levels of collaboration among scholars.
In this context, the latest version of RStudio4.1.0 soft-
ware was installed and then established the bibliometrics
package [19] with R environment to perform descriptive
bibliometric analysis and map the data. Then, the VOS
viewer [20] open-source graphical user interface was
used to demonstrate the show of different collaboration
networks and bibliometric coupling based on retrieved
bibliometric data.
2.2 Finding From Bibliometric Data Analysis
Topic Title
Table 1 shows the data retrieved from the database with
98,169 29,653 searched keywords such as: “machine learning”, “deep
51,559 19,493 learning”, “healthcare”, “machine learning” AND “health-
1,67,326 38,109 care”, and “deep learning” AND “healthcare” in topical
2014 119 and title-wise categories. This table data shows that, in both
922 58 the categories such title wise and topical wise categories,
the highest literature published with the keyword healthcare
(1,67,326), followed by machine learning (98,169) and deep
learning (51,559). Likewise, in the application field respect,
machine learning techniques have largely contributed to the
healthcare domain more than deep learning techniques,
which is shown by the literature data.
Figure 2 represented the bibliometric information
between the numbers of publications vs categories. It also
shows that topic-wise literature is more than title-wise,
which is shown by the blue and orange colours.
Table 2 illustrates the total literature published research
documents in various types, then three types of documents
i.e., research article, review, and early access article were
selected in both topical and title-wise categories. In a topic-
wise published scientific article, the highest numbers of
published scientific articles with keywords healthcare (arti-
cle:1,28,247, review:22,071, early access article:3,540),

Fig. 2  Statistics Of Categories 1,80,000

Wise Data Pattern 1,60,000
1,40,000
Numbers of data

1,20,000
1,00,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Machine learning Deep learning Healthcare Machine Learning Deep Learning AND
AND Healthcare Healthcare
Categoies

Topic Title

Table 2  Total literature Topical keywords Title keywords

publication under different
categories type categories Article Review Early Access Article Review Early Access

Machine learning 86,292 5794 2854 22,935 1449 924

Deep learning 46,217 2412 2130 16,055 730 788
Healthcare 1,28,247 22,071 3540 21,545 2730 694
Machine learning AND healthcare 1625 316 98 74 11 10
Deep learning AND healthcare 750 149 74 42 5 9

13
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare…
Fig. 3  Total literature publica-
tion under different categories
1,40,000
type
Total numbers of literature
1,20,000
1,00,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Article Review
Topical keywords
Machine learning
Healthcare
Deep learning AND healthcare
followed by machine learning (articles:86,292, review:5,794,
early access:2,854), deep learning (articles:46,217,
review:2,412, early access:2,130), machine learning in
healthcare (articles:1,625, review:316), early access:98)
and deep learning in healthcare articles (750), review (149),
early access (74).
Whereas, in title-wise published literature, the maxi-
mum number of research published with the keyword
machine learning (article:22,935; review article:1,449;
early access:22,935) followed by healthcare (articles:21,545;
review article:2,730; early access:694), deep learning (arti-
cles:16,055; review article:730; early access:788), also
machine learning in healthcare (articles:74; review arti-
cle:11; early access:10) and deep learning in healthcare (arti-
cles:42; review article:5; early access:9). Figure 3 presents
the statistical diagram, which demonstrates the published
literature under different categories.
2.3 Data Searching Strategies
Then, data searching strategies were used to systematically
search bibliometric information in topical and title catego-
ries. For performing these tasks single and combinational
text keywords were used “machine learning”,” deep learn-
ing”, “healthcare”, “machine learning” AND “healthcare”
and “deep learning” AND “healthcare”. The task was exe-
cuted to gather statistical facts, research patterns, and trends
regarding machine learning, healthcare, also, the uses of
machine learning methods related to the healthcare domain
based on bibliometric information.
Further, Inclusion parameters were set to include only
peer-review literature from SCI-Extended journals avail-
able in the WoS database and described the machine learn-
ing, healthcare research area. From different categories of
published articles in the WoS database, only three publica-
tion categories like research article, review article and early
3677
Total literature patterns
Early access Article Review Early access
Title keywords
Categories type
Deep learning
Machine learning AND healthcare
access article were included for this study in global respect.
As Exclusion criteria, Social Sciences Citation Index
(SSCI) and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI), and
literature published before the year 2010 were excluded. all
country-specific selections were discarded from the parame-
ters. Furthermore, an article published in Proceedings Paper,
Book Chapter, editorial material, letter, correction, re-print,
etc. were excluded.
Furthermore, to understand the statistical research pat-
tern in the application of machine learning and deep learn-
ing related to healthcare, bibliometric data were retrieved
from the WoS database in a bibliography file (.bib) and plain
text format (.txt). Both files included information like (i)
Authors, (ii) Abstract, (iii) Addresses, (iv) ISSNs/ISBNs, (v)
IDS numbers, (vi) Funding Information, (vii) PubMed IDs
(viii) Titles (ix)Cited References, (x) Times Cited (xi) Cited
Reference Counts, (xii) Language (xiii) Sources, (xiv) Docu-
ments Type, (xv) Keywords, (xvi) Source Abbreviations,
(xvii) Author Identifiers, (xviii) Article Information, (xix)
Publisher Information, (xx) Research Areas, (xxi) Usage
Counts, and (xxii) Highly Cited.
2.4 Methods Used
The bibliometric analysis and Visualization method has
gained immense popularity in research at present time.
Because it provides the right direction to the research com-
munity, academia, and health professional based on depth
knowledge of scientific publication patterns. This study
included the top 20 latest publication patterns, domains,
journals, authors, countries, organization research activities,
and recent trending topics.
For this, the Bibliometrix R package [19] is used for
mathematical and statistical calculation of publication
frequency, percentage, and citations of each author, jour-
nal, country, etc. A global collaboration map and other
13
3678 J. Kumari et al.

visualizations were done by open-source (corresponding
information, author cooperation) VOS viewer [20] graphical
user interface-based software, the tool was used for mapping
of literature and analysis of author collaboration, country
collaboration, etc. network visualization.
3 Result and Discussion
Bibliometric analysis has been conducted on the retrieved
bibliometric data from all fields i.e., topic, title, abstract,
affiliation, journal, etc. categorized by WoS core collection
database in the research area of machine learning and deep
learning application in the healthcare domain. To understand
the various statistics of research trends in this research area,
the latest relevant 1000 records have been selected among
all available records from document-type research articles,
review articles, and early access articles in SCI-Extended
journals among globally available records. In this, the total
number of research articles is 808, the total number of
review articles is 120, and the total number of early access
research articles is 45 in machine learning in healthcare,
likewise, the total number of research articles is 806, the
total numbers of review articles 106, and total numbers of
early access research articles 71 in use of deep learning
in the healthcare research field at worldwide level. At the
Indian level, the total number of research articles is 213, the
total number of review articles is 55, and the total number
of early access research articles is 37, in the area of machine
learning application in healthcare and the area of deep learn-
ing in healthcare, total numbers of research articles, total
numbers of review articles and total numbers of early access
articles are 157, 24, 38. Furthermore, the total number of
research articles published in the field of computer science
is 1057 articles, 611 articles at the worldwide level, and 137
articles, 104 articles in the research area of machine learning
and deep learning in healthcare respectively.
3.1 Year‑Wise Published Literature

Table 3  Year-wise scientific literature production Table 3 illustrates the year-wise scientific literature produc-
tion at the worldwide level under peer-reviewed journals.
Year Machine learning in healthcare Deep
learning in So, the use of machine learning techniques in the healthcare
healthcare domain has started in 2010, and the growth of implemen-
tation was very less till 2014 and after 2015 continuously
2010 1 0
increased till now. whereas the use of deep learning in the
2011 6 0
healthcare domain has started in 2015, and rapidly increased
2012 2 0
up to the highest peak in the machine learning field.
2013 7 0
Hence, the higher scientific production rate shows the
2014 6 0
higher uses of deep learning techniques in the healthcare
2015 17 3
domain, compared to machine learning. Currently, deep
2016 18 4
learning technology is a more heavily used technology to
2017 33 15
handle more complex and unstructured data. The average
2018 99 71
year from publication is 1.5 and 1.2 around machine learning
2019 157 163
and deep learning used in the healthcare domain.
2020 297 302
Figure 4 exhibits the year-wise publication or literature
2021 302 367
on the application of machine learning and deep learning

Fig. 4  Year-wise publication Year wise publication pattern

pattern 800
Numbers of publications

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Years
machine learning deep learning

13
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare… 3679

Table 4  Top 20 most relevant sources of publication

Machine-learning and healthcare Deep-learning and healthcare
Sources Articles Sources Articles

IEEE Access 52 IEEE Access 78

Sensors 29 Journal of healthcare engineering 35
Journal of healthcare engineering 22 Sensors 27
Journal of biomedical informatics 20 IEEE Journal of biomedical and health informatics 22
PLOS One 20 Scientific reports 20
BMC medical informatics and decision making 19 CMC-computers materials \& continua 15
Journal of the American medical informatics association 19 Journal of biomedical informatics 15
Applied sciences-Basel 15 Multimedia tools and applications 13
International journal of environmental research and public health 14 Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 12
International journal of medical informatics 14 Magnetic resonance in medicine 12
Healthcare 13 Medical Physics 12
NPJ digital medicine 13 BMC medical informatics and decision making 11
Scientific reports 13 Electronics 10
CMC-computers materials \& continua 11 Healthcare 10
Journal of medical internet research 11 IEEE transactions on medical imaging 10
Journal of medical systems 11 NPJ digital medicine 10
JMIR medical informatics 10 Radiology 10
IEEE Journal of biomedical and health informatics 9 Applied sciences-Basel 9
Artificial intelligence in medicine 8 Artificial intelligence in medicine 9
Computers in biology and medicine 8 Computers in biology and medicine 9

in the healthcare domain. In this diagram, blue and orange
colour sticks represent the area of research i.e., machine
learning, and deep learning. So according to the graph, the
research around machine learning application in the health-
care domain has been studied from the year 2010, so from
years 2010 to 2021 the uses of machine learning techniques
has continuously increased, similarly, research in the area
of deep learning application in healthcare has started from
2015, so implementation of deep learning techniques in
healthcare domains has rapidly increased. The diagram also
reveals that deep learning techniques are highly used in
healthcare to provide a better quality of medical treatment.
3.2 Top 20 Most Relevant Sources of Publication
Table 4 demonstrated the top 20 most relevant sources of
publication in machine learning and deep learning appli-
cation in the healthcare domain. hence top 5 journals' lit-
erature publications in IEEE Access(articles:52), Sensors
(articles:29), Journal of healthcare engineering(articles:22),
Journal of biomedical informatics(articles:20), PLOS
One(articles:20) in machine learning application in the
healthcare domain. similarly, for deep learning applica-
tions in healthcare, the topmost 5 publication sources
are IEEE Access(articles:78), journal of healthcare
engineering(articles:35), sensors(articles:27), IEEE Journal
of biomedical and health informatics(articles:22), scientific
reports(articles:20).
In both areas of research, IEEE Access and the journal of
healthcare engineering produces a higher rate of literature on
the application of deep learning in healthcare.
3.3 Year‑Wise Production of the Source
of Publication
The year-wise scientific production of the source of pub-
lication has shown in the figure. It revealed the frequency
of published articles in different journals. Hence, IEEE
Access journal production started slowly from 2010, and
after the year 2015, it rises continuously in literature pro-
duction and has maximum in the year 2020 in the appli-
cation area of machine learning in healthcare. The Journal
of healthcare engineering articles’ production rate was
slow from 2010–2017, and after 2017 its publishing rate
increased and in the year 2021, it has a maximum of 10 arti-
cles. Similarly, in the present scenario total publication of
the source journals are the journal of the American medical
informatics(articles:5), PLOS One(articles:6), BMC medical
informatics and decision making(articles:7), an international
journal of medical informatics (articles:3) (fig. 5)
Figure 6 demonstrated the year-wise publication
rate of journals/sources in the application of deep

13
3680 J. Kumari et al.

Fig. 5  Year-wise production SOURCE OF DYNAMICS IEEE ACCESS

of a source of publication in
machine learning in healthcare 30
SENSORS

25
JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING

20

Numbers of publication
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS

15
PLOS ONE

10
BMC MEDICAL INFORMATICS AND DECISION
MAKING
5
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL
INFORMATICS ASSOCIATION
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
in Years

Fig. 6  Year-wise production SOURCE OF DYNAMICS

of the source of publication in
Deep learning in healthcare 30 IEEE ACCESS

JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING

25
SENSORS
20
Numbers of publication

IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH

INFORMATICS
15 SCIENTIFIC REPORTS

CMC-COMPUTERS MATERIALS \& CONTINUA

10
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS
5
COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN
BIOMEDICINE
0 BMC MEDICAL INFORMATICS AND DECISION
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 MAKING
in Years

learning in healthcare. The production of articles by
top journals is IEEE Access(articles:26), journal of
healthcare engineering(articles:26), journal of bio-
medical informatics(articles:2), IEEE journal of bio-
medical and health informatics(articles:10), scientific
reports(articles:7), etc. among all top 10 journals IEEE
Access production rate is sharply raised after the year
2017–2019 and maintained till the year 2021. Also, the
journal of healthcare engineering started raising from the
year 2017–2020 and after 2020 reached its highest peak.
And rest of the journal production ranging (articles:2–15)
from the year 2017–2021.
3.4 Top 20 Most Globally Cited Document
Table 5 represented the top 20 most published documents in
the area of machine learning and deep learning application
in healthcare. thus, the total citation and total citation per
year citation of the top 5 documents in the application area
of machine learning are Jiang F, 2017, Stroke Vasc Neu-
rol (Total citation:467; TC per year:93.4), Rudin C, 2019,
Nature of Mechanical Intelligence(Total citation:432; TC per
year:144), Lundervold As, 2019, Journal of Medical Physics
(Total citation:302; TC per year:101.6), Yu Kh, 2018, Nature
of Biomedical Engineering (Total citation:268; TC per

13
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare… 3681

Table 5  Top 20 most globally cited document Table 6  Top 20 most relevant authors and their production
Paper Total Citations TC per Year Normalized TC Machine learning in healthcare Deep learning in healthcare

Most cited document in machine learning in healthcare Authors Articles Articles Authors Articles Articles
Fractional- Fraction-
[21] 467 93.4 9.31
ized alized
[22] 432 144 26.52
[2] 305 101.66 18.72 Zhang Y 14 2.02 Li H 17 2.12
[23] 268 67 9.30 Li X 11 1.29 Li J 17 2.34
[24] 255 51 5.08 Li J 10 1.63 Wang H 14 2.81
[25] 188 31.33 4.009 Li Y 9 1.49 Yang J 14 2.15
[26] 180 45 6.24 Wang Z 8 1.39 Liu Y 13 2.21
[27] 178 14.83 1 Hussain A 7 1.27 Muham- 13 4.32
[28] 170 42.5 5.90 mad G
[29] 167 27.833 3.56 Khan A 7 1.25 Sun J 13 1.94
[30] 127 21.167 2.70 Wang L 7 0.9 Zhang Y 12 2.02
Trang Pham, 119 23.8 2.37 Chen X 6 0.95 Hossain 11 3.54
2017, MS
J Biomed Inform Chen Y 6 1.08 Li L 11 1.26
[31] 114 19 2.43 Gupta S 6 0.86 Wang Y 11 1.63
[32] 110 27.5 3.81 HU YH 6 1.83 Li Y 10 1.1
[33] 103 25.75 3.57 Lee J 6 1.97 Wang L 10 2.91
[34] 94 47 15.32 Wang W 6 0.64 Xu Y 10 1.1
[35] 93 23.25 3.22 Zhang J 6 1.06 Yi PH 10 2.09
[36] 84 12 3.15 Abedi V 5 0.64 Zhang H 10 1.52
[37] 83 20.75 2.88 Chen M 5 0.94 Zhang X 10 1.31
[38] 73 24.33 4.48 Chen S 5 0.81 Lee J 9 1.21
Most cited document in deep learning in healthcare Huang Y 5 0.5 Li C 9 1.1
[39] 862 215.5 10.26 Kim YH 5 0.36 Li M 9 1.33
[40] 542 135.5 6.45
[41] 481 120.25 5.73
[21] 470 94 4.69
Coudray N, 2018, Nat Med (Total citation:542; TC per
[42] 461 153.66 19.33
year:135.5), Rajkumar A, 2018, Npj Digit Med (Total cita-
[43] 433 108.25 5.15
tion:481; TC per year:120.25), Jiang F, 2017, Stroke Vasc
[2] 311 103.66 13.04
Neurol (Total citation:470; TC per year:74), Esteva A, 2019,
[44] 311 62.2 3.10
Nat Med (Total citation:461; TC per year:153.66). Apart
[45] 285 71.25 3.39
from this, the total number of the cited document is highest
[46] 231 57.75 2.75
Jiang F, 2017, Stroke Vasc Neurol (Total citation:467; TC
[47] 216 72 9.05
per citation:101.6), while the maximum citation per year is
[48] 191 47.75 2.27
Rudin C, 2019, Nat Mach Intell (total citation:432; TC per
[49] 165 41.25 1.96
year:144) in machine learning in healthcare. Whereas, the
[50] 161 32.2 1.60
maximum total citation and TC per year are Kermany DS,
[51] 149 37.25 1.77
2018, Cell(Total citation:862; TC per year:215.5) in the area
[52] 138 23 1.78 of the deep learning application.
[53] 129 32.25 1.53
[54] 126 63 13.09 3.5 Top 20 Most Relevant Authors and their
Zhu J, 2018, IEEE 122 30.5 1.45 Production
Internet Things J
The overall statistics of relevant authors state the numbers
of authors significantly contributing to research areas. Thus,
the total numbers of (5101/5916 authors) and (4871/6280
year:67), Chen M, 2017, IEEE Access(Total citation:255; authors) authors are well contributing in the research
TC per year:51). Similarly, in the area of deep learning appli- field of application of machine learning and deep learn-
cation, the top most highly cited documents are Kermany ing in the healthcare domain respectively. Likewise, out of
DS, 2018, Cell (Total citation:862; TC per year:215.5), the 5016 authors, single-authored documents are 16 and

13
3682
multi-authored documents are 5085, as well single-authored
documents are 17 and multi-authored documents are 4854
in the application of deep learning and deep learning in the
healthcare domain respectively. The analysis also reveals,
larger groups of authors are contributing to the implementa-
tion of machine learning techniques in healthcare and pro-
ducing more articles than deep learning application research
area.
Table 6 demonstrated the top author's production and its
fractional, thus, the top 5 authors Zhang Y(articles:14; article
fractional:2.02), Li X(articles:11; article fractional:1.29), Li
J(articles:10; article fractional:1.63), Li Y(articles:9; article
fractional:1.49), Wang Z(articles:8; article fractional:1.39),
similarly, Li H(articles:17; article fractional:2.12), Li
J(articles:17; article fractional:2.34), Wang H(articles:14;
article fractional:2.81), Yang J(articles:14; article frac-
tional:2.15), Liu Y(articles:13; article fractional:2.21) in
machine learning and deep learning in healthcare.
3.6 Top 20 Most Author Production Over Time
Figure 6 shows the year-wise top authors' production in the
application of machine learning in healthcare. The diagram
Fig. 7  Top author production over time in machine learning in healthcare
13
J. Kumari et al.
shows Zhang J is continuously working from the years
2011 -2021 and produced several articles more in the years
2020–2021. Authors Hussain A and Gupta S were involved
in this research area from 2013 to, 2015 respectively. Rest
authors Zhang Y, Li Y, Li X, Li J, Wang L, Chen Y, Hu
YH, Chen M, etc. been involved in this area from the year
2015 and produced articles after the year 2020 on towards
(Fig. 7)
Figure 8 shows the year-wise top authors' production in
the application of deep learning in healthcare. Deep learning
techniques mostly came in research scenarios after the year
2015 and uses of its technique in healthcare mostly appeared
after 2017.
The diagram shows Zhang J is continuously working from
the years 2011 -2021 and produced several articles more in
the years 2020–2021. Authors Hussain A and Gupta S were
involved in this research area from 2013 to, 2015 respec-
tively. Rest authors Zhang Y, Li Y, Li X, Li J, Wang L, Chen
Y, Hu YH, Chen M, etc. been involved in this area from
the year 2015 and produced articles after the year 2020 on
towards.
Li H, Wang H, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang Y, and Lee J has
started contributing to research from the years 2017–2021.
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare… 3683

Fig. 8  Top author production over time in deep learning in healthcare

After the year 2018 Li J, Yang J, Liu Y, Muhammad G,

Sun J, Hossain MS, Wang L, Xu Y, Zhang H, etc. started
the application of deep learning in the area of the health-
Table 7  Top 20 most country production
care domain.
Machine learning in healthcare Deep learning in healthcare
Region Freq Region Freq
3.7 Top 20 Most Country Production
USA 2043 USA 1327
China 589 China 1103
Table 7 presented the topmost country production,
UK 375 South Korea 398
countries USA and China are heavily contributing to
South Korea 274 India 330
machine learning and deep learning application field
Canada 264 UK 329
research. In the USA the highest number of published
India 231 Germany 214
articles is 2043 in the machine learning application
Germany 168 Saudi Arabia 203
field, while China is the maximum publication of
Spain 140 Italy 136
1103 articles in deep learning application research in
Italy 136 Pakistan 116
the healthcare domain. Indian research heavily con-
Saudi Arabia 129 Spain 105
tributes to deep learning application(articles:330)
Pakistan 104 Netherlands 103
implementation than machine learning(articles:231).
Netherlands 102 Singapore 103
The top 5 most country having maximum publications
Australia 96 Canada 99
are the USA (Articles:2043), China (articles:589),
Japan 95 France 99
the UK (articles:375), South Korea (articles:274),
Brazil 67 Australia 95
Canada(articles:264) and the USA (Articles:1327),
France 58 Egypt 82
China (ar ticles:1103), South Korea(ar ticles:389),
Singapore 53 Switzerland 80
India(articles:330), UK (articles:329) in machine learn-
Switzerland 51 Japan 78
ing and deep learning application in healthcare research
Iran 48 Malaysia 64
respectively.
Sweden 42 Israel 51

13
3684 J. Kumari et al.

Table 8  Top 20 most cited Machine learning in healthcare Deep learning in healthcare
country
Country Total Citations Average Arti- Country Total Citations Average Arti-
cle Citations cle Citations

USA 5072 14.7 USA 5625 26.41

China 1434 14.2 China 2686 13.57
United Kingdom 847 12.28 United Kingdom 1176 19.93
India 434 7.23 Korea 904 12.05
Norway 316 63.2 Saudi Arabia 601 13.07
Australia 286 15.05 Singapore 441 27.56
Canada 286 6.98 Australia 414 19.71
Germany 235 9.04 Switzerland 357 39.67
Korea 233 4.48 India 354 4.27
Italy 227 9.08 Norway 319 79.75
Saudi Arabia 226 8.69 Spain 286 14.3
Netherlands 141 10.85 Canada 260 16.25
Pakistan 140 8.75 Turkey 227 22.7
Spain 121 4.84 Netherlands 213 15.21
Greece 104 17.33 Italy 198 7.92
Japan 104 6.93 Germany 180 5.62
Malaysia 99 9 Austria 165 82.5
New Zealand 91 15.17 Pakistan 165 8.68
Egypt 79 13.17 France 123 9.46
Finland 77 15.4 Belgium 77 15.4

Table 9  Top 20 most affiliation Machine learning Deep learning

production
Affiliations Articles Affiliations Articles

Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai 100 Stanford Univ 109

Harvard Med Sch 78 King Saud Univ 89
Stanford Univ 68 Johns Hopkins Univ 84
Univ Toronto 46 Imperial Coll London 47
Penn State Univ 34 Fudan Univ 40
Univ Calif San Diego 34 Taipei Med Univ 38
Univ Michigan 34 Natl Univ Singapore 36
Washington Univ 32 Yonsei Univ 36
Seoul Natl Univ 30 Univ Calif San Diego 35
Univ Calif San Francisco 30 Korea Adv Inst Sci and Technol 32
Univ Oxford 30 Seoul Natl Univ 32
Univ Pittsburgh 29 Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai 31
Vanderbilt Univ 29 Harvard Med Sch 30
King Saud Univ 28 Emory Univ 28
Columbia Univ 27 Univ Ulsan 28
Taipei Med Univ 27 Tech Univ Munich 25
Cincinnati Children’s Hosp Med Ctr 26 Zhejiang Univ 24
Univ Penn 26 Nanjing Univ 23
Boston Univ 25 Sichuan Univ 23
Imperial Coll London 25 Univ Malaya 23

13
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare… 3685

3.8 Top 20 Most Cited Country Table10  Top 20 most corresponding authors’ countries in the appli-
cation of machine learning and deep learning in the healthcare
domain
The table demonstrates the top 20 most cited countries in
the field of usages of machine learning and deep learning Country Articles Freq SCP MCP MCP_Ratio
technique in the healthcare domain. And the citation of Machine learning
the country states the contribution to significant quality of USA 345 0.34535 263 82 0.238
research. hence, the top 5 country citation in the field of China 101 0.1011 70 31 0.307
machine learning uses in the healthcare domain are the USA United Kingdom 69 0.06907 40 29 0.42
(citation:5072), China (citation:1434), United Kingdom India 60 0.06006 50 10 0.167
(citation:847), India (citation:434), Norway (citation:316) Korea 52 0.05205 38 14 0.269
and likewise in the field of deep learning uses in healthcare Canada 41 0.04104 29 12 0.293
domain are USA (citation:5,625), China (citation:2,686), Germany 26 0.02603 14 12 0.462
United Kingdom (citation:1,176), Korea (citation:904), Saudi Arabia 26 0.02603 11 15 0.577
Saudi Arabia (citation:601). Italy 25 0.02503 16 9 0.36
So, also tables indicate that countries the USA, China, Spain 25 0.02503 17 8 0.32
and the UK contribute much to the application of machine Australia 19 0.01902 13 6 0.316
learning and deep learning techniques in healthcare fields. Pakistan 16 0.01602 1 15 0.938
But this three-country contribute the highest area of deep Japan 15 0.01502 10 5 0.333
learning implementation in healthcare (Table 8). Netherlands 13 0.01301 10 3 0.231
Brazil 11 0.01101 5 6 0.545
3.9 Top 20 Most Affiliation Production Malaysia 11 0.01101 1 10 0.909
Singapore 11 0.01101 4 7 0.636
Here, Table 9 Shows the worldwide topmost 20 insti- France 9 0.00901 4 5 0.556
tutes, which have contributed more to research and pub- Iran 8 0.00801 5 3 0.375
lished the highest article. Among all most 5 affiliations Mexico 8 0.00801 5 3 0.375
are Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York Deep learning
(articles:100), Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts China 365 0.36537 255 110 0.3014
(articles:78), Stanford University, California (articles:68), USA 168 0.16817 120 48 0.2857
University of Toronto, Canada (articles:46), Pennsylvania Korea 89 0.08909 68 21 0.236
State University (articles:34) and Stanford University, Cali- India 42 0.04204 36 6 0.1429
fornia (articles:109), King Saud University, Saudi Arabia United Kingdom 38 0.03804 21 17 0.4474
(articles:89), Johns Hopkins University, Maryland (arti- Japan 26 0.02603 23 3 0.1154
cles:84), Imperial College London, London (articles:47), Australia 24 0.02402 15 9 0.375
Fudan University, Shanghai, China (articles:40) in uses of Canada 21 0.02102 9 12 0.5714
machine learning and deep learning technique in healthcare. Turkey 18 0.01802 17 1 0.0556
Among all the top 20 affiliations, the highest articles pro- Netherlands 17 0.01702 11 6 0.3529
duced by Stanford University, California in deep learning Spain 17 0.01702 11 6 0.3529
applications in healthcare also reveal the larger research in Germany 15 0.01502 10 5 0.3333
this research field. France 13 0.01301 9 4 0.3077
Saudi Arabia 13 0.01301 9 4 0.3077
3.10 Network Visualization Singapore 13 0.01301 7 6 0.4615
Italy 11 0.01101 7 4 0.3636
For visualization and network analysis of existing biblio- Greece 8 0.00801 6 2 0.25
metric information in the research area of machine learn- Pakistan 8 0.00801 2 6 0.75
ing, deep learning and healthcare VOS viewer software were Switzerland 7 0.00701 3 4 0.5714
used. This tool is applied for creating and representing a bib- Brazil 5 0.00501 5 0 0
liometric science map of the author’s collaboration, country
collaboration, institute collaboration, citation analysis, co- SCP Single country publications, MCP Multiple country publications
citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, co-word analysis,
and co-authorship analysis as well as an article published
by corresponding countries, etc. science map analysis per- can be performed to construct and visualize co-occurrence
tains to the intellectual interaction and structural connection networks of the most significant term extracted from the
among research constituents [20]. Furthermore, text mining scientific literature by VOS viewer software.

13
3686 J. Kumari et al.

Fig. 9  Top 20 most Corre-

sponding author’s country in the
application of machine learning
in the healthcare domain

Fig. 10  Top 20 most Corre-

sponding author’s country in the
application of deep learning in
the healthcare domain

Out of all bibliometric literature data downloaded from
the WoS database in the research area of machine learning,
deep learning, and healthcare, only 1000 literature records
were selected for analyzing and visualization of the network
from applying machine learning and deep learning in health-
care query keywords, that were extracted, and bibliometric
analysis presented in this study. Article from this database
was collected because this database contains only peer-
reviewed articles [55].
3.11 Most Relevant Countries by Corresponding
Author
Table 10, Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 represent the top 20 countries by
corresponding author’s articles production. The top 5 coun-
tries USA, China, United Kingdom, India, and Korea have
produced maximum and greatly contributed to the research
area of the application of machine learning and deep learn-
ing technique in the advancement of the healthcare field.

13
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare…
Thus, the total number of published articles is USA (345arti-
cles), China(101articles), United Kingdom (69 articles),
India (60 articles), and Korea (52articles) and China (365
articles), USA (168 articles), Korea (68 articles), India (42
articles), United Kingdom (38 articles) in the application of
machine learning and deep learning research fields.
Among all enlisted top 20 countries, the USA has sig-
nificantly contributed with (263/345 articles) of SCP and
(82/345 articles) of MCP, China with (70/101 articles) of
SCP and (31/101 articles) of MCP, United Kingdom with
(40/69 articles) of SCP and (29/69 articles) MCP, India with
(50/60 articles) SCP and (10/60 articles) MCP, Korea with
(38/52articles) SCP and (14/52articles) MCP. Similarly,
China with (255/365 articles) in SCP and (110/365 articles)
in MCP, USA has significantly contributed with (120/168
articles) in SCP and (48/168 articles) in MCP, Korea with
(68/89articles) in SCP and (21/89 articles) MCP, India with
(36/42 articles) SCP and (6/42 articles) MCP, United King-
dom with (21/38 articles) SCP and (17/38 articles) MCP.
Overall, the USA, China, United Kingdom, Korea, and India
have done huge research in this area and published maxi-
mum numbers of SCP, which shows that these countries
have greatly contributed to the application area of machine
learning in healthcare. While more numbers of MCP show
worthy research collaboration with other countries.
Fig. 11  Co-authorship visu-
alization in machine learning
application in healthcare
Fig. 12  Co-authorship visuali-
zation in deep learning applica-
tion in healthcare
3687
3.12 Co‑Authorship and Collaboration Analysis
Co-authorship collaboration analysis is a formal way of
interaction among scholars. It is a most decent way to know,
how scholars interact among themselves, including affilia-
tion and countries associated with authors. Due to improv-
ing methodological and theoretical complexity in research,
collaborations among scholars have become common, and
collaborations among scholars contribute to showing greater
clarity and richer insights between different scholars.
In Fig. 11, for building the co-authorship collaboration
network between the authors the minimum number of docu-
ments of an author is 4 and the minimum number of cita-
tions of an author is 5, and out of 5528 authors, 17 meet the
thresholds parameter were set. Then, a total of 17 authors
were selected and associated in two clusters 1 and cluster
2. In this network, cluster1 represented in red colour has 3
group authors (de cecco, carlo n), (tesche, christian), (sch-
oef, joseph) and green colour having 2 group authors (kim,
young-hak), (lee, June-go). Among both cluster1 and clus-
ter2, 4 group authors (tesche, christian), (schoepf, u. joseph),
(de cecco, carlo n.) and (kim, young-hak) have equal num-
bers of link strength, and authors (lee, June-goo) have only
one link connection in machine learning application areas.
13
3688
Fig. 13  Co-authors-Country
collaboration visualization in
machine learning application
While, in Fig. 12, in deep learning application areas the
most productive author was selected to meet threshold 8,
out of 4220 authors, and it was associated with two clus-
ters cluster1 and cluster2. In cluster1, the group authors are
(Wang, Hao), (Zang, Yang), (Liu, Bo) and in cluster2 group,
the authors are (Wang, Wei), (Huang, Wei). In this network,
cluster1 is bigger than cluster2.
3.13 Co‑Authors‑Country Collaboration
Visualization
Figure 13 and Table 11 exhibited, the co-authors-country
collaboration in the field of application of machines in the
healthcare domain. For building the collaboration network,
the parameter such as the minimum number of documents of
a country 3 and the minimum number of citations of a coun-
try 5, and out of 85 countries, 51 meet the thresholds were
taken. Based on the parameter 52 countries were selected
and different colour size bubbles and link strength thickness
of line, which shows the association among the co-authors-
country interaction. Further, a total of 51 selected countries
were associated in 7 clusters with 51 items.
Table 11 enlisted the top 20 countries having the highest
number of published articles. Out of the 20 most countries,
the top 5 countries, USA, England, peoples from China,
India, and South Korea have a total of 410, 110, 97, 87, 69
articles, followed by a total citation of 6093, 1287, 1474,
686, 531 respectively. In this, the highest numbers of pub-
lications, citations and more numbers of strength shown by
the USA, England, people from China, India, and South
Korea have significantly contributed and a larger group of
collaboration in this research field.
13
J. Kumari et al.
The Network (Fig. 14) has generated the minimum num-
ber of documents for country 5, and the minimum number
of citations for country 10, to meet threshold 36. Out of the
77 countries, which meet the set-up parameter and most top
20 countries listed in Table 11 have the highest collabora-
tion with each other. The maximum collaboration shown
by countries are People from China (Article:358; Citation:
10,962), the USA (Article:249; Citation:11,291), South
Korea (Article: 101; Citation: 2664), England (Article:66;
Citation: 4015), India (Article:50; Citation: 579), Australia
(Article:49; Citation: 2074), Canada (Article:43; Citation:
1937), have maximum numbers of collaboration with others
countries and contributing most in deep learning application
in the healthcare research area.
3.14 Co‑Authors‑Institute Collaboration
Visualization
Table 12 and Fig. 15, show the top 20 most institute affilia-
tion collaborations with the highest numbers of documents,
citations, and total link strength.
For creating institute network collaboration, the minimum
number of documents of an organization of 5, the mini-
mum number of citations of an organization, and meet the
threshold of 105 were set. Out of 1887 organizations, 105
institutes were selected. Therefore, the top 5 organizations,
Harvard Medical School, Stanford University, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, MIT, and King Saud Univer-
sity have the highest numbers of publications 42, 24, 19,
18, and 16 respectively. Although, the top 5 organizations
Harvard Medical School, Stanford University, University of
Oxford, University of Pennsylvania, and University Calif
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare… 3689

Table 11  Co-authors-Country collaboration visualization strength show the numbers of collaboration. Therefore,
Machine learning
selected organization publications and citations show that
Harvard Medical School and Stanford University contribute
Country Documents Citations Total
to the better quality of research in the field of application of
Link
Strength machine learning in the healthcare domain.
In Fig. 16, out of 1374 countries, the top 70 countries
USA 421 6093 265 were selected to meet threshold 70 and countries having a
England 110 1287 129 minimum number of documents of an institute 5, minimum
Peoples r China 97 1474 80 number of citations of an institute 10. Listed 20 countries,
India 87 686 79 most published article and significant of research, top 5
South Korea 69 531 74 countries Chinese Academy of Science, China (article:31;
Canada 67 510 66 citation:896), Tsinghua University (article:18; citation:901),
Saudi Arabia 56 471 74 University Chinese Academy of Science (article:18; cita-
Germany 55 682 94 tion:539), Tsinghua University (article:18; citation:901),
Pakistan 41 233 90 Stanford University (article:15; citation:546), National Uni-
Australia 39 456 60 versity of Defense Technology (article:14; citation: 1219),
Italy 39 385 46 Harbin Institute of Technology (article:10; citation: 1607) in
Taiwan 37 257 45 area of deep learning application in the healthcare domain.
Spain 35 287 29
Netherlands 31 392 50 3.15 Occurrence of top 20 Most Author’s Keywords
Japan 24 294 36 and Keyword plus
France 19 178 22
Switzerland 18 117 42 Table 13, Fig. 17, and Fig. 18 demonstrated the top 20
Brazil 17 135 24 most occurrences of the author’s keywords and Keyword
Malaysia 16 148 32 plus in the area application area of machine learning uses
Singapore 16 33 31 in the healthcare domain. For generating the network map,
Deep learning the parameter was used as the minimum number of occur-
Peoples r China 398 10,962 183 rences of keyword 10 for all relevant keywords, and the
USA 249 11,291 168 threshold meets 38. Out of 2603 authors’ keywords, the most
England 66 4015 67 occurrence of 38 keywords was selected. Then, the top 10
Australia 49 2074 51 most relevant author’s keywords in this field are “machine
Canada 43 1937 51 learning (Occurrence:650)”,” artificial intelligence (Occur-
South Korea 101 2664 42 rence:99)”,” healthcare (Occurrence:81)”,” deep learning
Germany 29 1334 34 (Occurrence:63)”,” big data (Occurrence:38)”,” classi-
Singapore 25 3060 31 fication (Occurrence:38)”,” covid-19(Occurrence:34)”,”
Saudi Arabia 31 381 30 internet of things (Occurrence:34)”,” natural language pro-
France 22 589 26 cessing (Occurrence:34)”,” prediction (Occurrence:33)”.
Taiwan 29 191 25 Among all 10 author’s keywords “machine learning (link
India 50 579 24 Strength:614)”,” artificial intelligence (link Strength:157)”,”
Pakistan 17 186 24 healthcare (link Strength:150)”,” deep learning (link
Italy 18 329 21 Strength:115)”. Authors, enlisted keywords show that
Netherlands 23 4265 21 machine learning is the most popular word, which is applied
Spain 26 1342 20 in several fields. Likewise, for building a network map of
Switzerland 13 739 20 the total numbers of authors’ keywords with higher num-
Japan 32 691 17 bers of occurrence frequency in deep learning applications
Denmark 6 149 16 in the healthcare domain, the threshold parameter 10, out
Portugal 9 58 16 of 2491 authors' keywords was set. Then, the top 10 high-
est generated authors' keywords are “deep learning (link
Strength:762)”, “machine learning (link Strength:198)”,
San Francisco have maximum citations 800, 573, 422, 371, “artificial intelligence (link Strength:123)”, “neural network
353, followed by link strengths 63, 27, 34, 23, 25 respec- (link Strength:98)”, “training (link Strength:75)”, “convo-
tively. The more numbers of citations of organizations show lutional neural network (link Strength:74)”, “classification
the quality of research publication and the numbers of link (link Strength:67)”, “feature extraction (link Strength:62)”,

13
3690
Fig. 14  Co-authors-Country
collaboration visualization in
deep learning application
“segmentation (link Strength:53)”, “Big Data (link Stren
gth:45)”.
As well, Table 13, Fig. 19, and Fig. 20 revealed the top
20 most occurrences of the most relevant Keywords plus
which are popular in machine learning uses in the health-
care domain. For generating the network map, out of 2063
keywords plus, only 63 keywords were selected, onset
parameter such as a minimum number of occurrences of
keyword 10 for all relevant keywords plus, and the thresh-
old meet 63. Further, among 63 selected keywords, the
10 most popular keywords in this field are “classification
(Occurrence:113)”,” Prediction (Occurrence:82)”,” Risk
(Occurrence:58)”,” diagnosis (Occurrence:57)”,” model
(Occurrence:54)”,” validation (Occurrence:50)”,” Mor-
tality (Occurrence:46)”,” Models (Occurrence:42)”,”
System (Occurrence:42)”,” bigdata (Occurrence:40)”.
Among all author’s keywords topmost popular keywords
are “classification (link Strength:293)”,” Prediction (link
Strength:181)”,” Risk (link Strength:112)”,” diagnosis
(link Strength:122)”,” model (link Strength:126)”,” valida-
tion (link Strength:126)”,” Mortality (link Strength:105)”.
Authors, enlisted keywords show the highest link strength
with other relevant words, which is about other fields.
Also, the selected total keywords plus, on the mini-
mum number of occurrence frequency 10, meet thresholds
42, out of 1610 keywords were set up. Out of all gener-
ated 1610 keywords plus, the top 10 highest link strength
keywords are” classification (link Strength:271)”,” Model
(link Strength:177)”,” neural network (link Strength:176)”,”
segmentation (link Strength:150)”,” algorithm (link
13
J. Kumari et al.
Strength:123)”,” prediction (link Strength:102)”,” images
(link Strength:95)”,” recognition (link Strength:92)”,” con-
volutional neural network (link Strength:81)”,” features (link
Strength:73)”,” Diagnosis (link Strength:71)” (Figs. 21, 22,
23, 24)
3.16 Year‑Wise Identification of the top 20 most
Trending Author’s KEYWORDS and Keywords
in Machine Learning and Deep Learning uses
in Healthcare.
The below table shows the top trending author's keywords
and keywords plus keywords used in machine learning and
deep learning application in the healthcare domain.
Table 14 represented the top 20 authors' keywords
with years of frequency of machine learning techniques
applied in the healthcare domain are “machine learning
(freq.:617)”,”artificial intelligence (freq.:93)”, “healthcare
(freq.:91)”, “deep learning (freq.:61)”,”prediction (freq.:43)”
etc. likewise most trending authors keywords of deep learn-
ing techniques applying in healthcare domain are “deep
learning (freq.:994)”,”machine learning (freq.:103)”, “arti-
ficial intelligence (freq.:65)”,”neural network (freq.:49)”,”
Convolutional Neural Network (freq.:43)” etc. it also demon-
strated the yearly most popular authors keyword are machine
learning, artificial intelligence, healthcare, prediction model,
data analytics, medical services, deep learning, diagnosis,
Convolutional Neural Network, biomedical images, etc. in
the application of machine learning and deep learning in
healthcare fields during the year 2019–2021.
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare… 3691

Table 12  Co-authors-Institute Machine Learning

collaboration visualization
Organization Documents Citations Total
Link
Strength

Harvard Med School 42 800 63

Stanford University 24 573 27
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 19 262 13
MIT 18 263 28
King Saudi University 16 224 4
University of Oxford 16 422 34
University of California San Francisco 15 353 25
University of Toronto 15 50 4
Brigham & Women’s Hospital 14 142 22
Columbia University 13 56 20
Massachusetts Gen Hosp 13 214 20
University of Pennsylvania 13 371 23
Imperial College of London 12 96 11
Pennsylvania State University 12 169 1
University of California San Diego 12 169 15
University of Washington 12 222 14
Emory University 11 237 17
Kings College of London 11 174 10
University of California Los Angeles 11 53 9
Boston Children’s Hospital 10 339 18
Deep Learning
Chinese Academy of Science 31 896 32
University Chinese Academy of Science 18 539 23
University of Electrical Science & Technology 10 588 13
National University of Defense Technology 14 1219 12
North-eastern University 9 329 12
Peng Cheng Laboratory 6 56 9
Tsinghua University 18 901 9
Harbin Institute of Technology 10 1607 8
Nanyang Technology University 11 2140 8
Chinese University Hong Kong 8 472 7
Guangdong University Technology 6 59 7
Tianjin University 9 234 7
UCL 11 491 7
Xidian University 5 113 7
Beihang University 10 168 6
Huazhong University of Science & Technology 11 99 6
Hunan University 6 466 6
Peking University 9 147 6
Stanford University 15 546 6
China Medical University 5 18 5

Table 15 exhibited yearly published numbers of the fre- article with keywords plus classification(freq.:133), predic-
quency with the popular keywords plus in the research area tion (freq.:86), Risk (freq.:62), diagnosis (freq.:57), model
of machine learning and deep learning techniques applied (freq.:56), regression (freq.:26), segmentation (freq.:18)
healthcare domain. table enlisted the total numbers of an etc. and neural network(freq.:138), classification(freq.:123),

13
3692
Fig. 15  Co-authors-Institute collaboration visualization in machine learning
Fig. 16  Co-authors-Institute collaboration visualization in deep learning application
model (freq.:78), algorithms (freq.:59), prediction(freq.:54),
segmentation(freq.:50) etc. in area of Machine learning and
deep learning in the healthcare domain.
These tables also demonstrate the year-wise highly popu-
lar keywords plus are classification, prediction, diagnosis,
model, segmentation, classifier, data analytics, network,
convolutional neural network, architecture, etc. in both the
area of machine learning and deep learning applied in the
healthcare field during the year 2018–2021. Among all listed
keywords in Table15 classification, segmentation, classifier,
network, model, and regression, the convolutional neural
network is heavily used in the application filed research
areas.
4 Summary
As emerging techniques, Machine Learning (ML) and
Deep Learning (DL) have shown incredible potential
in tackling challenging problems in several fields. This
study has focused on those problems in healthcare that
have been addressed using machine learning (ML) and
deep learning (DL) with promising results globally. Both
techniques have been shown as powerful tools in dealing
with disease detection in preprocessing, feature extraction,
13
J. Kumari et al.
feature selection, classification, and clustering steps. All
literature was published on machine learning (ML) and
deep learning (DL) in the Healthcare sector, as well as the
application of machine learning (ML) and deep learning
(DL) related to the healthcare domain.
This study has established the bibliometric analysis tech-
nique in the research area of machine learning, deep learn-
ing, and the healthcare field. And it revealed the worldwide
research trends and performance analysis of the subject area.
Up to now, there is a substantial gap in current research
about the bibliometric analysis of Machine Learning (ML),
Deep Learning (DL), and the Healthcare field. In this study,
selected topical, title, and all fields’ keywords were used
to extract the most relevant research paper from the Web
of Science (WoS) core collection database, which included
Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI) papers and articles,
review article, early access document type paper from the
period from 2010–30 June 2021.
Globally, in machine learning, deep learning, and health-
care, a total of 98,169, 51,559 and 1,67,326 articles with
topical keywords search and 29,653, 19,493, and 38,109
articles with title-wise keywords search bibliometric infor-
mation data were downloaded from the WoS database during
2010–2021(accessed 31 august 2021) respectively. Similarly,
A total of 5,065, 2,755, and 4,588 articles from topic-wise
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare… 3693

Table 13  Occurrence of top 20 most author’s keywords and Keyword plus

Machine learning
Author's Keywords Keyword plus
Keyword Occurrences Total Link Keyword Occurrences Total
Strength Link
Strength

Machine Learning 650 614 Classification 133 293

Artificial Intelligence 99 157 Prediction 82 181
Healthcare 81 150 Risk 58 112
Deep Learning 63 115 Diagnosis 57 122
Big Data 38 63 Model 54 126
Classification 38 61 Validation 50 126
Covid-19 34 65 Mortality 46 105
Internet Of Things 34 79 Models 42 75
Natural Language Processing 34 54 System 42 96
Prediction 33 49 Big Data 40 97
Electronic Health Records 24 30 Outcomes 38 109
Feature Selection 20 34 Internet 32 63
Random Forest 20 27 Management 32 67
Data Mining 19 31 Care 31 74
Feature Extraction 17 38 Disease 28 51
Medical Services 14 51 Healthcare 27 73
Predictive Models 14 39 Impact 27 58
Support Vector Machine 14 21 Regression 26 57
Electronic Health Record 13 26 Artificial-Intelligence 25 64
Predictive Analytics 13 18 Cancer 25 76
Deep learning
Deep Learning 944 762 Neural-Networks 138 176
Machine Learning 103 198 Classification 123 271
Artificial Intelligence 65 123 Model 78 177
Neural Networks 48 89 Algorithm 59 123
Convolutional Neural Network 43 64 Prediction 54 120
Convolutional Neural Networks 40 74 Segmentation 50 150
Classification 34 67 Convolutional Neural-Networks 43 102
Neural Network 33 63 Networks 43 31
Feature Extraction 29 62 Neural-Network 42 62
Training 29 75 Recognition 38 92
CNN 28 47 Images 37 95
Segmentation 27 53 Convolutional Neural-Network 33 81
LSTM 21 41 Framework 32 73
Computer Vision 20 37 Network 31 42
Big Data 19 45 Diagnosis 27 68
Survey 17 36 Features 27 71
Bioinformatics 16 33 System 27 46
Medical Imaging 15 32 Models 26 28
Image Recognition 14 22 Cancer 24 55
Object Detection 14 26 Reconstruction 24 45
Sentiment Analysis 14 32 Performance 20 49

13
3694 J. Kumari et al.

Fig. 17  Network visualization

of occurrence of top 20 most
authors’ keywords in machine
learning application

Fig. 18  Network visualization

of occurrence of the top 20
keywords plus in the machine
learning area

categories and 1,380, 992, and 894 from title-wise categories
with searched keywords Machine learning, Deep Learning,
and Healthcare has been used in Indian scientific research.
Additionally, exploring the application of machine learning
in the healthcare and deep learning in the healthcare domain
has published a total of 2,014 topics wise and 119 title-wise
articles and 922 and 58 respectively worldwide. Similarly,
an Indian research prospect in the application of machine
learning and deep learning in the healthcare domain has
published a total of 218 topic-wise articles and 16 title-wise
articles globally and 142 articles topics-wise and 13 articles
titles-wise at the Indian level (Table 1).
The purpose of this bibliometric data collection is to
perform a bibliometric analysis, and network visualization,
then evaluate the latest followed by the Document Type and
Language, Publication output, Top Country Contribution,
Top WoS core Categories and Journals, Top Authors, Top
Research Areas and Analysis of Author Keywords, Keyword
Plus related and most trending topic in machine learning,
Deep learning uses in Healthcare. also, this paper analyses

13
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare… 3695

Fig. 19  Network visualization

of occurrence of top 20 most
authors’ keywords in deep
learning application

Fig. 20  Network visualization

of occurrence of top 20 most
keywords plus keywords in deep
learning application

the number of citations based on the impact of multiple fac-
tors of the research paper as the number of authors, number
of pages, and number of references. All bibliometric infor-
mation data were downloaded by all relevant and latest lit-
erature published in ML, DL, and Healthcare research fields
also implementation of machine learning and deep learning
in healthcare fields, and all the source titles were included
in web of science categories with three different document
type article, review article, and early access article.
At the worldwide level, the total topical keywords-based
article published is 86,292 research articles, 5,794 review
articles, 2,854 early access articles with machine learning,
46,217 research article, 2,412 review article, 2,130 early
access article in deep learning and 1,28,247 research arti-
cles, 22,071 review article, 3,540 early access article in the
healthcare domain, also total numbers of research article
1,625, review articles 316, early access 98 in the application
of machine learning in healthcare and total of 750 research

13
3696 J. Kumari et al.

Fig. 21  Year-wise most trending

authors’ keyword tree map of
application of Machine learning
in the healthcare domain

Fig. 22  Year-wise most trending

authors’ keyword tree map of
application of Machine learning
in the healthcare domain

articles, 149 review articles, 74 early access articles in deep
learning application in healthcare. Comparatively, title wise
query search was conducted and obtained a total of 22,935
research articles, 1,449 review articles and 924 with machine
learning, followed by 16,055 research articles 730, review
articles 788 early access articles in deep learning and 21,
545 research articles, 2,730 review article and 694 early
access articles with healthcare, further, total research arti-
cles 74, review articles 11, early access articles 10 and 42
research articles, 5 review articles, 9 relay access articles in

13
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare…
Fig. 23  Year-wise most trending keyword is Plus word cloud in
Machine learning applied in the healthcare domain
both machine learning and deep learning application in the
healthcare sector (Table 2).
Also, worldwide five highest publication sources are
IEEE Access, Journal of healthcare engineering, journal of
biomedical informatics, PLOS One, BMC medical infor-
matics, and decision-making publishing articles in machine
learning and deep learning in healthcare fields. In the area
of machine learning application these sources of publica-
tion total articles such as IEEE Access(articles:52), Journal
of healthcare engineering(article:22), journal of biomedical
informatics(article:20), PLOS One(article:20), BMC medi-
cal informatics, and decision making(article:19). Respec-
tively, in deep learning in the healthcare area these sources
of publication total articles like IEEE Access(articles:78),
Journal of healthcare engineering(article:35), journal of bio-
medical informatics(article:15), BMC medical informatics
and decision making(article:11).
From the global prospect, the top three countries that pro-
duced more research articles on the application of machine
Fig. 24  Year-wise most trend-
ing keyword Plus word cloud
in Deep learning applied in the
healthcare domain
3697
learning(ML) and deep learning(DL) in healthcare fields
are the USA(articles frequency:2043), China(articles fre-
quency:589), UK(articles frequency:375), South Korea (arti-
cles frequency:274), Canada(articles frequency:264), India
(articles frequency:231) and USA(articles frequency:1327),
China(articles frequency:1103), South Korea(articles fre-
quency:398), India(articles frequency:330), UK (articles
frequency:329). Among the top 10 most cited countries,
the three topmost cited country having the USA (total
citation:5072; avg articles citation:14.7), China (total
citation:1434; avg articles citation:14.2), the UK (total
citation:847; avg articles citation:12.28), India (total cita-
tion:434; avg articles citation:7.23), Norway (total cita-
tion:316; avg articles citation:63.2) in the area of machine
learning use in healthcare. similarly, USA (total cita-
tion:5625; avg articles citation:26.41), China (total cita-
tion:2686; avg articles citation:13.57), UK (total cita-
tion:1176; avg articles citation:192.93), Korea (total
citation:904; avg articles citation:12.05), Saudi Arabia (total
citation:601; avg articles citation:13.07) in deep learning
use in healthcare. Out of all the most cited and average cited
countries USA has the highest total citations 1327 with an
average article citation 26.41 in the use of deep learning in
healthcare.
And top five authors are Zhang Y(articles:14), Li
X(articles:11), Li J(articles:10), Li Y (article:9), Wang Z
(article:8) and Li H(articles:17), Li J(articles:17), Wang
H(aricles:14), Yang J(article:14), Liu Y(article:13) respec-
tively.and the top five most affiliated Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York(articles:100), Har-
vard Medical School, Massachusetts(articles:78), Stanford
University, California(articles:68) and Stanford Univer-
sity, California(articles:109), King Saud University, Saudi
Arabia(articles:89), Johns Hopkins University(articles:84)
are contributed greatly to both research fields.
13
3698 J. Kumari et al.

Table 14  Top 20 most trending author’s keywords in the application Table 15  Top 20 most trending keywords Plus in the application of
of machine learning and deep learning in the healthcare sector machine learning and deep learning in the healthcare sector
Machine Learning Machine learning
Item Freq Year_Q1 Year_Med Year_Q3 Item Freq Year_Q1 Year_Med Year_Q3

Machine Learning 617 2019 2020 2021 Classification 133 2018 2020 2020
Artificial Intelligence 93 2019 2020 2021 Prediction 86 2019 2020 2021
Healthcare 91 2019 2020 2021 Risk 62 2018 2020 2021
Learning 68 2019 2020 2020 Diagnosis 57 2019 2020 2021
Deep Learning 61 2019 2020 2021 Model 56 2019 2020 2020
Prediction 43 2018 2019 2020 Regression 26 2019 2019 2020
Big Data 39 2018 2019 2020 Segmentation 18 2018 2019 2020
Covid-19 34 2020 2021 2021 Survival 15 2018 2019 2020
Data Mining 18 2017 2018 2020 IOT 13 2020 2021 2021
Medical Services 14 2020 2021 2021 Networks 12 2017 2018 2020
Diabetes 13 2021 2021 2021 Dementia 11 2018 2019 2020
Prediction Model 11 2019 2019 2021 Therapy 11 2018 2019 2020
Data Analytics 11 2020 2021 2021 Alzheimer’s-Disease 8 2016 2017 2018
IOT 11 2020 2021 2021 Records 7 2014 2017 2020
Alzheimer's Disease 10 2018 2019 2020 Classifiers 7 2017 2018 2020
Electronic Health 9 2018 2019 2020 Convolutional Neural- 7 2020 2021 2021
Big Data Analytics 7 2016 2018 2019 Network
Feature 7 2016 2018 2020 Admission 6 2017 2018 2020
Clustering 5 2016 2018 2020 Architecture 6 2021 2021 2021
Critical Care 5 2018 2018 2019 Data Analytics 6 2021 2021 2021
Deep Learning Agreement 5 2018 2018 2020
Deep Learning 994 2019 2020 2021 Deep learning
Machine Learning 103 2018 2020 2020 Neural-Networks 138 2018 2019 2020
Artificial Intelligence 65 2019 2020 2021 Classification 123 2019 2020 2021
Neural Networks 49 2019 2020 2021 Model 78 2019 2020 2020
Convolutional Neural 43 2019 2020 2021 Algorithm 59 2018 2019 2020
Network Prediction 54 2019 2020 2021
Neural Network 33 2018 2019 2020 Segmentation 50 2019 2020 2021
Big Data 19 2018 2019 2020 Convolutional Neural- 43 2019 2020 2021
Artificial Neural Network 11 2018 2019 2020 Networks
Data Mining 9 2017 2018 2020 Features 27 2018 2019 2020
Security 9 2019 2021 2021 Representation 15 2018 2019 2020
Recurrent Neural Network 8 2019 2019 2020 Representations 14 2018 2019 2019
Recurrent Neural Networks 7 2018 2019 2020 Automatic Segmentation 6 2017 2018 2019
Wireless Communication 7 2020 2021 2021 Support Vector Machines 6 2018 2018 2019
Biomedical Imaging 6 2020 2021 2021 Inverse Problems 6 2020 2021 2021
Hyperspectral Imaging 6 2020 2021 2021 Object Detection 6 2020 2021 2021
Diagnosis 5 2019 2021 2021 Signals 6 2021 2021 2021
Belief Networks 5 2014 2017 2018
Secondary Structure 5 2017 2017 2018
Automated Detection 5 2018 2018 2021
The network analysis of the top 5 relevant terms yielded
Challenges 5 2018 2018 2020
classification, prediction, neural network, model(s), design
Proteins 5 2017 2018 2020
in machine learning, deep learning, quality, management,
Classifiers 5 2020 2021 2021
impact, services, and prevalence in healthcare research. Dur-
ing 2010–2021, the top 5 authors' keywords were machine
learning, artificial intelligence, deep learning, classification,
and neural networks in machine learning and deep learning,

13
A Structured Analysis to study the Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in The Healthcare…
and healthcare, healthcare professionals, health policy, pri-
mary healthcare, patient safety, etc. in healthcare.
In addition, the top five trending keywords in the machine
field are support vector machine, networks, algorithms,
genetic algorithm approximation, neural network, classifica-
tion, algorithm, architecture, dimensionality, sequence, mor-
tality, attitudes, information, epidemiology, models, etc. The
top authors' keywords in current research are classification,
data mining, support vector machine(s), data analysis, unsu-
pervised learning in machine learning, artificial intelligence,
convolutional neural network, neural network, classification,
object detection in deep learning, epidemiology, influenza,
healthcare costs, healthcare service research, and e-health
in healthcare.
5 Conclusion and Future Trends
When applied to any field of study, bibliometric analysis
offers a fresh perspective on the study of research patterns.
The purpose of this research was to apply bibliometric analy-
sis techniques to uncover previously unknown relationships
between machine learning, deep learning, and healthcare
research areas, and to gain a deeper comprehension of how
machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods
are being used to improve healthcare delivery by minimiz-
ing human error in areas such as disease detection, diagno-
sis, prediction, drug discovery, precision medicine, robotic
surgery, etc. This study provides a fresh perspective on the
intersection of machine learning, deep learning, healthcare
research, and the solutions they provide. In addition, the
complete bibliometric information data on this topic has
been analyzed using query keywords such as "machine
learning," "deep learning," and "healthcare" from the web of
science core collection from the period 2010 through August
30th, 2021, with a special emphasis on journals included in
the SCI-Extended Index. In addition, this report discovers
the extensive adoption of machine learning and deep learn-
ing techniques in healthcare and other domains by university
researchers and industry practitioners. And it facilitates the
application of these methods in other fields by researchers
and practitioners.
From a global prospect, the top three countries that
produced more research articles on the application of
machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) in health-
care fields are the USA, China, and the UK. And top
three authors are Zhang Y., Li X, Li J, Li H, Li J, Wang
H and the top 3 most affiliated Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York(articles:100), Harvard Medi-
cal School, Massachusetts(articles:78), Stanford Uni-
versity, California (articles:68) and Stanford University,
California(articles:109), King Saud University, Saudi
3699
Arabia(articles:89), Johns Hopkins University(articles:84)
are contributed greatly in both research fields.
This study revealed that machine learning, and deep
learning, in the healthcare field are some of the emerging
areas of research that attract researchers to contribute to
the future at a global level. Thus, the bibliometric study is
a solution for detailed analysis of machine learning (ML)
and deep learning (DL), and healthcare research areas and it
helps to work in these areas special focusing on the health-
care domain. The key purpose of this endeavour is to raise
awareness among academics and professionals about how
machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods
affect the medical field. More work needs to be done in this
area, but it is expected to grow rapidly and have a greater
effect on a structured dataset of greater size in the future.
As a result, this ground-breaking study will assist scientists
in maintaining a culture of constant innovation as they con-
struct robust technologies tailored to the healthcare sector.
We believe this research objective will encourage academ-
ics to keep exploring the potential of Machine learning and
Deep learning in the medical field.
Author Contribution Dr. Ela Kumar (EK) conceived and designed the
study, Ms. Juli Kumari (JK) performed the research, analyzed the data,
and Dr. Deepak Kumar (DK) contributed to editorial input. Concep-
tualization, methodology and formal analysis: JK, DK; investigation:
EK; visualization: JK, DK; writing—original draft: JK; writing—
review and editing: DK, EK; All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Data Availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current
study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable
request.
Declarations
Conflicts of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Ethical Approval Not applicable.
Consent for Publication All authors read and approved the final manu-
script.
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 International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM) 3(1) -2023

Contents available at the publisher website: G A F T I M . C O M

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Big Data Analytics in Healthcare: Exploring the Role of Machine Learning in Predicting
Patient Outcomes and Improving Healthcare Delivery
Federico Del Giorgio Solfa¹, Fernando Rogelio Simonato²
1 ˒2 National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Healthcare professionals decide wisely about personalized medicine, treatment

Big Data Analytics, Machine
Learning, Patient Outcomes,
Healthcare Delivery,
Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Received: May, 28, 2023
Accepted: June, 22, 2023
Published: June, 23, 2023
plans, and resource allocation by utilizing big data analytics and machine learning.
To guarantee that algorithmic recommendations are impartial and fair, however,
ethical issues relating to prejudice and data privacy must be taken into account. Big
data analytics and machine learning have a great potential to disrupt healthcare,
and as these technologies continue to evolve, new opportunities to reform
healthcare and enhance patient outcomes may arise. In order to investigate the
patient’s outcomes with empirical evidence, this research was conducted using an
online survey to incorporate healthcare professionals, patient’s reviews, and
clinical staff. The data were analyzed using SmartPLS 4.0 to predict the structural
model. The findings revealed a direct impact as positive influence of using machine
learning on healthcare performance and patient outcomes through big data
analytics. Moreover, it is evident that this can lead to personalized treatment plans,
early interventions, and improved patient outcomes. Additionally, big data analytics
can help healthcare providers optimize resource allocation, improve operational
efficiency, and reduce costs. The impact of big data analytics on patient outcome and
healthcare performance is expected to continue to grow, making it an important
area for investment and research

1. INTRODUCTION
Big data analytics has become increasingly
important in healthcare as the amount of data
generated by patients, healthcare providers, and
medical devices has exploded in recent years.
Healthcare organizations are using big data
analytics to gain insights into patient health,
improve clinical outcomes, and reduce costs. With
the help of advanced analytics tools, healthcare
providers can analyze large volumes of data to
identify patterns, trends, and correlations that can
help them make more informed decisions about
patient care. This has the potential to transform
healthcare by enabling more personalized
treatment plans, predicting health risks, and
improving the overall quality of care (Kambatla et
al., 2014). However, there are also significant
challenges associated with big data analytics in
healthcare, including data privacy and security
concerns (Saeed, 2023), as well as the need to
develop effective algorithms and models to make
sense of the vast amounts of data generated by the
healthcare industry.
However, machine learning —which is a typology
of artificial intelligence (AI)— has become a
powerful tool for predicting patient outcomes in
healthcare (Ngiam and Khor, 2019). With the
ability to analyze large volumes of patient data,
machine learning algorithms can spot patterns and
F. Del Giorgio Solfa, & F. R. Simonato International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM) 3(1) -2023- 2
connections that human analysts might not notice
right away (Zhang et al., 2021). Machine learning
models can forecast the possibility that a patient
will experience certain diseases or outcomes by
examining patient data such as medical history,
test findings, vital signs, and other variables
(Javaid, et al. 2022). Healthcare professionals can
utilize this data to create individualized treatment
plans, make better decisions about patient care,
and enhance clinical outcomes. It has already
proven successful to apply machine learning to
predict outcomes for a variety of medical illnesses,
including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer,
among others.
Moreover, machine learning is increasingly being
used in healthcare to predict patient outcomes and
improve healthcare performance. By analyzing
vast amounts of patient data, machine learning
models can spot patterns and connections that
human analysts might not immediately notice. This
research can be used by healthcare providers to
develop personalized treatment plans, improve
clinical decision-making, and ultimately improve
patient outcomes. Machine learning can also be
used to improve healthcare performance by
optimizing operational processes, reducing costs,
and increasing efficiency. For example, machine
learning models can be used to predict patient
demand for healthcare services, identify areas of
inefficiency in healthcare delivery, and optimize
resource allocation. However, this research implies
the use of machine learning in healthcare using a
hypothesized model, including the need to ensure
the accuracy and reliability of models, protect
patient privacy and security (Aslam et al., 2022),
and integrate machine learning into clinical
workflows. As healthcare continues to generate
vast amounts of data, the potential of machine
learning to improve patient outcomes and
healthcare performance is likely to continue to
grow.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Machine Learning Influence on Patient
Outcomes and Healthcare Performance
In-hospital mortality rates for patients with heart
failure were predicted using machine learning
algorithms, according to a study that was published
in the Journal of Medical Systems. According to
(Schroeder and Lodemann, 2021), machine
https://doi.org/10.54489/ictim.v3i1.235
learning models had an area under the receiver
operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.83
and could predict death rates with high accuracy.
The authors came to the conclusion that machine
learning could enhance clinical judgement and
eventually enhance patient outcomes (Alshurideh
et al., 2020). According to a study published in the
Journal of the American Medical Association
(JAMA), machine learning algorithms were used to
forecast acute kidney damage (AKI) in individuals
who were hospitalized. The study discovered that
a machine learning model was more accurate in
predicting AKI than conventional clinical models.
The authors suggested that machine learning could
be used to improve AKI diagnosis and ultimately
improve patient outcomes (Gluck and Gostin,
2023). (Iqbal et al., 2022) highlights the potential
benefits of time-based enhancements in scheduling
algorithms, which can be relevant for optimizing
the execution of machine learning algorithms in
healthcare analytics.
A systematic review published in the Journal of
Medical Internet Research examined the use of
machine learning in predicting patient outcomes in
cancer care (Wolinetz and Tabak, 2023). The
review found that machine learning models were
able to predict cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and
treatment response with high accuracy. The
authors concluded that machine learning has the
potential to improve cancer care by enabling more
personalized treatment plans and improving
patient outcomes. Similarly, various studies
suggest that machine learning has the potential to
improve patient outcomes and performance in
healthcare by enabling more accurate diagnosis,
more personalized treatment plans, and more
informed clinical decision-making (Zhang et al.,
2021). Based on the above discussion following
hypothesis have developed:
H1a: Machine Learning influence Patient Outcomes
H1b: Machine Learning influence Healthcare
Performance
2.2. Big Data Analytics influence Patient Outcomes
and Healthcare Performance
Big Data Analytics has emerged as a game-changer
in the healthcare industry, providing new
opportunities to improve patient outcomes and
healthcare performance. Finding patterns and
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F. Del Giorgio Solfa, & F. R. Simonato International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM) 3(1) -2023- 3
trends in massive datasets is one of the main
advantages of big data analytics in the healthcare
industry. Healthcare professionals can learn
important information about patient behavior,
disease trends, and treatment outcomes by
studying patient data (Elgendy and Elragal, 2014).
In turn, this empowers them to decide on patient
treatment with greater knowledge, ultimately
resulting in better patient outcomes. The effect of
big data analytics in lowering hospital
readmissions was examined by (Hussein et al.,
2018). Predictive analytics were proven to
significantly reduce readmissions when used in
conjunction with patient coaching and education.
This shows that Big Data Analytics can be used to
pinpoint patients who are in danger of
readmission, enabling medical professionals to
take action and stop readmissions in their tracks
before they happen.
(Dubey, Gunasekaran and Childe, 2019) examined
the use of Big Data Analytics to improve patient
outcomes in the treatment of diabetes they also
found that by analyzing patient data, healthcare
providers were able to identify patients who were
not responding well to treatment and make
adjustments to their treatment plans. As a result,
patients showed significant improvements in their
glycemic control. In addition to improving patient
outcomes, Big Data Analytics can also have a
positive impact on healthcare performance
(Niñerola, Hernández-Lara and Sánchez-Rebull,
2021). The study found that big data analytics
could be used to identify areas of inefficiency and
waste in healthcare delivery, leading to cost
savings and improved performance. The study also
found that big data analytics could be used to
improve patient satisfaction by identifying areas
where patient experience could be enhanced.
Based on the above discussion following
hypothesis have been developed:
H2a: Big Data Analytics influence Patient Outcomes
H2b: Big Data Analytics Healthcare Performance
2.3. Machine Learning Impact on Healthcare
Performance through Big Data Analytics
(Zhang et al., 2020) examined the use of machine
learning to predict healthcare utilization and costs.
Machine learning models outperformed traditional
statistical models in predicting healthcare
https://doi.org/10.54489/ictim.v3i1.235
utilization and costs, indicating that machine
learning can be an effective tool for healthcare cost
management. A prior study published in the
Journal of Biomedical Informatics investigated the
application of machine learning to foretell heart
failure patients' readmissions. It discovered that
machine learning models were more accurate than
conventional statistical models at predicting
readmissions, indicating that machine learning can
improve patient outcomes by identifying high-risk
patients and allowing for early intervention.
According to, machine learning had a positive
impact on healthcare performance, including
improved patient outcomes, reduced healthcare
costs, and enhanced healthcare quality. (Schroeder
and Lodemann, 2021) highlighted the importance
of data quality and governance in implementing
machine learning models in healthcare. A research
published in the Journal of Healthcare Informatics
Research investigated the use of machine learning
to predict healthcare-associated infections
(SRAIDI, 2022). In addition, machine learning
models were able to predict healthcare-associated
infections with greater accuracy than traditional
statistical models, indicating that machine learning
can improve patient safety by identifying high-risk
patients and enabling early intervention. Based on
the above discussion following hypothesis have
been developed:
H3a: Big Data Analytics mediate the impact of
Machine Learning on Patient Outcomes
H3b: Big Data Analytics mediate the impact of
Machine Learning on Healthcare Performance
2.4. Patient outcome influence on healthcare
performance
One study published in the Journal of Hospital
Medicine examined the impact of healthcare
performance on patient outcomes in a hospital
setting (Gordon et al., 2020). The study found that
hospitals with higher performance scores had
lower rates of complications, mortality, and
readmissions (Gordon et al., 2020). The study also
found that patients treated in higher-performing
hospitals were more likely to have a positive
experience and be satisfied with their care.
(Aljameel et al., 2021) investigated the relationship
between healthcare performance and patient
outcomes in a primary care setting. Moreover,
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F. Del Giorgio Solfa, & F. R. Simonato International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM) 3(1) -2023- 4
patients who received care from higher-
performing primary care practices had lower rates
of hospitalization and emergency department
visits. Various authors also found that patients in
higher-performing practices were more likely to
receive preventive care and have better chronic
disease management (Szijártó Ádám Somfai Ellák,
2023).
The effect of healthcare performance on patient
outcomes across a variety of contexts was the
subject of a systematic review that was published
in the Journal of Patient Safety. According to the
analysis, better patient outcomes, such as lower
mortality rates, fewer problems, and higher patient
satisfaction, were linked to healthcare systems that
performed better. The review also emphasized the
significance of cooperation, leadership, and culture
in fostering healthcare performance and enhancing
patient outcomes.
2.5. Problem Statement
The healthcare industry generates a massive
amount of data from various sources, such as
electronic health records, medical imaging, and
wearables. This data contains valuable insights
that can help healthcare providers make more
informed decisions, improve patient outcomes, and
reduce costs. However, the complexity and scale of
2.6. Research Model
Machine Learning
Big Data Analytics
Figure 1: Conceptual Research Model
2.7. Research Hypotheses
H1a: Machine Learning Positively Influence
Patient Outcomes
H1b: Machine Learning Positively Influence
Healthcare Performance
H2a: Big Data Analytics positively influence Patient
Outcomes
https://doi.org/10.54489/ictim.v3i1.235
this data make it challenging to analyze using
traditional methods. Therefore, the healthcare
industry is turning to big data analytics to unlock
the potential of this data.
However, one promising approach to big data
analytics in healthcare is machine learning, which
can analyze large datasets and identify patterns
that may not be apparent to humans. Despite the
potential benefits of machine learning in
healthcare, there is a significant literature gap
regarding its practical contribution to healthcare
delivery. Many healthcare providers are still using
traditional methods to analyze patient data, and
there is a lack of understanding of how machine
learning can be integrated into clinical practice.
Therefore, this research aims to explore the role of
machine learning in predicting patient outcomes
and improving healthcare delivery. The study will
investigate the potential of machine learning to
revolutionize healthcare delivery and fill the
literature gap by demonstrating its practical
contribution to healthcare.
Patient Outcomes
Healthcare
Performance
H2b: Big Data Analytics positively influence
Healthcare Performance
H3a: Big Data Analytics mediate the impact of
Machine Learning on Patient Outcomes
H3b: Big Data Analytics mediate the impact of
Machine Learning on Healthcare Performance
H4: Patient Outcomes Positively Influence
Healthcare Performance
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F. Del Giorgio Solfa, & F. R. Simonato International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM) 3(1) -2023- 5
3. METHODOLOGY
Primarily, using suggestions from the healthcare
sector and professionals, an online survey tool was
developed. By completing a pilot study,
contributions from the expert opinion of
healthcare professionals and practitioners were
incorporated into the survey questionnaire. The
survey's content was divided into four categories,
the first of which focuses on the fundamental facts
about the target industry and the demographics of
the respondents. The information pertinent to the
degree of big data analytics employed in healthcare
is the topic of the next section. The measurement of
machine learning in healthcare was the focus of the
third portion, while advances in patient outcomes
delivery were covered in the fourth section.
Furthermore, Public and private hospitals were
targeted from Dubai city, UAE. Respondents were
accessed through emails to fill the questionnaire.
Based on the strategy suggested for PLS-SEM by
(Kock, 2015), the appropriateness of the sample
size is assessed. The study also contained 142
samples, which satisfied the requirements for the
minimal sample size. The results were included to
an excel file for additional statistical software
analyses. The PLS-SEM method, as recommended
by (Hair, Black and Babin, 2010), is used in this
research to analyze the data. PLS models that used
Table 1: Convergent Validity
Variables CR (rho a)
Big Data Analytics 0.851
Machine learning 0.728
Patients Outcome 0.753
Healthcare Performance 0.773
This study model's dependability is evaluated
through Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha values
of >0.7 are regarded as satisfactory, per Hair et al.
(2014). As seen in Table 1, all Cronbach's alpha
values are higher than 0.7. The composite
reliability (CR) and average variance extract (AVE),
as well as the item reliability of each variable
(factor loadings), are used to evaluate the
https://doi.org/10.54489/ictim.v3i1.235
higher-order constructs also showed. The research
uses the PLS-SEM approach despite the short
sample size. The hypothesized model is
investigated using the Smart PLS 4.
4. DATA ANALYSIS
4.1. Measurement Model
The same technique of assessment criteria can be
regularly used as for any PLS-SEM analysis to
assess higher-order construct models. Using a
three-step process, (Hair et al., 2012) described a
measuring model.
Step 1: Evaluate internal consistency and
reliability using the Cronbach Alpha (CA) and
Composite Reliability (CR) metrics.
Step 2: Validation by convergence: "Validation
through convergence is the degree to which the
construct converges in order to explain the
variance of its items." This was examined using the
Average Variance Extracted (AVE) measurement.
Step 3: Discriminant validity, which is the degree
to which a construct is empirically different from
other constructs in the structural model, is the
fourth step. This was evaluated using the Fornell-
Larcker criterion and the (HTMT), whose value
should be less than 0.85. Indicator loadings,
composite reliability, and actual values are
described in Table 2. The Fornell-Larcker criterion
value and the HTMT results are shown in table 2.
CR (rho c) AVE Cronbach’s Alpha
0.885 0.606 0.838
0.796 0.642 0.839
0.819 0.589 0.729
0.834 0.612 0.726
convergent validity of the current study model
(Hair et al., 2016). The CR and AVE values (for each
construct) should, in the opinion of experts, be
greater than 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. According to
Table 2, all CR and AVE values meet the standards
for acceptance. As per Hair et al. (2014), all items'
factor loadings are also more than 0.5 at the person
level. Next,
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F. Del Giorgio Solfa, & F. R. Simonato International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM) 3(1) -2023- 6

Table 2: Discriminant Validity HTMT, Fornell-Larcker Criterion

HTMT
Construct BDA ML PO HP
BDA Big Data Analytics
ML Machine learning 0.661
PO Patients Outcome 0.734 0.753
HP Healthcare Performance 0.528 0.762 0.773
Fornell-Lacker Criterion
BDA ML PO HP
BDA Big Data Analytics 0.779
ML Machine learning 0.543 0.725
PO Patients Outcome 0.592 0.710 0.717
HP Healthcare Performance 0.589 0.600 0.455 0.709

4.2. Structural Measurement Model coefficient outcomes when analyzing the

According to (Hair et al., 2012), collinearity was
investigated, Higher-order latent variables in this
study include bid data analytics, machine learning,
patients outcomes and healthcare performance. A
reflecting model was used to design each construct.
Coefficient of determination (R2) values and path
coefficient values are crucial for reporting the
structural model. Big Data Analytics, Machine
Learning, Patients Outcome, Healthcare
Performance all have R2 values of 0.306, 0.351, and
0.585, respectively, which indicate moderate
research's R2 values. The resampling technique
known as "bootstrapping" involves drawing a
sizable number of subsamples from the original
data (with replacement) and estimating models for
each subsample. Table 3 shows the findings of path
coefficient and t values using bootstrapping with
5000 subsamples, significance level of 5%, and
confidence level of 95% as input settings for PLS-
SEM program.

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F. Del Giorgio Solfa, & F. R. Simonato International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM) 3(1) -2023- 7

Figure 2: Structured Equation Model

Table 3: Hypothesis Testing

Indirect Effect ML>PO with BDA & ML >HP with BDA

Percentile bootstrap 95% confidence

interval
Hypothesis Paths β R² t- Lower Upper p-value Decision
value 2.5% 95%
H1a ML→PO 0.61 0.30 2.24 0.000 Supported
H1b ML→HP 0.30 0.58 3.64 0.000 Supported
H2a BDA→PO 0.48 6.39 0.000 Supported
H2b BDA→HP 0.46 5.15 0.000 Supported
H3a ML→BDA→PO 0.56 0.35 3.33 .122 .541 0.003 Partial Mediation
H3b ML→BDA→HP 0.55 5.81 .205 .760 0.000 Partial Mediation
H4 PO→HP 0.59 7.02 0.001 Supported

Table 3 presents the p-values and beta coefficients
before elaborating on this area. Because data-
driven accounts for 30% of the variation in Patient
outcomes (B= 0.61, p 0.000), H1a is well supported.
Because machine learning accounts for 58% of the
variation in healthcare performance, H1b is
strongly supported (B= 0.30, p 0.000). Big Data
Analytics explains 35% of variation in patient
outcome (B= 0.48, p 0.000), providing strong
evidence for H2a. Big Data Analytics has significant
impact on healthcare performance (B= 0.46, p
0.000), hence H2b is supported. H3a and H3b
depicted as partial mediation by explaining the
significant indirect impact ML on PO with
mediating effect of BDA (B=0.56, p 0.003) and ML
has significant indirect impact on healthcare
performance by mediating effect of BDA (B=0.55, p
0.000) proving the partial mediation. The findings
revealed that the mediation effect was statistically
significant, indicating that hypothesis H3a and H3b
were supported. H4 explaining the relationship
between patients’ outcomes and healthcare
performance as significant (B=0.59, p 0.001)
supporting H4 of the model.

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F. Del Giorgio Solfa, & F. R. Simonato International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM) 3(1) -2023- 8
5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Initially the findings revealed that the hypotheses
(H1a, H1b, H2a, H2b, H3a, H3b and H4) that were
established to understand the relationship and
influence between big data analytics and
healthcare performance are highly significant and
support the findings of previous studies. It appears
that BDA and ML practices, which focus on
patient’s outcomes and healthcare delivery
performance, are considered extremely significant
positions compared to other traditional ways. The
value of R2 and path coefficient for lean technical
practices are also approved. As a result, with the
vast amount of healthcare data being generated
every day, it has become increasingly important to
find ways to process and analyze this data in a way
that can improve patient outcomes, reduce costs,
and increase overall efficiency. This is where big
data analytics and machine learning come in,
offering the potential to extract insights from large
and complex datasets that would be difficult or
impossible to uncover using traditional methods.
Additionally, our research findings approve the
hypothetical approach describing the significance
level of big data analytics implementation to
improve healthcare delivery and patient outcome,
for example, one area where big data analytics and
machine learning have shown great promise is in
the field of personalized medicine.
Furthermore, by analyzing large datasets of patient
information, including genetic, clinical, and
lifestyle data, machine learning algorithms can
identify patterns and correlations that can help
healthcare providers make more informed
decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention strategies. For instance, healthcare
professionals can utilise machine learning
algorithms to identify individuals who are at high
risk for specific diseases, enabling early
intervention and possibly preventing the condition
from ever developing. Moreover, the research
findings emphasized to incorporate machine
learning and big data analytics as a contemporary
need for desired outcomes in healthcare sector.
Similarly, personalized medicine, big data analytics
and machine learning can also be used to improve
the overall performance of healthcare systems. For
example, by analyzing large datasets of patient
outcomes and treatment protocols, machine
https://doi.org/10.54489/ictim.v3i1.235
learning algorithms can identify areas where
current practices may be inefficient or ineffective,
and suggest new approaches that could improve
outcomes and reduce costs. This can help
healthcare providers make more informed
decisions about resource allocation, staffing, and
treatment strategies, ultimately leading to better
patient outcomes and more efficient use of
resources.
6. CONCLUSION
The impact of utilizing big data analytics and
machine learning to enhance healthcare
performance and improve patient outcomes
cannot be overstated. These technologies have
opened up a world of possibilities, allowing
healthcare providers to extract valuable insights
from massive datasets that were previously
untapped. By leveraging these insights, healthcare
professionals can make more informed decisions
regarding personalized medicine, treatment
protocols, and resource allocation, ultimately
leading to better patient outcomes and a more
efficient healthcare system. The ability to analyze
vast amounts of healthcare data empowers
healthcare providers to identify patterns,
correlations, and risk factors that were previously
difficult to detect. This knowledge enables early
intervention, disease prevention, and personalized
treatment plans tailored to individual patients.
Moreover, machine learning algorithms
continuously learn and adapt, improving over time
and staying up-to-date with the latest medical
research and practices.
6.1. Practical Implications and Future
Recommendations
As the field of healthcare continues to evolve, big
data analytics and machine learning are becoming
increasingly important in improving patient
outcomes in research. Here are some future
recommendations for using these technologies:
Firstly, use big data analytics to identify patient
patterns by analyzing large amounts of patient
data, healthcare providers can identify patterns in
patient behavior, treatment outcomes, and disease
progression. This information can be used to
develop personalized treatment plans for each
patient, which can lead to improved outcomes.
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F. Del Giorgio Solfa, & F. R. Simonato International Journal of Computations, Information and Manufacturing (IJCIM) 3(1) -2023- 9
Additionally, machine learning algorithms can be
trained on large datasets to predict outcomes for
different patient groups. For instance, a machine
learning system may be trained to identify people
who are most likely to contract a specific disease,
enabling medical professionals to take early action
and stop the disease's progression.
Secondly, prediction models that can assist
healthcare professionals in making better
judgements regarding patient care can be created
using machine learning algorithms. For example, a
predictive model could be used to identify which
patients are most likely to develop a particular
complication after surgery, allowing healthcare
providers to take steps to prevent the complication
from occurring. Lastly, big data analytics and
machine learning have enormous potential to
improve patient outcomes in research. By
analyzing large amounts of patient data, healthcare
providers can identify patterns, develop predictive
models, and design more targeted clinical trials
that are more likely to succeed. With continued
investment in these technologies, we can expect to
see significant improvements in patient outcomes
in the years to come.
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