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CHAPTER

2 ELECTRO-
CHEMISTRY
Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation
Syllabus and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibb’s energy
change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific
and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration,
Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and
Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.

List of Topics
Topic- 1: Electrolytic
Electrolytic Conductivity, Conductivity, Electro-
Electrolytes and Kohlrausch’s lytes and Kohlrausch’s
Topic- 1 Law Law Page No. 26
Topic- 2 : Redox Reac-
Concepts Covered  Conductivity, Resistivity, tions and Electrochem-
Kohlrausch’s Law, cell constant ical Cells, Electrode
Potential and Nernst
Equation Page No. 32
Revision Notes Topic- 3: Electrolysis,
Law of Electrolysis, Bat-
Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of the teries, Fuel Cells and
production of electricity from energy released during spontaneous chemical Corrosion Page No. 37
reactions and the use of electrical energy to result in non-spontaneous
chemical transformations.
Electrolytic conduction: The flow of electric current through an electrolytic solution is called electrolytic
conduction.
Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates in solution to produce ions and hence conducts electricity in dissolved
state or molten state.
Weak electrolyte – H 2CO3, CH 3COOH, HCN.
Strong electrolyte – NaCl, HCl, NaOH.
Degree of ionisation: It is the ratio of number of ions produced to the total number of molecules in electrolyte.
Resistance is defined as the property of given substance to obstruct the flow of charge. It is directly proportional
to the length (l) and inversely proportional to its area of cross-section (A).
l l
R∝ or; R = r
A A
r = Resistivity or specific resistance.
 Negative E° Stronger Two copper strips dipped in an aqueous solution
A series of half–cells arranged in increasing
standard oxidation potentials. reducing agent than Cu2+ + 2e–
of CuSO4 , then at Anode : Cu Painting, barrier protection, rust solutions
H+/H2 Cathode :Cu2+ + 2e– Cu
Rusting of iron, tarnishing of silver
Positive E° Weaker
U-shaped inverted reducing agent than H+/H2 Electrochemical phenomenon in
tube connecting Electronic conductance that:
two electrolytic which metal oxide of metal forms • Depends on Nature and structure of metal,
solution coating on metal surface. Number of valence electrons per atom,
• Temperature (Decreases
A chemical al s
Galvanic cell that converts h me t • with increase in temperature)
compound ro u g
that dissociates energy of combustion of fuels e th
nc
into ions and Cathode c ta

u
like H 2, CH4 directly into Electrolytic (Ionic) Conductance:
conducts electric

nd
Reduction takes place electrical energy depends on:-
current s

Co
Anode ion Nature of electrolyte added,
ugh Size of ions solvation,
Oxidation takes place Electrode potential when c e thro
concentration of all species in rG° = –RT InK
Conductan Nature of solvent and its viscosity,
half cell is unity. Concentration of electrolyte,
Temperature (increases with increase in

Co
Electrode : Pt coated with r
G° = –n FE°cell nd Temperature)

e
u
Pt black, electrolyte : c ta

anc
nc
acidic solution pressure e
1 A A Unit : Siemens (S) or ohm–1 or mho
Half–cell 1 bar Pt(s) |H2(g)| H+(aq) Fuel cells C= = =
R l l
two portions of cell
Increases on dilution
Corrosion
2.303RT [M]

Inverse of Resist
Potential difference between Conductivity Ecell = E° cell – log n+
electrode and electrolyte. Cell nF [M ]
Relation 0.059 1

electrode
between Ecell = E°cell – log n+
l n [M ]
cell potential R=
A
and Gibbs = Resistivity
energy Unit : Ohm – Meter
Daniell Cell :Cathode: Copper, Anode : Z inc; Salt nE° cell
Electroch KC = Antilog
bridge : Agar agar; electrolyte : KCN/KNO3 emic 0.0591
al : n+
Reduction : Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu (s) chemical De M (aq) + ne– M(s) 2.303 RT
ener vic E°cell = log K C
Oxidation : Zn(S) Zn2+(aq) + 2e gy
to ec nF
2+ ele o
Zn|Zn (C1) || Cu 2+(C2)|Cu

nv
c tr
i Electrical

er
V

ca
1. Calculate °m for any electrolyte from ° of individual ions

l
resistance R= Unit : Ohm ( )

tin
g

en
r G° = –RT lnK I 2. Determine value of dissociation constant for weak electrolytes

e rg
Nernst

y
equation
Limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as
r
G° = –n FE°cell Nature of material sum of individual contribution of anions and cations of the electrolyte
Types of being electrolysed °m = v+ °++v– °–
Cells Resistance
Types of electrodes Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions
Relation between cell
potential and Gibbs
energy Products of Weak electrolyte
Strong electrolyte Ù
electrolysis = m (acetic acid)
depends upon m = m – AC½ (KCl) Ù°m
1st Law Amount of substance in a chemical reaction which occurs at any
electrode during electrolysis by a current is proportional to the o ch e m i s A
quantity of electricity passed through electrolyte W = ZIt ctr t m= m; = V
l
ry

nd Limiting molar conductivity :If molar conductivity

Ele
2 Law Amount of different & s ubstances liberated by same quantity of
reaches a limiting value when concentration
electricity passing through electrolytic solution are proportional
Molar conductivity: Conductance of approaches zero. C 0, m = m
to their chemical equivalent weights
ELECTROCHEMISTRY

…… W1 W2 W3
volume V of solution containing 1 mole of
E1 E2 E3
Faraday’s laws electrolyte kept between two electrodes with Trace the Mind Map
of electrolysis area of cross section A and distance of unit length




First Level Second Level Third Level

27
28 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

Cell constant (G): It is the ratio of distance between

Mnemonics electrodes to the cross-sectional area between
electrodes.
l
Concept: Electrolyte Cell constant (G) = in cm–1 or m–1
A
Mnemonics: SEDC
It depends on the:
Interpretations: Strong Electrolytes Dissociate
Completely. (i) Distance between the electrodes

Mnemonics: WED Prime (ii) Area of cross section.

Scan to know
Interpretations: Weak Electrolytes Dissociate Molar conductivity: It is defined more about
Partially. as the conducting power of all this topic
the ions produced by one mole
Resistivity: If a solution is placed in between two of an electrolyte in a solution. It is
parallel electrodes having cross sectional area ‘A’ denoted by Lm.
Molar
and distance ‘l’ apart, then κ conductivity
Lm = × 1000
l C
R=r ,
A where, k = Conductivity
-m
where r = resistivity and its SI unit is Ohm or C = Concentration of solution.
Ohm-cm. SI unit of molar conductivity is S m2 mol–1.
Conductance: The ease with which the current Debye Huckel Onsager equation: It is applicable
flows through a conductor is called conductance. It for strong electrolyte:
is reciprocal of resistance. Scan to know more

Lm = Lm° – A C about
1 A this topic
i.e., C = = where, Lm° = Limiting molar

R ρl
The SI unit of conductance is Siemens (S). conductivity, Lm = Molar
Conductivity: It is the reciprocal of resistivity and is conductivity, A = Constant and
denoted by k (Greek Kappa). C = Concentration of solution.
Kohlrausch’s law
Kohlrausch’s law of independent
l

k = C × , migration of ions: According
A to this law, limiting molar conductivity of an
electrolyte at infinite dilution, can be expressed as
where C = Conductance of the solution
the sum of contributions of its individual ions. If
l = Distance/ length the molar conductivity of the cations is denoted
∞ ∞
A = Area of cross section by λ+ and that of the anions by λ − then the law of
Its SI unit is S m–1 and it is also expressed as S cm–1. independent migration of ions is
It depends upon the: Λ ∞m = v+ λ+
∞
+ v– λ ∞−
(i) Nature of the material
where, v+ and v– are the number of cations and
(ii) Temperature anions per formula of electrolyte.
(iii) The number of valence electrons per atom or Applications of Kohlrausch’s law
size of the ions produced and their solvation (i) Calculation of molar conductivities of weak
(electrolytes). electrolyte at infinite dilution.
Metallic conductance is the electrical conductance (ii) Calculation of degree of dissociation (a) of weak
in metals that occurs due to the movement of electrolytes:
electrons. It depends upon the: Degree of dissociation (a)
(i) Nature and structure of the metal Molar conductivity
=
(ii) Number of valence electrons per atom Limiting molar conductivity
(iii) Temperature (iii) Determination of dissociation constant (K) of
Electrolytic or ionic conductance is the conductance weak electrolytes:
of electricity that occurs due to ions present in the Cα 2 CΛ 2
solution. It depends upon the: Ka = = 0 0m
1 − α Λm ( Λ − Λm )
(i) Nature of electrolyte or interionic attractions m

(ii) Solvation of ions (iv) Determination of solubility of sparingly soluble salts:

(iii) Nature of solvent and its viscosity κ × 1000
Solubility =
(iv) Temperature Λ°m
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 29

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

(ii) The direction of current in the above cell is from
Very Short Answer Type left electrode to right electrode. (from anode to
Questions (1 mark each) cathode).
If the concentration of beaker in the left side is
Q. 1. What is electrolyte? R
raised to 1 mol dm–3, E0anode = E0cathode
Ans. Those substances which dissociates into electrically
E0cell = 0
conducting ions in molten state or in aqueous
Q. 2. Calculate the degree of dissociation (a) of acetic
solution.
acid if its molar conductivity (Lm) is 39.05 S cm2
Q. 2. State Kohlrausch’s law. R mol-1. Given L˚H+ = 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and
Ans. 
The molar conductivity of an electrolyte at infinite L0CH3COO- = 40.9 S cm2 mol-1.
dilution is equal to sum of the conductivities of the Ap [CBSE Delhi Set-1, 2, 3 2017]
individual ions.
Lm∞
= v + λ ∞+ + v − λ ∞− Ans. L°CH = L°CH - + L°H+ [½]
3COOH 3COO
2
Q. 3. What is meant by the term of infinite dilution? = 40.9 + 349.6 = 390.5 S cm /mol [½]
 U
Now, a = Lm/L0m [½]
Ans. The term ‘infinite dilution’ means a solution that is
= 39.05/390.5 = 0.1 [½]
so dilute that it has a maximum or limiting molar
conductivity which does not increase on further [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
dilution.
Q. 3. The conductivity of a 0.01 M solution of acetic acid
Q. 4. State the S.I. unit of conductance? R
at 298 K is 1.65 × 10–4 S cm–1.
Short Answer Type Calculate molar conductivity (Lm) of the
Questions-I (2 marks each) solution. Ap [CBSE Comptt. Delhi/OD 2018]
Q. 1. In the chemistry lab, Zoya set up an electrochemical κ × 1000
cell as shown below: Ans.     Lm= [½]
C

1.65 × 10−4 S cm −1 × 1000 cm 3 L−1

   Lm =
[½]
0.01 mol L−1
     
= 16.5 S cm2 mol–1 [1]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]

Q. 4. Why on dilution the Lm of CH3COOH increases

At room temperature, she found that the initial drastically, while that of CH3COONa increases
voltmeter reading was +0.16V. gradually? U
(i) The standard electrode potential for the Cu2+/Cu Q. 5. Solutions of two electrolytes ‘A’ and ‘B’ are diluted.
electrode is given by The limiting molar conductivity of ‘B’ increases
1.5 times while that of ‘A’ increases 25 times.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s); E° = + 0.34 V Which of the two is a strong electrolyte ? Justify
Calculate the electrode potential of the electrode your answer Graphically showing the behaviour
on the left-hand side of the above electrochemical of ‘A’ and ‘B’. A [SQP- 2021-22]
cell.
Q. 6. (a) Why on dilution the ∧m of CH3COOH
(ii) Indicate the direction of current in the above. Also increases very fast, while that of CH3COONa
what will be the emf of the cell if the concentration increases gradually?
of the beaker in the left side is raised to 1 mol dm–3 ? (b) What happens if external potential applied
Ans. (i) E0cell = +0.16 V becomes greater than E° cell of electrochemical
0
E cathode = +0.34 V cell? 1×2=2
Ans. (i) On dilution ∧m of CH3COOH increases very
E0cell = E0cathode – E0anode
fast because it is a weak electrolyte and the
+0.16 = +0.34 – E0anode number of ions also increases due to increase
E0anode = 0.34 – 0.16 in the degree of dissociation (less than 1).
E0anode = 0.18 V However,in CH3COONa which is a strong
electrolyte, the number of ions remains same
The electrode potential of the electrode on the left but the intermolecular forces of attraction
hand side of the electro chemical cell is +0.18V decreases and the degree of dissociation is
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
30 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

equal to 1. Thus, ∧m increases gradually in case (i) How do you account for the increase in the molar
of CH3COONa. conductivity of the electrolyte A on dilution ?
(ii) If the external potential applied become greater (ii) As seen from the graph, the value of limiting
than E°cell of electrochemical cell, then the molar conductivity (L°m) for electrolyte B cannot
reaction gets reversed and the electrochemical
be obtained graphically. How can this value be
cell acts as an electrolytic cell and vice-versa.
obtained ?
Short Answer Type (iii) Define limiting molar conductivity. U+ R
Questions-II (3 marks each) Q. 3. The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 M
Q. 1. (i) Give Debye Huckel Onsager equation for KOH solution of diameter 1 cm and length 45.5 cm
strong electrolyte. R is 4.55 × 103 ohm. Calculate its molar conductivity.
(ii) G
 iven are the conductivity and molar  Ap [CBSE Foreign Set-1, 2, 3 2017]
conductivity of NaCl solutions at 298K at 2
different concentrations: Ans. A = pr
= 3.14 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm2

Concentration Conductivity Molar
conductivity = 0.785 cm2 [½]

(M) (S cm–1) (S cm2 mol-1)
l = 45.5 cm
0.100 106.74 × 10 –4
106.7 G* = l/A = 45.5 cm/0.785 cm2

0.05 55.53 × 10–4 111.1 = 57.96 cm–1 [½]
–4 
0.02 23.15 × 10 115.8 k = G*/R
[½]
–1 3
Compare the variation of conductivity and molar = 57.96 cm /4.55 × 10 Ω

conductivity of NaCl solutions on dilution. Give = 1.27 × 10–2 S cm–1

[½]
reason. A
Lm = k × 1000/C
[½]
Ans. (i) Debye Huckel Onsager equation for strong
–2 –1 3
electrolyte is: = [1.27 × 10 S cm ] × 1000/0.05 mol/cm

∧m = ∧ ∞m −b C = 254.77 S cm2 mol–1
[½]
Where ∧m = Molar conductivity [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]

∧ ∞m =
molar conductivity at infinite dilution
Commonly Made Error
b = constant
C = Concentration of solution [1] Students often convert centimeter into meter.
(ii) C onductivity of NaCl decreases on dilution as
the number of ions per unit volume decreases.
 [1] Answering Tip
Whereas molar conductivity of NaCl increases
on dilution as on dilution the inter ionic Check the compatibility of units.
interactions overcome and ions are free to
move. [1]
Q. 2. The following curve is obtained when molar Q. 4. (i) 
State the law which helps to determine
conductivity (Lm) is plotted against the square root the limiting molar conductivity of weak
of concentration, C½ for two electrolytes A and B: electrolyte.
(ii) Calculate limiting molar conductivity of CaSO4
(limiting molar conductivity of calcium and
sulphate ions are 119.0 and 160.0 S cm2 mol–1
respectively) R + Ap

Long Answer Type

Questions (5 marks each)
Q. 1. (a) The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 M
KOH solution of length 50 cm and area
of cross-section 0.625 cm2 is 5 × 103 ohm.
Calculate its resistivity, conductivity and
molar conductivity.
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 31
(b) 
Predict the products of electrolysis of an Q. 2. The molar conductivities of acetic acid at 298 K
aqueous solution of CuCl2 with platinum at the concentrations of 0.1 M and 0.001 M are
electrodes. 5.20 and 49.2 S cm2mol-1 respectively. Calculate
(Given: ECu
o
+ 0.34 V, Eo½ Cl / Cl-
= + 1.36V ;
= the degree of dissociation of acetic acid at these
2+
/ Cu ( 2 ) ∞ ∞
o o concentration. Given l ( H+ ) and l ( CH3 COO- ) are 349.8
E H+ / H2 ( g), Pt
= 0.00 V, E ( ½ O2 / H2 O ) = + 1.23V)
 and 40.9 ohm-1cm2mol-1 respectively. U
U + R [CBSE, OD Set-1, 2020]
Ans. (a)  Given : A = 0.625 cm2, l = 50 cm Q. 3. The resistance of 0.01 M acetic acid solution when
R = 5 × 103 ohm, r = ? measured in a conductivity cell of cell constant
M = 0.05 M, k = ? 0.366 cm-1, is found to be 2220 Ω. Calculate degree
∧m = ? of dissociation of acetic acid at this concentration.
 50 cm Also find the dissociation constant of acetic acid.
Cell constant = = = 80 cm −1
A 0.625 cm 2 Given that value of l ∞H+ and l CH
∞
COO -
as 349.1 and
3

40.9 Ω-1cm2mol-1 respectively. Ap

R
Resistivity = Ans. Conductivity(k) of 0.01 M acetic acid
cell constant
1
5 × 10 3 ohm k=
× (cell constant)
⇒ R
80 cm −1 1

= × 0.366 cm -1
⇒ 62.5 ohm cm. 2220 Ω
1 l = 1.648 × 10 -4 Ω -1cm -1 [1]
Conductivity = ×
Resistivity A Molar conductivity
1 50 50 k × 1000
× = ∧m =
5 × 10 3 0.625 5 × 10 3 × 625 × 10 −3 M
1.648 × 10 -4 × 1000
10 =
= = 0.016 S cm −1 0.01
625
= 16.48 Ω -1cm 2 mol -1 [1]
10 3 κ Molar conductivity at infinite dilution
Molar conductivity ( Λ m ) =
M ∧ ∞m(CH3 COOH) = l ∞H+ + l CH
∞
3 COO-
κ 10 × 1000 = 320 cm2 mol [3] = 349.1 + 40.9
Λ m = × 1000 =
M 625 × 0.05 = 390 Ω -1cm 2 mol -1  [1]
(b) Given: E 2  0.34 V
Cu / Cu
Degree of dissociation of acetic acid
°
E(½ = +1.36 V ∧
Cl 2
−
/ Cl ) α= m
∧ ∞m
E°H+ / H , Pt
°
= 0.00 V , E(½ O2 / H 2 O ) = +1.23 V 16.48
2 (g)
= = 0.0422 [1]
At cathode: 390
CH 3COOH  CH 3COO - + H +
Cu(2aq+ ) + 2e − 
→ Cu( s ) ; E° = 0.34 V

1 Initial conc. (mol/L) C 0 0
H(+aq ) + e − 
→ H 2 ( g ) ; E° = 0.0 V
2 Equilibrium conc. C − Cα Cα Cα
(mol/L)
The reaction with a higher value of E° takes
place at the cathode, so deposition of copper Dissociation constant
will take place at the cathode.
[CH 3COO- ][H + ]
At anode: The oxidation reactions are possible K=
at the anode. [CH 3COOH]
1 Cα × Cα
Cl (−aq ) 
→ Cl 2 ( g ) + e − ; E° = 1.36 V =
2 C - Cα
Cα 2
→ O2(g) + 4 H + ( aq ) + 4 e − ; E° = +1.23 V
2H 2O( l )  =
(1 - α )
At the anode, the reaction with a lower value of
0.01 × (0.0422)2
E° is preferred. But due to the over potential of =
oxygen, Cl– gets oxidised at anode to produce 1 - 0.0422
Cl2 gas. [2] K 1.86 × 10 -5
= [1]
This question is for practice and its solution is available at the end of the chapter
32 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII
Redox Reactions and Electrochemical Cells, Elec-
Topic-2 trode Potential and Nernst Equation
Concepts Covered  Galvanic cell, redox reaction, SHE,Nernst equation,Gibbs energy.
Revision Notes
Redox reaction: A chemical reaction in which
oxidation and reduction both processes takes
place simultaneously is known as redox reaction.
Oxidation is a process in which any substance
loses one or more electrons while reduction is the
process in which one or more electrons are gained
by another substance.
Galvanic cell: A device in which the redox reaction is
carried indirectly and chemical energy is converted
to electrical energy. It is also called galvanic cell or
voltaic cell.
Redox couple: It is defined as having together the
oxidised and reduced form of a substance taking
part in an oxidation or reduction half reaction.
Mnemonics
Concept: Redox reaction
Mnemonics: eRROR
Interpretations: Redox reaction involves both
oxidation and reduction
Galvanic cell or Voltaic cell: It
Scan to know
consists of two metallic electrodes more about
dipped in electrolytic solutions. this topic
Electrical energy is produced as a
result of chemical reaction which
takes place in this cell.
Daniell cell: It is a type of galvanic Electrochemical
cells
cell which consist of two electrodes
(Zn & Cu) in contact with the solution of its own
ion, i.e., ZnSO4 & CuSO4 respectively.
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Cell is represented as,
Zn(s) |Zn2+(aq) || Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s)
Salt Bridge and its function: It is
Scan to know more
an inverted U- shaped glass tube about
this topic
which contains a suitable salt in
the form of a thick paste made in
agar-agar. It performs following
functions:
Electrochemistry
(i) It completes inner cell circuit.
(ii) It prevents transference of
electrolyte from one half-cell to the other.
(iii) It maintains the electrical neutrality of the
electrolytes in the two half-cells.
Electrode Potential: It is the potential developed by
the electrode with respect to the standard reference
electrode. By convention, the reference electrode is
standard hydrogen electrode which have a potential
of zero volt.
Standard Electrode Potential: Electrode potential
at 25°C, 1 bar pressure and 1 M solution is known
as standard electrode potential (E°). The standard
electrode potential of any electrode can be measured
by connecting it to Standard Hydrogen Electrode
(SHE).
SHE has a standard potential at all temperatures. It
consists of a platinum foil coated with platinum black
dipped into an aqueous solution in which the [H+] =
1 M at 25°C and 1 bar pressure.
The potential difference between the two electrodes
of a galvanic cell is called the cell potential (measured
in volts). It is also called the emf of the cell when no
current is flowing through the circuit.
EMF of the cell: It is the sum of electric potential
differences produced by separation of charges that
occur at each phase boundary in the cell.
Ecell = Ecathode – Eanode
In terms of standard oxidation electrode potential :
E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode,
where E°cathode = standard electrode
potential of cathode
and E°anode = standard electrode
potential of anode
Standard oxidation potential: The potential
difference when given electrode is in contact with
its ions having 1 molar concentration, undergoes
oxidation when coupled with standard hydrogen
electrode is known as Standard Oxidation Potential.
Electrochemical series: It is the arrangement of the
element in order of their increasing electrode potential
values. The series has been established by measuring
the potential of various electrodes versus SHE.
Nernst equation: If the concentration of species in
the electrode reaction is not equal to 1 M, then we
use Nernst equation. For a general electrode,
Mn+(aq) + ne– ® M(s)
the Nernst equation can be written as
M 
0 RT  (s) 
E n+ = E − ln
( M / M ) (M / M) nF Mn+( aq ) 
n+ 
where E° = Standard electrode potential,
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 33
R = Gas constant (8.31 JK –1 mol–1), T = Temperature
(K), n = Number of moles of electrons and F =
Faraday constant (96500 C).
Mnemonics
At equilibrium,
Concept: Nernst equation
E°cell = 0.059 log K Mnemonics: OPIIEc
c
n
Interpretations: Oxidising Power
Kc = Equilibrium constant
Increases With Increase In E° Value.
M
Kc =   Gibbs energy:
[Mn + ] For cell reaction to be spontaneous, DG must be

For the cell with the net reaction, negative.
ne -
aA + bB → mM + nN Calculations of DrG° and DrG :

DrG° = – nF E°cell
the Nernst equation at 298 K can be written as
and DrG = – nF Ecell
We also know that, Gibbs energy change is equal to
0.059 M N m n
the useful work done.
Ecell = E°cell  log

n  A a Bb For cell reaction to be spontaneous, DG must be
negative.
where E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode DG° = – 2.303 RT log K.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Commonly Made Error
Questions (1 mark each)
Q. 1. Can we store copper sulphate in a iron vessel? Ap Sometimes students get confused to write
Ans. No, we can not store copper sulphate in an iron correct formula for calculation of emf of the cell.
vessel because copper having higher reduction
potential will accept the electron and will change Answering Tip
into solid copper. So, iron will react with copper
sulphate.
Learn and understand Nernst equation for an
Q. 2. Define electrochemical series. R electrochemical cell.
Q. 3. What is the charge of free energy for a galvanic
cell? R Q. 2. In a galvanic cell, the following cell reaction occurs:
Q. 4. Represent the galvanic cell in which the given Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ® Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
reaction will take place: Eocell = +1.56 V
Zn (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag (s) (i) Is the direction of flow of electrons from zinc to
Ans. Zn (s) | Zn2+ (aq) || Ag+ (aq) | Ag(s) silver or silver to zinc?
Q. 5. When a cell reaction attains equilibrium , what (ii) How will concentration of Zn2+ ions and Ag+
will be the emf of the cell?
ions be affected when the cell functions?
Ans. Zero.
Ap [CBSE Foreign Set-1, 2, 3 2017]
Short Answer Type Q. 3. Following reactions can occur at cathode during
the electrolysis of aqueous silver nitrate solution
Questions-I (2 marks each) using Pt electrodes:
Q. 1. Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298 K Ag+(aq) + e– Ag (s); E0=0.80 V
Cr(s)|Cr3+ (0.1M)||Fe2+ (0.01M)|Fe(s) 1
H+ (aq)+ e– 2 H2 (g) ; E0=0.00 V
[Given: E°cell = + 0.30 V] Ap
Ans. 2Cr(s) + 3 Fe2+(aq.) → 3Fe(s) + 2Cr3+ (aq.) [½] On the basis of their standard electrode potential
n=6 values, which reaction is feasible at cathode and
2
Cr 3 +  why ? Ap
2.303RT
Ecell = o
ECell − log  
3 Ans. As reaction with higher value of standard electrode
nF  Fe 2+  [½]
  potential occurs at cathode, Ag gets reduced. So,

2 the reaction occurring at cathode is
0.059 10 −1  Ag+(aq) + e− → Ag(s) [2]
Ecell = 0.30 V − log  
3
6 10 −2  Q. 4. Calculate E°cell for the following reaction at 298 K:
  
2Cr(s) + 3Fe2+ (0.01M) → 2Cr3+(0.01M) + 3Fe(s)
Ecell = 0.26 V [½]
Given: Ecell = 0.261 V U [CBSE Delhi Set, 2020]

These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
34 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

Ans. [2]

Topper Answer, 2020

Q. 5. Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution Q. 2. Consider the following reaction:
but Pt does not why? A Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ® 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)
(i) Depict the galvanic cell in which the given
Short Answer Type reaction takes place.
Questions-II (3 marks each) (ii) Give the direction of flow of current.
Q. 1. Represent the cell in which the following reaction (iii) Write the half-cell reactions taking place at
takes place. The value of E˚ for the cell is 1.260 V. cathode and anode.
What is the value of Ecell?  U [CBSE Comptt. Delhi/OD 2018]
2Al(s) + 3Cd2+ (0.1M) ® 3Cd(s) + 2Al3+ (0.01M) Q. 3. (a) The cell in which the following reaction occurs:
 [SQP, 2021-22] 2 Fe3+ (aq) + 2 I– (aq) → 2 Fe2+ (aq) + I2 (s)
Ans. Al(s)|Al3+(0.01M) || Cd2+ (0.1M) |Cd(s) °
has Ecell = 0.236 V at 298 K. Calculate the
2Al(s) + 3Cd2+ (0.1M) ® 3Cd(s) + 2Al3+ (0.01M) standard Gibb’s energy of the cell reaction.
[½] (Given: 1 F = 96,500 C mol–1)
     (b) How many electrons flow through a metallic
0.059 [ Al 3 + ]2 wire if a current of 0.5 A is passed for 2 hours ?
Ecell = E°cell − log [½]
n [Cd2 + ]3 (Given: 1 F = 96,500 C mol–1) Ap 3

0.059 ( 0.01)2 Ans. (a) ΔG0 = – nFEcell

0
[½]
Ecell = 1.26 - log [½] n =2
6 ( 0.1)3 ΔG0 = – 2 × 96500 C /mol × 0.236 V [½]
= – 45548 J/mol
0.059 = – 45.548 kJ/mol [½]
= 1.26 – × ( −1)
6 (b) Q = I t = 0.5 × 2 × 60 × 60 [½]
= 3600 C
= 1.26 + 0.009 96500 C = 6.023 × 1023 electrons
= 1.269 V [1+½] 3600 C = 2.25 × 1022 electrons [1]
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 35
Q. 4. Calculate e.m.f. of the following cell at 298 K: E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode
2Cr(s) + 3Fe2+ (0.1M) ® 2Cr3+ (0.01M) + 3Fe(s) E°cell = 0 – (– 0.44) V
3+
E°(Cr / Cr) = – 0.74 V E°cell = + 0.44 V
E° (Fe2+ / Fe) = – 0.44 V.
By applying Nernst Equation
 Ap [CBSE Delhi Set-1, 2 & 3, 2016]
0.0591 [Fe +2 ]
Ecell = E°cell – log + 2
Ans. E°cell= E°cathode – E°anode 2 [H ]
= (– 0.44) – (– 0.74) V [½]
= 0.30 V −0.0591 0.001
0.0591 [ Products] Ecell = 0.44 log 2
Ecell = E°cell – log 2 1
n [ Reactants]
0.0591
Ecell = 0.44 – log 10–3
0.0591 [Cr 3+ ]2 2
= 0.30 – log [½]
6 [ Fe2+ ]3
Ecell = 0.44 + 0.089 V
0.0591 [0.01]2 Ecell = + 0.53 V
= 0.30 – log [1]
6 [0.1]3
Q. 6. Calculate the emf of the following cell at 25° C:
 − 0.0591     Fe | Fe2+ (0.001 M) || H+ (0.01 M) | H2(g) (1bar) | Pt(s)
= 0.30 –   = 0.3098 V [1]
 6      E°(Fe2+ / Fe) = – 0.44 V; E°(H+ / H2) = 0.00 V
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
Ap [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Calculate Dr G° and log Kc for the following
Q. 5. (a)
cell: 3 Long Answer Type
Ni(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s) Questions (5 marks each)
Given that E° cell = 1.05 V, 1 F = 96,500 C mol–1
Q. 1. (a) Calculate e.m.f. of the following cell:
OR
Zn(s)|Zn2+ (0.1 M) || (0.01 M) Ag+|Ag(s)
(b) Calculate the e.m.f. of the following cell at
298 K: 3 Given: EoZn 2+ / Zn =
-0.76 V, EoAg + / Ag =
+ 0.80 V
2+ +
Fe(s) | Fe (0.001 M) || H (0.01 M) | H2(g) [Given: log 10 = 1]
(1 bar) | Pt (s) (b) X and Y are two electrolytes. On dilution molar
Given that E° cell = 0.44 V conductivity of ‘X’ increases 2.5 times while
[log 2 = 0.3010 log 3 = 0.4771 log 10 = 1] that Y increases 25 times. Which of the two is a
weak electrolyte and why?
Ans. (a) According to the equation,
 Ap + U [CBSE Outside Delhi Set-1, 2020]
Ni + 2Ag+ → Ni2+ + 2Ag

Ans. (a) Zn(s)| Zn2+ (0.1 M) || Ag+ (0.01M)| Ag(s)
DG = –nFE°
E° = −0.76 V

where DG = Gibb’s free energy Zn 2+ / Zn

ΔG = – 2 × 96500 × 1.05 E° = + 0.80 V emf = ?
Ag+ / Ag
N = No. of electrons gain or lost = 2
0.0591 [ Anode]
ΔG = – 202.650 kJ Ecell = E°cell − log
n [Cathode]
F = Faraday’s constant = 96500
E° = Standard emf = 1.05V E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode


The relation between Gibb’s free energy and
= E°Ag / Ag − E°
Equilibrium constant is given by equation Zn 2+ / Zn
= 0.80 – (–0.76) = 1.56 V
0.0591
E° cell = log Kc
n 0.0591 [Zn 2+]
Ecell = 1.56 − log
2 [Ag+]2
1.05 × 2
log Kc = – = 35.3
0.0591 0.0591 [0.1]
= 1.56 − log
Kc = 3.41× 10 35 2 [0.01]2

OR = 1.56 – 0.0295 log 1000
= 1.56 – 3 (0.0295)= 1.56 – 0.09 = 1.4715[3]
(b) According to the equation,
(b) Y is a weak electrolyte as on dilution complete
Fe(s) + 2H+ (aq) → Fe+2 (aq)+ H2 (g)
dissociation of weak electrolyte takes place and
This question is for practice and its solution is available at the end of the chapter
36 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

thus a sharp increase in molar conductivity

is observed, while in strong electrolyte it has Commonly Made Error
already dissociated completely. So on dilution
molar conductivity does not rises much. Some students get confused to find Eocell
strong electrolyte correctly.
m  weak electrolyte
Answering Tip
c 
  [2]
Understand to identify the Eocathode and Eoanode
from given standard reduction potentials.
Q. 2. Eocell for the given redox reaction is 2.71 V.
Mg + Cu2+(0.01 M) Mg2+(0.001 M) + Cu
Calculate Ecell for the reaction. Write the direction of flow of current when an external opposite potential
applied is
(i) Less than 2.71 V
(ii) Greater than 2.71 V U [CBSE Delhi Set-1, 2019]
Ans.

Topper Answer, 2019

 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 37

Q. 3. (a) Represent the cell in which the following reac- (ii) Conductivity of CH3COOH decreases on
tion takes place: dilution.
2Al(s) + 3Ni 2 + ( 0.1M ) 
→ 2Al 3 + ( 0.01M ) + 3Ni(s) A + Ap [CBSE Delhi/Outside Delhi, 2018]

Calculate its emf if Eocell = 1.41 V.

Ans. (a) Sn + 2H+ ® Sn2+ + H2 (Equation must be
balanced)[1]

(b) 
How does molar conductivity vary with in-
crease in concentration for strong electrolyte Sn 2 + 
0.059
and weak electrolyte? How can you obtain lim- Ecell = Eocell – log  
2 2 [½]
H + 
( )
iting molar conductivity ∧ om for weak elec-

  
trolyte?
 U + Ap [CBSE Outside Delhi Set-2, 2019]
 0.004 
= [0 – (– 0.14) ] – 0.0295 log [½]
Q. 4. (a) Write the cell reaction and calculate the e.m.f.

 0.02 2 
of the following cell at 298 K:
Sn (s) | Sn2+ (0.004 M) || H+ (0.020 M) | H2 (g) = 0.14 – 0.0295 log 10 = 0.1105 V[1]
(1 bar) | Pt (s) (b) (i) Due to over potential/ overvoltage of O2

(Given: E°Sn2+/ Sn = - 0.14V) [1]
(b) Give reasons: (ii) 
The number of ions per unit volume de-
(i) On the basis of E° values, O2 gas should be creases.[1]
liberated at anode but it is Cl2 gas which is
liberated in the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]

Electrolysis, Law of Electrolysis, Batteries, Fuel

Topic-3 Cells and Corrosion
Concepts Covered  Electrolysis, Faraday’s Law, Batteries

Revision Notes
Electrolysis is the process of decomposition of through either its aqueous solution or molten (fused)
an electrolyte when an electric current is passed state. This process takes place in electrolytic cell.
This question is for practice and its solution is available at the end of the chapter
38 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII
Faraday’s first law of electrolysis: Scan to know
The amount of chemical reaction more about
this topic
which occurs at any electrode
during electrolysis is proportional
to the quantity of electricity
passed through the electrolyte.
Faraday’s law of
m = Z × I × t, where Z = electrolysis
Electrochemical equivalent

Faraday’s second law of electrolysis: Amount of
various substances liberated by the same quantity of
electricity passed through the electrolytic solution is
proportional to their chemical equivalent weights.
w1 w2
= At cathode, PbSO4(s) +2e– → Pb(s) + SO42–(aq)
E1 E 2
Products of electrolysis depend on
(i) Physical state of material.
(ii) Types of electrode being used.
Battery is a combination of galvanic cells in series
and used as a source of electrical energy.
Types of batteries:
(i) Primary batteries are nonchargeable batteries such
as Lechlanche cell and Dry cell.
(ii) Secondary batteries are chargeable cells
involving reversible reaction. Example, Lead
storage battery and Nickel-cadmium cells.
Dry cell (Lechlanche cell): The anode consists
of a zinc container and the cathode is a graphite
electrode surrounded by powdered MnO2 and C.
The space is filled with paste of NH4Cl and ZnCl2.
Fig 3 : Fuel cell using H2 and O2 produces electricity
Fig 1 : Dry Cell
At anode: Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
At cathode: MnO2(s) + NH4+(aq)+ 2e– → MnO(OH)
+ NH3
The net reaction: Zn + NH4+(aq) + MnO2 → Zn2+
+ MnO(OH) +NH3
Lead storage battery:
Anode - Spongy lead
Cathode - Lead packed with lead dioxide
Electrolyte -Aqueous solution of H2SO4(38%).
Fig 2 : Lead storage battery
Discharge reaction of cell:
At anode: Following reaction takes place at anode:
Pb(s) +SO42–(aq) → PbSO4(s) +2e–
Reaction at cathode: PbO2 filled in lead grid gets
reduced to Pb2+ ions which combines with SO42–
ions to form PbSO4(s).
Complete cathode reaction is as follows:
PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2e– → PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Complete cell reaction: Pb(s) + PbO2(s) +
2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Recharge reaction of cell: It changes the direction of
electrode reaction. PbSO4 accumulated at cathode
gets reduced to Pb.
At anode, PbSO4 gets oxidised to PbO2.
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O → PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2e–
Complete cell reaction would be as follows:
2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) charge→ Pb(s) + PbO2(s) +
2H2SO4(aq)
Fuel cells: Electrical cells that are designated to
convert the energy from the combustion of fuels
such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide or methane
directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells.
In the cell:
Anode: [H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) → 2H2O (l) + 2e–] × 2
Cathode: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– → 4OH–(aq)
Net reaction: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l).
Mnemonics
Concept: Fuel Cell
Mnemonics: FCCEE
Interpretations: Fuel Cell Converts Chemical
Energy of Fuel Into Electrical Energy
Corrosion: The process of slow conversion of metals
into their undesirable compounds (usually oxide)
by reaction with moisture and other gases present
in the atmosphere.
Rusting of iron:
1
Fe(s) + 2H + (aq) + O2 (aq) → Fe 2 + (aq) + H 2O(l)
2
1
2 Fe 2 + (s) + O2 (g) + 2 H 2O(l) → Fe 2O3 (s) + 4H +
2
Fe 2O3 + xH 2O → Fe 2O3 .xH 2O
(Rust)
Prevention of Corrosion:
(i) Barrier protection: By covering the surface with
paint or a thin film of grease or by electroplating.
(ii) Sacrificial protection: By galvanization.
(iii) Alloying.
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 39

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 2. Name the cell used in hearing aids and watches.
Very Short Answer Type Ans. Primary cell.
Questions (1 mark each)
Q. 3. Which electrolyte is used in fuel cell? What is
Q. 1. The products of electrolysis of aqueous NaCl at the relation which expresses thermodynamic
the respective electrodes are: efficiency of cell?
Cathode: H2 Ans. Aqueous sodium hydroxide is used in fuel cell.
Anode: Cl2 and not O2. Explain. Ap [½]
Ans. At anode, water should get oxidised in preference ∆G − nFE
to Cl-, but due to over voltage/ over potential Cl- is η= = [½]
∆H ∆H
oxidised in preference to water.
Q. 4. Give an example of fuel cell. R [CBSE, Delhi Set-1, 2020]
Ans.

Topper Answer, 2020

Q. 5. How much charge in terms of Faraday is required to reduce one mole of MnO4– to Mn2+?
 Ap [CBSE, 2020]
Ans. 5 moles

Topper Answer, 2020

(iii)  Which cell is used in automobiles and

Short Answer Type inverters?
Questions-I (2 marks each) (iv) Which cell does not have long life?
 R [CBSE Dehi Set-1,2 & 3 2016]
Q. 1. Write the name of the cell which is generally used
in transistors. Write the reactions taking place at Q. 3. Write the electrode reactions for H2–O2 fuel cell.
the anode and the cathode of this cell.  R
 U + R [CBSE Outside Dehi Set-3, 2017] Q. 4. Corrosion is an electrochemical phenomenon. The
oxygen in moist air reacts as follows:
Ans. Dry Cell/Leclanche cell[1]
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– ® 4OH– (aq).
Anode: Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e–[½]
Cathode: MnO2 + NH4+ + e– → MnO(OH) + NH3 Write down the possible reactions for corrosion
[½] of zinc occurring at anode, cathode, and overall
reaction to form a white layer of zinc hydroxide.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
[CBSE SQP 2023]
Q. 2. From the given cells: Ans. Anode: Zn(s) ® Zn2+ (aq) + 2e–  ½
Lead storage cell, Mercury cell, Fuel cell and Dry cell.
Cathode: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– ® 4OH– (aq).  ½
Answer the following:
2+
Overall: 2Zn(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) ® 2 Zn (aq) +
(i) Which cell is used in hearing aids?
4OH– (aq)
(ii)  Which cell was used in Apollo Space
2 Zn (s) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) ® 2 Zn(OH)2(ppt) 
1
Programme?

These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
40 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

Q. 3. 
The electrolysis of a metal salt solution was
Short Answer Type carried out by passing a current of 4 A for 45
Questions-II (3 marks each) minutes. It resulted in deposition of 2.977 g of a
metal. If atomic mass of the metal in 106.4 g mol–1,
Q. 1.  hen a steady current of 2A was passed through
W
calculate the charge on the metal cation. Ap
two electrolytic cells A and B containing
electrolytes ZnSO4 and CuSO4 connected in Long Answer Type
series, 2 g of Cu were deposited at the cathode of
Questions (5 marks each)
cell B. How long did the current flow? What mass
Q. 1. (a) A steady current of 2 amperes was passed
of Zn was deposited at cathode of cell A?
through two electrolytic cells X and Y
[Atomic mass: Cu = 63.5 g mol–1, Zn = 65 g mol–1; connected in series containing electrolytes
1F = 96500 C mol–1] FeSO4 and ZnSO4 until 2.8 g of Fe deposited at
C [CBSE, 2020] the cathode of cell X. How long did the current
Ans. Zn 2 + ( aq ) + 2e −  flow? Calculate the mass of Zn deposited at the
→ Zn(s) cathode of cell Y.
2 mol 1 mol
(Molar mass: Fe = 56 g mol-1, Zn = 65.3 g mol-1,
1 F = 96500 C mol-1)
Cu 2 + ( aq .) + 2e − 
→ Cu( s)
2 mol 1 mol (b) In the plot of molar conductivity Λ m vs. square
(2 g given)
root of concentration (C½), following curve
The charge Q on a mole of electrons, Q = nF obtained for two electrolytes A and B:
Calculation of time for the flow of current:
n = 1 mol
Q = 1 × 96500 C mol–1 = 96500 C
Molar mass of Cu = 63.5 g mol–1

63.5 g of Cu is deposited by electric charge
= 96500C ∧m

∴ 2 g of Cu is deposited by electric charge

96500
= × 2 = 3039.37 C [1] C
63.5 Answer the following:
Let 2 A of current be passed for time t, quantity of (i) Predict the nature of electrolytes A and B:
electricity used = 2A × t = 3039.37 C (ii) What happens on extrapolation of Λ m to
concentration approaching zero for electrolytes
3039.37C
or, t = = 1519.68 s A and B? Ap [CBSE Delhi Set 1, 2019]
2
Ans. (a) m = Z I t, 56 g of Fe required = 2 × 96500C
= 25 min. 33 s [1]
Calculation of mass of Zn deposited: 2.8 g of Fe required =
W1 E1 Mass of Zn
= = Q = 9650 [½]
W2 E 2 Mass of Cu
Molar mass of Zn / Charge on Cu Q=It
=
Molar mass of Cu / Charge on Cu
t=
Amount of Zn deposited:
t = 4825 s [½]
65
t = 4825 s / 80.417 min
2
= 2 × 63.5 = 2.0472 g [1]
2 m1 E 1
=  [½]
m2 E2
Q. 2. (a) Calculate the mass of Ag deposited at cathode
when a current of 2 amperes was passed 2.8 56 2
= × [½]
through a solution of AgNO3 for 15 minutes. mZn 2 65.3

(Given: Molar mass of Ag = 108 g mol–1,
mZn=3.265 [1]
1 F = 96500 C mol–1)
(b) Define fuel cell. Ap + U

These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 41

(b) (i) A- Strong electrolyte, B- weak electrolyte [1] (b) Define fuel cell and write its two advantages.

(ii) ∧ m
o C+ A
m for weak electrolytes cannot be obtained
o Q. 4. (a) Why does the cell voltage of a mercury cell
by extrapolation while ∧ m for strong electrolytes
remain constant during its lifetime?
can be obtained as intercept.[1]
(b) Write the reaction occurring at anode and
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
cathode and the products of electrolysis of
Q. 2. (a) The conductivity of 0.001 mol L–1 acetic acid is aq.KCl.
4.95 × 10–5 S cm–1. Calculate the dissociation (c) What is the pH of HCl solution when the
o
constant if ∧ m for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol–1. hydrogen gas electrode shows a potential of
(b) Write Nernst equation for the reaction at 25°C: -0.59 V at standard temperature and pressure?
OR
2 Al ( S ) + 3Cu 2 + ( aq ) 
→ 2 Al3 + ( aq ) + 3Cu ( s ) (a) Molar conductivity of substance “A” is 5.9 × 103
S/m and “B” is 1 × 10–16 S/m. Which of the two
(c) What are secondary batteries? Give an example. is most likely to be copper metal and why?
(b) What is the quantity of electricity in coulombs
 Ap + U [5] required to produce 4.8 g of Mg from molten
k 4.95 ×-10 5
-5
S cm
-1
-1
1000 cm
3
3 MgCl2? How much Ca will be produced if the
Ans. (a) L m k= 4.95= × 10 S cm -1 1000 × cm same amount of electricity was passed through
Lm = =C 0.001 mol L × L
C 0.001 mol L-1 L molten CaCl2? (Atomic mass of Mg = 24 u,
-1
2
= 49.5S cm mol [1] atomic mass of Ca = 40 u).
= 49.5S cm 2 mol -1
-1
(c) What is the standard free energy change for the
Lm 49.5 S cm 2 mol-1
following reaction at room temperature? Is the
=αL m = 49.5 S cm 2 mol = 0.126
=α = L 2
390.5 S cm mol =-1 0.126 [1] reaction spontaneous?
Lm m 390.5 S cm 2 mol -1
-1 Sn(s) + 2Cu2+ (aq) → Sn2+ (aq) + 2Cu+ (s)
C2 α 2 0.001mol -1 L × (0.126) 2
2
= K C α=0.001mol L × (0.126) [CBSE SQP 2023]
= K = (1 - α ) 1 - 0.126
(1 - α ) 1 - 0.126 Ans. (a) The cell potential remains constant during its
= 1.8 × 10 -5 mol L-1 life as the overall reaction does not involve any ion
= 1.8 × 10 -5 mol L-1 [1]
in solution whose concentration can change during
(If K= Cα2 , then K= 1.6 × 10−5 mol L–1) its life time. 1
(b) KCl (aq) → K+ (aq) + Cl– (aq)
(b) E
0.059 [ Al 3 + ]2
Θ
(cell) = E ( cell ) − log [1] Cathode: H2O(l) + e– → ½ H2 (g) + OH– (aq)  ½
6 [cu 2 + ]3
Anode: Cl– (aq) → ½ Cl2 (aq) + e–  ½
(c) Batteries which are rechargeable
Net reaction:
Example- Lead storage, Ni-Cd batteries (Or any
KCl (aq) + H2O (l) → K+ (aq) +OH– (aq) + ½ H2 (g)
other one example ) [½ + ½] + ½ Cl2 (g)  1
 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] (c) Given, potential of hydrogen gas electrode = −0.59
Concept Applied V

Dissociation constant. Electrode reaction: H+ + e– → 0.5 H2
Nernst Equation. Applying Nernst equation,
E 0.059 [ H ]½
( H + / H2 ) = E°H + / H − log 2+
n [H ]
Commonly Made Error
2

 1
Some student do not write correct Nernst E° + =0V
equation for the given cell reaction. H / H2

E = – 0.59 V
( H + / H2 )
Answering Tip
n =1
Do practice to write Nernst equation for the [H2] =1 bar
cell reaction.
Substituting values,
Q. 3. (a) For the reaction −0.59 = 0 – 0.059 ( – log [H+] )  ½
+
2AgCl (s) + H2 (g) (1 atm) 2Ag(s)+2H −0.59 = −0.059 × pH
-
(0.1 M)+2Cl (0.1 M), ∴
pH = 10 ½
ΔG°= – 43600 J at 25°C. OR
Calculate the e.m.f. of the cell. (a) “A” is copper, metals are conductors thus have high
–n
[log 10 = –n] value of conductivity.  1
This question is for practice and its solution is available at the end of the chapter
 42 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

(b) Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg

2 F electricity is required to produce 1 mole = 40 g Ca

1 mole of magnesium ions gains two moles of elec- 0.4 F electricity will produce 8 g Ca  1
trons or 2F to form 1 mole of Mg. (c) F = 96500 C, n = 2,

24 g Mg requires 2 F electricity Sn2+ (aq) + 2e– → Sn(s) – 0.14V
Cu2+ (aq) + e– → Cu+ (aq) 0.15 V

4.8 g Mg requires 2 × 4.8/24
E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode

= 0.4 F
= 0.15 – (– 0.14) = 0.29V  1

= 0.4 × 96500 ΔGo = –nFE°cell

= 38600C  1 = – 2 × 96500 × 0.29
2+ – = 55970 J/mol 1
Ca + 2e → Ca

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Q. 3. Which of the statements about solution of

A Multiple Choice Questions electrolytes is not correct ?
(A) Conductivity of solution depends upon size of
Q. 1. Debye-Huckel Onsager equation for strong ions.
electrolytes: (B) Conductivity depends upon viscosity of
∧ = ∧o − A C solution.
(C) Conductivity does not depend upon solvation
Which of the following equality holds?
of ions present in solution.
→ A (B) ∧ = ∧ o as C 
(A) ∧ = ∧ o as C  →∞
(D) Conductivity of solution increases with
temperature. R
(C) ∧ = ∧ o as C 
→0 (D) ∧ = ∧ o as C 
→1
Q. 4. The molar conductivity of CH3COOH at infinite
 Ap [CBSE, Delhi Set-2, 2020]
dilution is 390 S cm2/mol. Using the graph and
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
given information, the molar conductivity of
Explanation: When C → 0
Then ∧ = ∧o CH3COOK will be:
Q. 2. Which of the following option will be the
limiting molar conductivity of CH3COOH if the
limiting molar conductivity of CH3COONa is
91 Scm2mol–1? Limiting molar conductivity for
individual ions are given in the following table.

Limiting molar conduc-

S.No Ions
tivity / Scm2mol–1
1 H+ 349.6
2 Na+ 50.1
[CBSE SQP 2023]
3 K+ 73.5
(A) 100 S cm2/mol (B) 115 S cm2/mol
4 OH– 199.1 (C) 150 S cm2/mol (D) 125 S cm2/mol
(A) 350 S cm mol 2 –1
(B) 375.3 S cm2mol–1 Ans. Option (B) is correct. 1
(C) 390.5 S cm2mol–1 (D) 340.4 S cm2mol–1 Explanation: ΛOCH3COOK = ΛOCH3COOH + ΛOKCl –
 U [CBSE, SQP 2020-21] ΛOHCl = 390 +150 – 425 = 115 S cm2/mol
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Q. 5. What is the molar conductance at infinite dilution
Explanation: for sodium chloride if the molar conductance at
LCH3COONa = LCH3COO− + LNa+
infinite dilution of Na+ and Cl– ions are 51.12
91 S cm2mol−1 = LCH3COO− + 50.1 S cm2mol−1
× 10–4 Scm2/mol and 73.54 × 10–4 Scm2/mol
⇒ LCH3COO− = 40.9 S cm2mol−1
respectively?
For acetic acid,
LCH3COOH = LCH3COO– + LH+ [CBSE SQP 2023]
= 40.9 S cm2mol−1 + 349.6 S cm2mol−1 (A) 124.66 S cm2/mol (B) 22.42 S cm2/mol
= 390.5 S cm2mol−1 (C) 198.20 S cm2/mol (D) 175.78 S cm2/mol

This question is for practice and its solution is available at the end of the chapter
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 43

Ans. Option (A) is correct. 1 Q. 8. In an electrochemical process, a salt bridge is used

Explanation: 124.66 × 10−4 Sm2mol−1 (A) as a reducing agent
Molar conductance of NaCl = λ+Na+ + λ+Cl– (B) as an oxidizing agent
= 51.12 × 10−4 + 73.54 × 10−4 (C) to complete the circuit so that current can flow
= 124.66 × 10−4 Sm2mol−1 (D) None of these R

Q. 6. An electrochemical cell behaves like an Q. 9. Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298 K :
electrolytic cell when Mg(s)|Mg2+ (0.1 M)||Cu2+ (1.0 × 10–3 M)|Cu(s)
(A) Ecell = Eexternal (B) Ecell = 0 [Given: E°Cell = 2.71 V]
(C) Eexternal > Ecell (D) Eexternal < Ecell (A) 1.426 V (B) 2.503 V
 R [CBSE Outside Delhi Set-2, 2020] (C) 2.651 V (D) 1.8 V  U
Q. 7. Electrode potential for Mg electrode varies
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
according to the equation:
Explanation:
0.059 1
E Mg 2 + /Mg =E° Mg 2+ /Mg − log .
2 [Mg 2+ ] 0.059 [ Mg 2+ ]
Ecell = E°cell − log
The graph of E Mg 2+ /Mg vs. log[Mg 2+ ] is n [Cu 2+ ]

0.059 0.1
= 2.71 − log
2 0.001
EMg2+/ Mg

(A) 0.059
= 2.71 − log 10 2
2
log[Mg2+] Ecell = 2.651 V
Q. 10. Zinc is coated over iron to prevent rusting of iron
because
EMg2+/ Mg

o o
(A) Eo Zn2+ / Zn = Eo Fe2+ / Fe (B) E Zn 2 / Zn  E Fe2 / Fe
(B)
(C) E Zn2+ / Zn > E Fe2+ / Fe
o o
(D) None of these
log[Mg2+] A [CBSE Delhi Set-3, 2020]
Q. 11. In a lead storage battery:
(A) PbO2 is reduced to PbSO4 at the cathode.
EMg2+/ Mg

(B) Pb is oxidised to PbSO4 at the anode.

(C) (C) Both electrodes are immersed in the same
aqueous solution of H2SO4.
log[Mg2+]
(D) All the above are true.
 A [CBSE Outside Delhi Set 1, 2020]
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
EMg2+/ Mg

Explanation: In a lead storage battery,

• At Cathode,
(D)
PbO 2 +2H 2O + 2e - → Pb2 + + 4OH -
log[Mg2+] Pb 2 + + SO4 2 - → PbSO 4
 U
Ans. Option (B) is correct. • At Anode,
Explanation: Pb → Pb2+ + 2e -
0.059 Pb 2+ + SO4 2 - → PbSO4
E Mg 2+ /Mg  E0 Mg 2 / Mg  log  Mg 2  
2
Compare this equation with the equation of • Both electrodes are immersed in the same aqueous
straight line y = mx + c. solution of H2SO4.

The graph of E Mg 2+ /Mg vs. log [Mg2+] is a Q. 12. Which of the following is correct for spontaneity
of a cell ?
straight line with a positive slope and intercept
(A) DG = –ve, Eo = +ve (B) DG = +ve, Eo = 0
Mg
E° 2+ .
/Mg (C) DG = –ve, Eo = 0 (D) DG = +ve, Eo = –ve
 A

These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
44 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

Ans. Option (A) is correct.

Explanation: For spontaneity of cell,
∆G = − ve
Eo = + ve
Q. 13. Choose the one which is a secondary cell:
(A) Leclanche cell
(B) Mercury cell
(C) Lead- storage battery cell
(D) None of these
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Lead storage battery is a secondary
cell while leclanche cell and mercury cell are
examples of primary batteries.
B Assertion & Reason
Directions: In the following questions, A statement
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
R (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.

Q. 1. Assertion: Conductivity of an electrolyte increases with decrease in concentration.

Reason: Number of ions per unit volume decreases on dilution. U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: Conductivity of an electrolyte decreases with decrease in concentration because of ions per unit
volume decreases on dilution. U

Topper Answer, 2020

Q. 2. Assertion: Λm for weak electrolytes shows a sharp Q. 4. Assertion: Copper on reaction with dil. HCl
increase when the electrolytic solution is diluted. liberates hydrogen gas.
Reason: For weak electrolytes degree of dissociation Reason: In reactivity series, hydrogen is below
increases with dilution of solution. U copper.
Q. 3. Assertion: Copper sulphate can be stored in zinc Q. 5. Assertion: During electrolysis of water some
vessel. amount of acid/alkali is added.
Reason: Zinc is more reactive than copper. U Reason: Pure water is a strong electrolyte. R

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

(B) Silver to zinc
Case based MCQs (4 marks each) (C) First from zinc to silver, then the direction
reverses
I. Read the passage given below and answer the (D) Zinc to silver
following questions:
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
The potential difference between the two
Explanation: Zinc to silver is the flow of electrons.
electrodes of a galvanic cell is called the cell [1]
potential and is measured in volts. The cell Q. 2. How will concentration of Zn2+ ions and Ag+
potential is the difference between the electrode ions be affected when the cell functions ?
potential (reduction potential) of the cathode and (A) Concentration of both Zn2+ and Ag+ ions
anode. It is called the electromotive force (emf) increase
of the cell when no current is drawn through the (B) Concentration of Zn2+ increases and Ag+ ions
cell. It is now an accepted convention that we keep decreases
the anode on the left and the cathode on the right (C) Concentration of Zn2+ decreases and Ag+ ions
while representing the galvanic cell. A galvanic cell increases
is generally represented by putting a vertical line (D) Concentration of both Zn2+ and Ag+ ions
between metal and electrolyte solution and putting decreases
a double vertical line between the two electrolytes Ans. Option (B) is correct.
connected by a salt bridge. Explanation: Concentration of Zn2+ increases and
In a galvanic cell, the following cell reaction occurs: Ag+ ions decreases
Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) Q. 3. Name the cell which is generally used in inverters ?
E°cell = +1.56 V (A) Mercury cell
Q. 1. What is the direction of the flow of electrons ? (B) Leclanche cell
(A) First from silver to zinc, then the direction (C) Lead storage battery
reverses (D) Lithium ion battery
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter

Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Lead storage battery is used in
inverters.  [1]
OR
 Which cell uses a 38% solution of sulphuric acid
as an electrolyte ?
(A) Lead storage cell
(B) Leclanche cell
(C) Lithium ion battery
(D) Fuel cell
Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Lead storage battery is the most
common secondary cell. It consists of a lead anode
and a grid of lead packed with lead oxide (PbO2) as
cathode. A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as
electrolyte.[1]
Q. 4. The standard electrode potential for Daniel cell is
1.1V. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for the
reaction: Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s).
(A) 215.36 kJ mol–1
(B) –212. 27 kJ mol–1
(C) 212.27 kJ mol–1
(D) –218 kJ mol–1
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation:
∆rGo = –nFEcell
o
n in the above equation is 2,
F = 96487 C mol–1 and Ecell
o
= 1.1 V
Therefore, ∆rG = –2 × 1.1V × 96487 C mol–1
o
∆rGo = – 212271.4 J mol–1
= – 212.27 kJ mol–1
II. Read the passage given below and answer the
questions that follow: 1+1+1+2=5
Oxidation-reduction reactions are commonly
known as redox reactions. They involve transfer
of electrons from one species to another. In a
spontaneous reaction, energy is released which
can be used to do useful work. The reaction is split
into two half reactions. Two different containers
are used and a wire is used to drive the electrons
from one side to the other and a Voltaic/Galvanic
cell is created. It is an electrochemical cell that
uses spontaneous redox reactions to generate
electricity. A salt bridge also connects to the half
cells. The reading of the voltmeter gives the cell
voltage or cell potential or electromotive force. If
0
Ecell is positive the reaction is spontaneous and
if it is negative the reaction is non-spontaneous
and is referred to as electrolytic cell. Electrolysis
refers to the decomposition of a substance by an
electric current. One mole of electric charge when
passed through a cell will discharge half a mole
of a divalent metal ion such as Cu2+. This was
first formulated by Faraday in the form of laws of
electrolysis.
The conductance of material is the property of
materials due to which a material allows the flow
of ions through itself and thus conducts electricity.
Conductivity is represented by k and it depends
ELECTROCHEMISTRY 45
upon nature and concentration of electrolyte,
temperature, etc. A more common term molar
conductivity of a solution at a given concentration
is conductance of the volume of solution containing
one mole of electrolyte kept between two electrodes
with the unit area of cross-section and distance of
unit length. Limiting molar conductivity of weak
electrolytes cannot be obtained graphically.
Q. 1. Is silver plate the anode or cathode?
Ans. Silver plate acts as cathode.
Q. 2. What will happen if the salt bridge is removed?
Ans. Salt bridge permits the flow of current by
completing the circuit as well as it maintains the
charge balance between anode and cathode by
movement of electrons. If the salt bridge is removed
no current will flow in the circuit and the voltage
will drop to zero.
Q. 3. When does electrochemical cell behaves like an
electrolytic cell?
Ans. An electrochemical cell behaves like an electrolytic
cell when there is an application of an external
opposite potential on the galvanic cell and reaction
is not inhibited until the opposing voltage reaches
the value 1.1 V. At this stage, no current flows
through the cell and on increasing the external
potential any further the reaction will function in
the opposite direction.
Eext > Ecell
Q. 4. (i) What will happen to the concentration of Zn2+
and Ag+ when Ecell = 0. 1×2=2
(ii) Why does conductivity of a solution decreases
with dilution?
Ans. (i) When Ecell= 0, an equilibrium condition is
reached and the concentration of Zn2+ and Ag+
remains same.
(ii) Conductivity of a solution defined as the
conductance of ions present in a unit volume of the
solution. On dilution, the number of ions per unit
volume decreases. Thus, the conductivity of the
solution decreases on dilution.
OR
The molar conductivity of a 1.5 M solution of
an electrolyte is found to be 138.9 S cm2 mol – 1.
Calculate the conductivity of this solution.
Ans. Molar Conductivity (k)
Conductivity
=
Concentration
κ
∧m =
c
46 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

138.9 S cm 2 mol −1 × 1.5mol / L Q. 1. State the relation between cell constant, resistance
= 3 of the solution in the cell and the conductivity of
1000cm / l
the solution. [1]
Conductivity = ∧m× C 1 l
Ans. k = ×
= 0.208 Scm–1 R A
where, κ is the conductivity
Case based Subjective R is the resistance and l/A is the cell constant.
Question (4 marks each) Q. 2. How is cell constant determined experimentally?
Read the passage given below and answer the [1]
following questions: Ans. It can be done by calculating the resistance of the
cell of known conductivity solution.
The cell constant is usually determined by Q. 3. What is the conductivity of 0.02 M KCl solution ?
measuring the resistance of the cell containing a [1]
solution whose conductivity is already known. Sol. Cell constant resistance = 258/420
For this purpose, we generally use KCl solutions = 0.614Sm–1
whose conductivity is known accurately at various Q. 4. What is the SI unit for conductivity of a solution?
concentrations and at different temperatures. [1]
Consider the resistance of a conductivity cell filled Ans. Sm–1
with 0.1 M KCl solution is 200 W. If the resistance of
the same cell when filled with 0.02 M KCl solution
is 420 W.

Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic- 1)

Very Short Answer Type Questions Ans. 4: Kohlrausch law of independent migration of
Ans.4: The SI unit of conductance is Siemens, denoted ions :
by the symbol S. (i) The limiting molar conductivity of an electro-
Short Answer Type Questions-I lyte can be represented as the sum of the indi-
vidual contribution of the anions and cations
Ans. 4: In case of CH3COOH which is a weak electro-
of the electrolyte. [1]
lyte, the number of ions increases on dilution due
° °
to increase in degree of dissociation resulting in (ii) ∧°m (CaSO4) = ∧Ca2 + + ∧SO24 −  [1]
drastic increase in Lm. [1]
= 119.0 S cm2 mol–1 + 160.0 S cm2 mol–1
CH COOH+H 2O → CH 3COO−+H 3O+
3 = 279.0 S cm2 mol–1 [1]
In the case of CH3COONa which is a strong elec-
trolyte, the number of ions remains the same but Commonly Made Error
the inter-ionic attraction decreases resulting in
gradual increase in L m. [1] Students only write the mathematical expression.
Ans. 5: (A) is a strong electrolyte. [1]
A is a strong electrolyte which is completely disso-
ciated into ions, but on dilution interionic forces
Answering Tip
overcome and ions are free to move. So there is
slight increase in molar conductivity on dilution. Write the law as stated. Stick to the statement
as the marks are alloted to that only.
 [1]
Do not forget to mention the units.
Short Answer Type Questions-II
Ans. 2: (i) As seen from the graph, electrolyte A is a Long Answer Type Questions
strong electrolyte which is completely ion-
ised in solution. With dilution, the ions are Ans. 2: Given
far apart from each other and hence the mo- l(∞H+ )= 349.8 Ω -1cm 2 mol -1
lar conductivity increases. [1] ∞
l(CH 40.9 Ω -1cm 2 mol -1
=
(ii) To determine the value of limiting molar COO- )
3

∞ ∞
conductivity for electrolyte B, indirect meth- l m(CH 3 COOH)
= l(CH COO- )
+ l(∞H+ )
3
od based upon Kohlrausch law of independ-
= 40.9 + 349.8
ent migration of ions is used.  [1]
(iii) W hen concentration approaches zero, the = 390.7 Ω -1cm 2 mol -1
 [2]
molar conductivity is known as limiting mo- At C = 0.1 M
lar conductivity.  [1] Degree of dissociation
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 47

∧m At C = 0.001 M
α= ∧
∧ ∞m α= m
∧ ∞m
5.20
= = 0.013, i.e.,1.3% 49.2
390.7  [1½] = = 0.125 , i.e., 12.5%
390.7  [1½]

Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic-2)

Very Short Answer Type Questions Ans.6: Cell reaction is
Ans. 2: 
The arrangement of various elements in the Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) ® Fe2+ (aq) + H2(g)
order of increasing values of standard reduction Ecell = 0.00 – (– 0.44) = 0.44 V
potential is called electrochemical series.
0.0591 [ Fe 2 + ]
Ans. 3: 
Free energy decreases in Galvanic cell, so its Ecell = E°cell – log + 2
2 [H ]
value is negative, i.e., ΔG < 0.
Short Answer Type Questions-I 0.0591 0.001

= 0.44 V – V log
2 ( 0.01)2
Ans. 2: (i) Zinc to silver [1]
(ii) Concentration of Zn2+ ions will increase and = 0.44 V – 0.02955 V
Ag+ ions will decrease. [1] Ecell = 0.41045 V [3]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] Long Answer Type Questions
Ans.5: Electrode potential of Fe is more than electrode
potential of Cu. So, Fe displaces Cu from copper Ans.3: (a) Al(s) | Al3+(0.01M) || Ni2+ (0.1 M) | Ni(s)[1]
sulphate while electrode potential of Pt is less
0.059 [ Al 3 + ]
2

[½]
than Cu. Due to this reason, Pt cannot displace Ecell = Eocell − log
Cu from copper sulphate. [2]
6 [Cu 2 + ]3
Short Answer Type Questions-II 0.059 [0.01] 2
[1]
Ecell = 1.41V − log
2+ +
6 [0.1]3
Ans.2: (i) Cu(s) | Cu (aq) || Ag (aq) | Ag(s) [1]
E = 1.4198 V or Ecell = 1.42 V [½]
(ii) Current will flow from silver to copper electrode cell
in the external circuit. [1] (b) Λm decreases with increase in concentration

for both strong & weak electrolyte. Λ°m can
(iii) Cathode: 2Ag+(aq) + 2e– → 2Ag(s)
be obtained for weak electrolyte by applying
Anode: Cu(s) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2e–
[1]
Kohlrausch law Λ0m = v+l∞+ + v–l0–[1 + 1]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]

Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic-3)

Very Short Answer Type Questions Short Answer Type Questions- II
Ans 4:. H2–O2 fuel cell Ans.2: (a) m = ZIt [½]
Short Answer Type Questions-I 108 × 2 × 15 × 60
= [1]
Ans.2: (i) Mercury cell (ii) Fuel cell[½ + ½] 1 × 96500
(iii) Lead storage cell (iv) Dry cell[½ + ½] = 2.01 g
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (or any other correct method) [½]
(b) Cells that convert the energy of combustion
Ans.3: At anode,
of fuels directly into electrical energy.
 H 2 (g) + 2OH - (aq) → 2H 2O(l ) + 2e -  × 2 [½]
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] [1]
At cathode, Ans.3: Let the charge on the metal ion = n+
O2 (g) + 2H 2O(l ) + 4e - → 4OH - (aq) [½] Reduction half-reaction,
Net cell reaction, M n + + ne - → M
2H 2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H 2O(l ) [1] (1mol) (n mol) (106.4 g)
48 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

Quantity of electricity required for depositing For the reaction,

106.4 g of metal = n × 96500 C [1] 2 AgCl(s) + H2(g) (1 atm) → 2Ag(s) + 2H+(0.1 M)
Quantity of electricity required for depositing + 2Cl– (0.1 M)
n × 96500 × 2.977 From Nernst equation
2.977 g of metal = = n × 2700 [1] + 2 − 2
106.4 Ecell = E°Cell − 0.059 log [ H ] [Cl ]
Quantity of electricity passed 2 [H2 ]
= 4 × 45 × 60 C = 10800 C (Q concentration of solids are taken as unity)
Applying law of conservation of charge,  ( 0.1)2 ( 0.1)2 
0.059
10800 = n × 2700 = 0.226 − log  
2  1 
10800  
n= =4
2700 0.059
= 0.226 − log 10 −4
Charge on metal ion = +4[1] 2
Long Answer Type Questions = 0.226 + 0.0295 log 104
Ans.3: (a) DG° = – 43600 J = 0.226 + 0.118
No. of electrons (n) = 2 = 0.344 V
F = 96500C (b) Fuel cell: The cell which converts chemical
Q DG° = – nFE° energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy is
– 43600 = – 2 × 96500 × E° called fuel cell.
−43600 Advantages of fuel cell :
\ E° = = 0.226 V l Pollution free working
−2 × 96500
l High efficiency

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Multiple Choice Questions Explanation: Zinc is coated over iron to prevent

Ans. 3: Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Conductivity depends upon
solvation of ions present in solution. Greater the
solvation of ions of an electrolyte, lesser will be
the electrical conductivity of the solution.
Ans. 6: Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: If an external opposite potential is
applied on the electrochemical cell, the reaction
continues to take place till the opposite voltage
reaches the value 1.1 V. At this stage, no current
flow through the cell and if there is any further
increase in the external potential (Eexternal), then
reaction starts functioning in opposite direction
i.e. an electrochemical cell behaves like an
electrolytic cell.
Eexternal > Ecell
Ans. 8: Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: In an electrochemical cell, a salt
bridge is used to complete the circuit so that
current can flow.
Ans.10: Option (B) is correct.
rusting of iron because standard reduction
potential of Zn is lesser than Fe.
Eo Zn 2 / Zn  Eo Fe2 / Fe
Assertion & Reason
Ans.2: Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Weak electrolytes dissociate partially
in concentrated solution. On dilution, their degree
of dissociation increases hence, their Λm increases
sharply.
Ans. 3: Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: Zinc will get dissolved in CuSO4
solution. Since, zinc is more reactive than copper.
Ans. 4: Option (D)is correct.
Explanation: Copper is situated below hydrogen
so it cannot liberate hydrogen from HCl solution.
Ans.5: Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Pure water is a weak electrolyte
hence, some amount of acid/ alkali is added
during electrolysis of water.

REFLECTIONS

(a) Are you able to write the correct representation of a (b) Can you identify the mechanism of rusting of
cell equation? ancient monument like Ashoka Pillar in New
Delhi ?