Ain shams university Mobile communication

Faculty of engineering ECE459

Mobile communications ECE 459

5G research
Submitted to DR. Fatma Newagy
Team members:
Mina Emad Maurice 19P7328
Amr Khaled Mahmoud 19P8679

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Abstract
The advent of fifth generation (5G) technology has ushered in a new era of connectivity,
promising unprecedented speed, reliability, and efficiency in wireless communication. This
abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the key aspects surrounding 5G technology,
encompassing its technical foundations, transformative capabilities, and societal implications.

The technical underpinnings of 5G, including its utilization of higher frequency bands, massive
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and advanced beamforming techniques, are
explored. These innovations collectively contribute to the substantial increase in data transfer
rates, lower latency, and improved network capacity, fostering an ecosystem conducive to the
Internet of Things (IoT) and the proliferation of smart devices.

Beyond its technical prowess, 5G is examined in the context of its transformative impact on
diverse industries. The integration of 5G networks holds the potential to revolutionize sectors
such as healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, and entertainment, fueling the development
of smart cities and enabling groundbreaking applications such as autonomous vehicles, remote
surgery, and augmented reality experiences.

However, the widespread deployment of 5G also raises concerns related to cybersecurity,

privacy, and the digital divide. The abstract delves into the potential challenges and ethical
considerations associated with the adoption of 5G technology, emphasizing the need for robust
regulatory frameworks and international cooperation to address these issues.

In conclusion, this abstract provides a holistic understanding of the multifaceted landscape of

5G technology, shedding light on its technical foundations, transformative potential, and the
ethical considerations that accompany its widespread implementation. As the global
community navigates the complexities of integrating 5G into daily life, thoughtful
consideration of its implications will be paramount for ensuring a secure, inclusive, and
technologically advanced future.

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Table of Contents
1.0 introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5
2.0 NEWS ABOUT 5G ........................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 OBJECTIVES, REQUIREMENTS, AND OPPURTUNITIES ........................................................ 2
3.1 MAIN PILLARS OF 5G ................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 REQUIREMENTS, AND OPPURUTNTIES ................................................................................... 4
3.2.1 In Telecommunication................................................................................................................ 4
3.2.2 Media, And Entertainment ......................................................................................................... 5
3.2.3 Manufacturing ............................................................................................................................ 6
3.2.4 Transportation ............................................................................................................................ 6
4.0 SPECTRUM ..................................................................................................................................... 7
5.0 STANDARDIZATION ..................................................................................................................... 8
5.0 DEPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................ 9
6.0 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND SOFTWARE. ..................................................................... 11
6.1 NETWORK SOFTWARE........................................................................................................... 13
7.0 FEATURES ..................................................................................................................................... 13
REFRENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 15

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List of figures

Figure 1 3 pillars of 5G and example of uses........................................................................................... 3

Figure 2 use cases and scenarios of telecomm ....................................................................................... 5
Figure 3 use cases and scenarios of media. ............................................................................................ 5
Figure 4 use cases and scenarios of industry .......................................................................................... 6
Figure 5 use cases and scenarios of transportation. ............................................................................... 7
Figure 6 5G spectrum mapping ............................................................................................................... 8
Figure 7 5G releases timeline .................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 8 SA VS NSA .................................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 9 overview of the 5G system ...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 10 5GC architecture. .................................................................................................................. 12

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1.0 introduction
The evolution of mobile communication technologies has been marked by a series of
transformative leaps, each generation ushering in new capabilities and reshaping the way we
connect and communicate. Among these, the fifth generation (5G) stands out as a paradigm-
shifting advancement, promising unprecedented speed, low latency, and enhanced
connectivity. To appreciate the significance of 5G, it is essential to trace the trajectory of
mobile generations that have paved the way for this cutting-edge technology.

The journey began with the first generation (1G) of mobile networks, which introduced
analog voice communication in the early 1980s. Subsequent generations, namely 2G, 3G, and
4G, brought about digital communication, mobile data services, and high-speed internet
access, progressively transforming the way people interacted with their devices and with each
other.

2G, or second-generation networks, marked the shift from analog to digital communication,
allowing for more efficient use of bandwidth and enabling the widespread adoption of mobile
phones for voice calls and short messaging services (SMS). The transition to 3G represented
a monumental leap, introducing mobile broadband and paving the way for the era of mobile
internet, video calling, and data-intensive applications.

With the advent of 4G, the landscape of mobile communication underwent a revolutionary
change. Offering significantly faster data speeds, 4G networks facilitated the rise of
smartphones and a myriad of data-driven services. The increased bandwidth and low latency
of 4G laid the foundation for the mobile applications and services that have become integral
to modern life.

As we stand on the cusp of the 5G era, the transition is more than just an incremental
upgrade; it represents a leap into a new dimension of connectivity. 5G technology is poised to
unleash the full potential of the Internet of Things (IoT), enable augmented reality (AR) and
virtual reality (VR) experiences, and revolutionize industries through its unparalleled speed
and responsiveness.
Ain shams university Mobile communication
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2.0 NEWS ABOUT 5G

In September 2023, Hewlett Packard Enterprise deployed an integrated private 5G and Wi-Fi
network at the 2023 Ryder Cup, a golf tournament between teams from Europe and the United
States. The network enabled enhanced fan experiences, such as live video streaming,
augmented reality, and interactive gaming.

In September 2023, AST SpaceMobile demonstrated space-based 5G connectivity by placing

a call from Hawaii to Spain using AT&T spectrum and AST SpaceMobile’ s BlueWalker 3 test
satellite. The company aims to provide global 5G coverage from space by 2024.

In September 2023, Switzerland announced that it will release the 3.4-3.5 GHz band for private
5G networks from 2024. The band is expected to support industrial applications, such as smart
factories, logistics, and agriculture.

In September 2023, Orange Jordan established the first private 5G network in the Kingdom for
Aqaba Container Terminal, a port operator. The network will improve the efficiency and
security of the terminal operations, such as container tracking, crane automation, and video
surveillance.

In August 2023, China Broadnet claimed nationwide 5G coverage, reaching all 31 provinces,
autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China. The company said it has deployed
over 600,000 5G base stations, covering more than 95% of the population.

In August 2023, Red Sea Global partnered with Zain KSA to launch the world’s first zero-
carbon 5G network, powered by renewable energy sources. The network will support the
development of the Red Sea Project, a luxury tourism destination in Saudi Arabia that aims to
be carbon neutral and environmentally sustainable.

3.0 OBJECTIVES, REQUIREMENTS, AND

OPPURTUNITIES
The objectives of 5G technology revolve around delivering unparalleled speed, ultra-low
latency, massive device connectivity, and network reliability. It aims to support a vast array of
applications, from enhanced mobile broadband and immersive augmented reality to critical

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communication services for industries such as healthcare and transportation. 5G seeks to

empower the Internet of Things (IoT) by efficiently connecting a multitude of devices,
enabling seamless communication in real-time, and laying the foundation for a
technologically advanced and interconnected future. Ultimately, the key objectives of 5G are
to redefine the user experience, foster innovation across industries, and propel the digital
landscape into uncharted realms of connectivity.

3.1 MAIN PILLARS OF 5G

• Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) will provide mobile network customers and industrial
users with enhanced capacities, benefiting B2C, entertainment and media, and other service
sectors.

• Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communication (URLLC) will support new use cases in
mission critical applications (e.g. autonomous driving, remote surgical operation, industry
automation).

• Massive Machine-type Communications (mMTC) will enable industry players to connect

massive numbers

of devices with specific connectivity requirements, in sectors such as manufacturing, utilities,

and logistics [1]

Figure 1 3 pillars of 5G and example of uses

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3.2 REQUIREMENTS, AND OPPURUTNTIES

There are several industries with particularly intense dynamics and business opportunities
around 5G: telecommunications, media and entertainment, manufacturing, transportation, and
public services. Each of these sectors has specific business issues linked to 5G and its
potential use cases, some of which are already being explored in pilot projects.

3.2.1 In Telecommunication
Telecom stakeholders are the frontrunners in pursuit of 5G opportunities, which will
represent the majority of their revenues at the 2030–2035 horizon. 5G may be a solution to
some of the problems the telecommunications industry currently faces, including the growth
in data consumption. With 5G, mobile operators aim to improve the total efficiency of data
provision to customers by building more capacity. [2]

Currently, telecoms stakeholders are focusing on creating and expanding 5G coverage at a

national scale, starting with local pilots. Superfast Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) is an
opportunity to help governments to deliver on the promise of high-quality, universal
broadband access to homes, especially in low density areas. Edge computing as an evolution
of cloud computing brings computation and data storage closer to the location where it is
needed. It is expected that edge computing will play an essential role in the transformation of
the telecommunications business: wireless carriers have a big advantage in the edge
computing race, as they control access to 5G high speed telecommunication networks. [2]

While 4G can reach speeds up to 100 Mbps, it is expected that 5G will enable speeds up to 1
Gbps, changing the scale at which telecommunications currently operates. With more power
and improved efficiency, 5G may be the pathway towards connecting the world with greater
ease. Fixed wireless broadband networks using mainstream LTE-Advanced technology are
proving capable of delivering fast, high-quality connectivity. 5G FWA will take fixed wireless
to the next level, boosting speeds closer to 1 Gbps6 . 5G networks are a future environment
for Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) deployments. MEC applications interact with the
5G system to influence the routing of traffic for edge applications and to obtain notifications
of relevant events, such as mobility events, for improved efficiency and a better end user
experience. [2]

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Figure 2 use cases and scenarios of telecomm

3.2.2 Media, And Entertainment

Media and entertainment are one of the first sectors in which 5G will be widely used. Use
cases will be deployed immediately. 5G can provide high quality audio-visual services and
the ability to share live videos over social media. [2]

Main 5G opportunities
Thanks to the new network capabilities brought by 5G, annual mobile media revenues will
double in the next 10 years to USD 420 bn in 2028 5G will facilitate multicasting and HD
mobile video: Image processing capabilities can be located on the cloud with secure, low
latency connections that aggregate multiple image sources. 5G will enable augmented reality
and virtual reality applications that will generate more than USD 140 bn in revenues between
2021 and 2028 5G will also unlock the market potential of volumetric 3D content and its
ecosystem. Gaming will be at the forefront of 5G-led innovation, using AR technology. Fast
responsiveness, high resolution, and real-time streaming will also help unlock gaming over
mobile cloud. The revenues from 5G mobile games will exceed USD 100 bn per year by
2028.8 In the longer term, 5G will enable tactile feedback, thanks to highly responsive haptic
suits combined with advanced VR capabilities. This new VR experience will flourish by 2025
and will generate over USD 5 bn annually by 2028. [2]

5G network requirements
With the increase in data consumption, 5G needs to accommodate enhanced mobile
broadband and high density of devices. The seamless integration of different network
technologies will foster mobility and consumption of services with zero interruptions.[2]

Figure 3 use cases and scenarios of media.

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3.2.3 Manufacturing
Industry 4.0 is expected to be fueled by cyberphysical systems and the Internet of Things,
which will require the support of 5G networks. This will enable the efficient, connected,
flexible factories of the future.[2]

Main 5G opportunities
Inside factories, 5G will facilitate manufacturing procedures, including more efficient
production lines (e.g. with machine vision, and high definition video for managing
processes), AGVs in factories (e.g. autonomous transportation) and machine control, with
latency of less than 5 ms using URLLC. Outside factories, 5G could help the manufacturing
sector to improve product lifecycle management, for example by enabling predictive
maintenance and bringing responsive design to products. Communication between companies
can also be facilitated by 5G, enabling better end-to-end tracking of goods at lower cost, or
data exchanges for simulations or collaborative design.[2]

5G network requirements
Indoor mission–critical processes have stringent requirements. In order to deliver ultra-low
latency and ultrahigh reliability in a heterogeneous environment, further enhancements to 4G
and 5G technologies will be necessary. Exploiting product lifecycle data from connected
goods will also require new technologies, featuring minimal energy consumption, ultra-high
autonomy, and low subscription costs.[2]

Figure 4 use cases and scenarios of industry

3.2.4 Transportation
Transportation The automotive industry has been an early adopter of various connectivity
technologies. There has been a major impetus by car manufacturers to develop connection-
ready cars, taking small steps forward within a long-term vision of autonomous vehicle
control using eMBB and URLLC.[2]

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Main 5G opportunities
5G will bring improvements to services in the automotive industry in the form of vehicle-to-
everything (V2X) communications on the path to autonomous driving, but also in the form of
improved in-car 'infotainment'. As cars become more connected and collect a larger amount
of data (location, usage, performance, telematics), opportunities also open up for remote
diagnostics, pay-as-you-drive insurance models, and driver assistance using 5G technology.
Such use cases can be transposed at a later stage to other forms of transportation such as rail,
air transportation, ports, etc.[2]

5G network requirements
5G may be helpful for use cases associated with autonomous driving and V2V telecommunications,
and some in-car infotainment services. 5G can support real-time, low latency exchange of data in a
mobile context. The connected car concept extends beyond V2V communication. It also requires
communication with infrastructure (V2I) and pedestrians (V2P). Taken together, these are referred to
as V2X communication. An increasingly popular solution for V2X communication is Cellular-Vehicle-to-
Everything (C-V2X), the C referring to 4G or 5G. Beginning in Release 16, 5G-V2X will offer improved
features for autonomous driving. Specifically, short range direct communications will rely on 5G
capabilities (lower latencies and increased bandwidth).[2]

Figure 5 use cases and scenarios of transportation.

4.0 SPECTRUM
Low band spectrum
Sub-1 GHz spectrum has strong propagation characteristics and is essential to build coverage
in thinly populated areas and provide indoor coverage in built-up areas. Spectrum needs for 5G
are higher than the amount of capacity that naturally exists below 1 GHz. However, download
speeds in areas relying on low-band – typically rural areas – are directly impacted by the

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spectrum capacity available and ensuring the availability of the 600 MHz band will raise rural
broadband speeds by 30-50%. [3]

Mid band spectrum

Mid-band provides high-capacity city-wide 5G. It will play a core role in delivering
applications which impact how we manufacture goods, deliver education, build smart cities,
and communicate with each other. Mid-band 5G spectrum will deliver more than $610 billion
in global GDP in 2030, accounting for almost 65% of the overall socio-economic value
generated by 5G, according to research from GSMA Intelligence.[3]

100 MHz of spectrum per operator is needed to launch 5G in the first place. All countries must
plan to make 2 GHz of mid-band spectrum available by 2030 to provide the IMT-2020
requirements for 5G of 100 Mbps downlink.[3]

MMwave for URLLC

High-band spectrum or mmWave also has an important role to play. Pioneering ultra-high
speeds and the lowest latencies depend on mmWave spectrum access. Gigabit speeds are being
delivered today by mmWave in even the most densely populated hotspots. This allows
applications such as high-res home streaming through mmWave FWA and in public spaces
through mmWave eMBB. AR/VR and the metaverse, automated manufacturing, and cloud-
based and virtual desktops will all benefit from mmWave connectivity in dense user hotspots.

Governments and regulators should also plan to make an average of 5 GHz of high-band
spectrum available per country by 2030 as demand increases.[3]

Figure 6 5G spectrum mapping

5.0 STANDARDIZATION
Standardization in core network released in 99 by 3GPP. Releases contain technologies and
development of the network, to prevent the exhausted development cycle releases are made.

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Release 99 is the first release, and it is for 3G. 4G release is release 8, and 5g release
announced in 2015 is release 15.

Figure 7 5G releases timeline

5.0 DEPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

There are 7 scenarios for deployment but the most famous are option 3x and option 2. Option
3x means that the NR(gnb) is connected to the 4G CORE. It has many benefits like ease of
deployment, reducing cost, fast rollout, and pathway to SA 5G. but is has limitations as it can
achieve one pillar only of the 3 which is eMBB but it cannot achieve the URLLC, and mMTC.
So, we want to make an end-to-end 5G network, which consists of a NR and a new core called
the SA.

Figure 8 SA VS NSA

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Deployment considerations
• Massive MIMO order selection: Massive MIMO can improve both coverage and capacity
and is a key technical solution for 5G network. But the deployment of Massive MIMO
requires three considerations including performance requirements, installation
requirements, and TCO saving. In the initial stage of 5G, from the perspective of coverage
and capacity maximization, it is recommended that 5G and 4G co-site deployment to
ensure continuous coverage and reduce infrastructure, planning and optimization costs.
Engineering constraint is also an important aspect to consider. In some scenarios, there
are limits to the weight and volume of the Massive MIMO unit. For example, in South
Korea, the engineering department requires AAU weight not to exceed 25kg, and the
installation of equipment over 40kg requires the use of Crane in the Netherlands, which
costs 1K Euro per 6 hours. In this scenario, 32T/16T are an option for deploying 5G
networks. In high-rise scenarios, 2D beamforming will provide benefits compared to 1D
beamforming, see Figure 9, and therefore 64T or 32T may have performance advantages
compared to 16T. In urban and suburban areas, the user spread in the vertical dimension
is normally so small that vertical beamforming will not provide any substantial
advantages. Therefore 16T will have similar performance as 64T or 32T in many such
scenarios [4]
• Coverage optimization: C-band is the primary band for 5G network and it has a large
bandwidth making it perfect for 5G eMBB services. Downlink coverage is better than
uplink coverage on Cband spectrum due to the large downlink transmit power of the
gNodeB and to disproportion in uplink and downlink timeslot allocations of NR. The
application of technologies such as beamforming and cellspecific reference signal (CRS)-
free reduces downlink interference and further increases the difference between C-band
uplink and downlink coverage. Taking the downlink 50Mbps and the uplink 5Mbps as an
example, the C-band uplink and downlink coverage differs by 16.2dB. The C-Band
downlink can achieve the similar coverage as the LTE 1800MHz, but there is limitation
in the uplink coverage and becomes 5G deployment bottleneck which will affect the user
experience. As shown in Figure 9, the difference between C-Band and LTE 1800MHz
uplink coverage is 7.6 dB for 2R and 10.4dB for 4R. 3GPP Release 15 introduces two
mechanisms to handle the limited uplink coverage on the higher bands, namely NR
Carrier Aggregation (CA) and supplementary uplink (SUL). The use of these mechanisms
effectively utilize idle sub-3 GHz band resources, improve the uplink coverage of Cband,

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and enable the provisioning of 5G services in a wider area. Both solutions, NR CA and
SUL, offer transport of UL user data using sub-3GHz band NR radio resources. NR CA
provides the added benefit of also providing sub-3GHz DL user data support. Based on
the SUL, the feature Uplink and Downlink Decoupling defines new paired spectrums,
where C-band is used for the downlink and a sub-3 GHz band (for example, 1.8 GHz) for
the uplink, thereby improving uplink coverage.
• Time slot synchronization: The TDD system has the same TX/RX frequency bands, the
TX signal of the asynchronous system directly interferes with RX frequency band. If 5G
macro-cell networks are not synchronized, more than 25 MHz additional guard band
together with additional transceiver filters would be required. Thus, synchronization of
5G network becomes the best way to avoid interference. In this way, efficient spectrum
usage is ensured – no additional guard band is required – and network equipment cost can
be reduced [4]
• NSA and SA: 3GPP defines NSA and SA architectures and the two architectures have
been concluded. Option 3x for NSA and Option 2 for SA has become an industry
consensus. SA is the target architecture, but the NSA ecosystem leads the SA for 6 months.
The NSA can quickly deploy 5G network to support eMBB services and can be software
upgraded to SA in the future. Key factors of NSA / SA architecture selection listed in
Table 5. A network that migrates from NSA to SA will typically support multiple Options
simultaneously, by selecting the most suitable configuration for each device. [4]

6.0 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND SOFTWARE.

Figure 9 overview of the 5G system

The main entity of the NG-RAN is the gNB, where "g" stands for "5G" and "NB" for "Node
B", which is the name inherited from 3G onwards to refer to the radio transmitter. The radio
interface is named "NR-Uu" for similar reasons, although with divergences: here, "5G" is
indicated by "NR" (for "New Radio") and Uu is also a name inherited from previous

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generations. The gNB may be further split into a gNB-Central Unit (gNB-CU) and one or more
gNB- Distributed Unit(s) (gNB-DU), linked by the F1 interface. [1]

The 5GC is here schematically represented by the AMF/UPF entity: the User Plane Function
(UPF), handling the user data and, in the signaling plane, the Access and Mobility management
Function (AMF) that accesses the UE and the (R)AN. Further entities of the 5GC are presented
below. The reference point between the access and the core networks is called "NG". This
reference point is constituted of several interfaces (mostly N2, N3), as shown below.[1]

The 5GC architecture relies on a "Service-Based Architecture" (SBA) framework, where the
architecture elements are defined in terms of "Network Functions" (NFs) rather than by
"traditional" Network Entities. Via interfaces of a common framework, any given NF offers its
services to all the other authorized NFs and/or to any "consumers" that are permitted to make
use of these provided services. Such an SBA approach offers modularity and reusability.[1]

Figure 10 5GC architecture.

• The four entities already introduced, i.e.: the UE, the NG-RAN or (R)AN, the UPF and
the AMF

• The (external) Data Network (DN), mostly in the User Plane

• The Application Function (AF), controlling the application(s) (with possible

involvement also in the user plane)

• The Session Management Function (SMF), that handles the calls and sessions, and
contacts the UPF accordingly.

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• The Unified Data Management (UDM), functionally similar to 3G and 4G's HSS (and
2G's HLR)

• The Policy Control Function (PCF), that controls that the user data traffic does not
exceed the negotiated bearer(s) capacities.

• The Network Repository Function (NRF), which "controls" the other NFs by providing
support for NF register, deregister and update service to NF and their services.

• The security-related NFs: Network Exposure Function (NEF), Authentication Server

Function (AUSF), Security Anchor Functionality (SEAF)

Network slicing.
Network slicing is a fundamental new capability of 5G infrastructures, bringing a high degree
of deployment flexibility and efficient resource utilization when deploying diverse network
services and applications. A logical end-to-end network slice has predetermined capabilities,
traffic characteristics, and service level agreements. It includes the virtualized resources
required to service the needs of a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) or a group of
subscribers, including a dedicated User Plane Function (UPF), Session Management Function
(SMF), and Policy Control Function (PCF). [5]

6.1 NETWORK SOFTWARE.

The network doesn’t work as legacy networks. The functions and nodes don’t store the data, it
is just processing it. So, all software and nodes are virtualized on the cloud. Private networks
can be built easily unlike the old generations.

7.0 FEATURES
• Cloud ran: Cloud RAN is the separation of the RAN baseband software and the RAN
baseband hardware. This baseband software can run on any capable commercial off-the-
shelf (COTS) hardware, with or without integrated accelerators, utilizing cloud-native
tools and processes to manage the software and hardware.[6]
• 5GC
• Service based architecture: The 3GPP has defined a Service Based Architecture (SBA) for
the 5G Core. Services are the essential building blocks used to create and execute the
functions of a mobile network. The SBA delivers core network services as a set of
interconnected Network Functions (NFs) which communicate with each other via a

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Service Based Interface (SBI). Each NF is containerized and operates independently and
exposes its functionality to other NFs through an SBI. [7]
• Network slicing
• MEC

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REFRENCES
1] https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/5g-system-overview
2] https://www-file.huawei.com/-/media/corporate/pdf/public-
policy/position_paper_5g_applications.pdf
3] https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/5g-spectrum-guide/
4] https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/5G-Implementation-
Guideline-v2.0-July-2019.pdf
5] https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-for-operators-blog/what-is-the-5g-service-
based-architecture-sba/ba-p/3831367
6] https://www.ericsson.com/en/ran/cloud
7] https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2017/9/service-based-architecture-in-5g

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