Mobile Communications ECE 459IoT Researchsubmitted To DR

Ain shams university Mobile communication
Faculty of engineering ECE 459
Mobile Communications
Reported to
Dr. Fatma Newagy
IoT research
Mina Emad Maurice 19P7328

Amr Khaled Mahmoud 19P8679
I
ABSTRACT
This abstract presents a condensed overview of IoT reports, encapsulating key dimensions
such as standards, ecosystem dynamics, protocols, and applications. Delving into the realm of
standards, the report navigates through crucial frameworks like MQTT, CoAP, and OPC UA,
elucidating their role in ensuring interoperability and security within the IoT landscape.
Examining the intricate IoT ecosystem, the discussion spans hardware, software, and
connectivity, exploring trends such as AI integration and edge analytics. Communication
protocols, including HTTP, CoAP, and MQTT, are scrutinized for their efficiency and
applicability, with a focus on ensuring the security and integrity of IoT networks. Lastly, the
report highlights diverse IoT applications across industries like healthcare, agriculture, smart
cities, and industrial automation, illustrating the transformative impact of IoT technologies on
efficiency, sustainability, and quality of life. In a rapidly evolving IoT landscape, this overview
serves as a valuable guide for stakeholders seeking a comprehensive understanding of the
technology's multifaceted dimensions.
II
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 IoT DEFINTION................................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 IoT STANDARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 2
3.1 Organizations. ............................................................................................................................... 2
4.0 IoT PROTOCOLS. ................................................................................................................................ 3
4.1 IoT Protocols Importance. ............................................................................................................. 3
4.2 The Right IoT Protocol for Me ....................................................................................................... 3
4.3 IoT Protocol Types ......................................................................................................................... 3
4.3.1 network protocols .................................................................................................................. 3
4.3.2 Application protocols ............................................................................................................. 5
5.0 IoT ECOSYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 8
5.1 Components of an IoT Ecosystem ................................................................................................. 9
6.0 IoT TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................................................................... 11
6.1 5G Connectivity ........................................................................................................................... 11
6.2 Machine Learning & AI:............................................................................................................... 12
6.3 Digital Twin:................................................................................................................................. 12
6.4 Transportation & Supply Chain ................................................................................................... 12
6.5 Energy, Buildings, Smart City....................................................................................................... 12
6.6 Healthcare and Wearables .......................................................................................................... 13
6.7 Smart Home & Customer Assistance .......................................................................................... 14
7.0 APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 14
References:............................................................................................................................................ 18
III
LIST OF FIGURES:
FIGURE 1 IEC.............................................................................................................................................................. 2
FIGURE 2 MQTT PROTOCOL .......................................................................................................................................... 5
FIGURE 3 AMQP PROTOCOL ......................................................................................................................................... 6
FIGURE 4 LORAWAN................................................................................................................................................... 7
FIGURE 5 LWM2M ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
FIGURE 6 IOT ECOSYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................. 8
FIGURE 7 USER AS AN IOT ECOSYSTEM ........................................................................................................................... 11
FIGURE 8 SMART IRRIGATION ....................................................................................................................................... 14
FIGURE 9 SMAR VEHICLE ............................................................................................................................................. 15
FIGURE 10 SMART HOME ............................................................................................................................................ 15
FIGURE 11 SMART CITY ............................................................................................................................................... 16
FIGURE 12 SMART INDUSTRY........................................................................................................................................ 17
List of tables:
TABLE 1 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS .............................................................................................................................. 4
IV
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a paradigm shift that has permeated every facet of our
interconnected world, reshaping the way we perceive and interact with technology. At its
core, IoT refers to the vast network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other
objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, all working in concert to collect,
exchange, and act upon data. This transformative concept extends beyond the realm of
traditional computing, weaving a seamless tapestry of connectivity that has the potential to
redefine the boundaries of innovation. As we stand on the precipice of the Fourth Industrial
Revolution, IoT emerges as a linchpin, intertwining the digital and physical realms to foster
unprecedented levels of efficiency, intelligence, and automation.
The genesis of the IoT phenomenon can be traced back to the convergence of several
technological advancements. The proliferation of affordable sensors, the ubiquity of high-
speed internet, and the exponential growth in computing power have collectively propelled
IoT from theoretical abstraction to a tangible and integral component of modern existence.
The ability of devices to communicate and share information in real-time has birthed a
myriad of possibilities across diverse sectors, ranging from healthcare and agriculture to
smart cities and industrial automation.
In this report, we embark on an exploration of the multifaceted landscape that is the Internet
of Things. Our journey begins by unraveling the standards that underpin the seamless
interoperability of devices, dissecting protocols that govern communication, and scrutinizing
the intricate web of the IoT ecosystem. From the intricacies of cloud computing to the
nuances of edge analytics, we traverse the terrain where hardware, software, and connectivity
converge to create a dynamic and responsive environment.
Furthermore, our investigation extends to the applications of IoT that are revolutionizing
industries and reshaping the way we live and work. Through illuminating case studies, we
witness the tangible impact of IoT in optimizing resource utilization, enhancing operational
efficiency, and fostering sustainability.
2.0 IoT DEFINTION

IoT stands for Internet of Things, which is a term that describes the network of physical
objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that enable them to
communicate and exchange data with each other and with the cloud.
The IoT encompasses a wide range of devices, from simple sensors and actuators to smart
phones and wearables, to complex industrial machines and vehicles. These devices can
collect and generate various types of data, such as temperature, humidity, motion, sound,
video, etc. They can also perform actions, such as turning on lights, locking doors, adjusting
temperature, etc.
The IoT relies on various technologies to connect and control devices, such as wireless
networks, communication protocols, edge computing, cloud computing, data analytics, and
artificial intelligence. These technologies enable the devices to communicate with each other
and with the cloud, where the data can be stored, processed, and analyzed. The IoT also
requires security and privacy mechanisms to protect the devices and the data from
unauthorized access and misuse.
The IoT has many applications and benefits for various domains and sectors, such as smart
homes, smart cities, smart agriculture, smart health, smart industry, etc. The IoT can help
improve efficiency, productivity, quality, safety, convenience, and sustainability of various
processes and services. The IoT can also create new business opportunities and models, as
well as new challenges and risks.
The IoT is a rapidly evolving and expanding field that involves multiple disciplines, such as
electronics, communication, computer science, engineering, and management. The IoT is
expected to have a significant impact on our society and economy, as well as on our
environment and personal lives.
2
3.0 IoT STANDARDS.

Smart objects produce large volumes of data. This data needs to be managed, processed,
transferred and stored securely. Standardization is key to achieving universally accepted
specifications and protocols for true interoperability between devices and applications. [1]
3.1 Organizations.
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): The IEC is a global organization that
develops and publishes international standards for electrical, electronic, and related
technologies. They play a crucial role in shaping IoT standards related to areas such as
communication protocols, security, and energy efficiency.[2]
Figure 1 IEC
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): IEEE is a leading professional

association that focuses on advancing technology in various fields, including IoT. They develop
standards under the IEEE 802 family, which cover areas such as wireless communication,
network protocols, and energy efficiency.[2]
Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC): The IIC is a consortium of industry leaders, academic
institutions, and technology companies working together to accelerate the adoption of the
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). They develop reference architectures, testbeds, and best
practices to promote interoperability and security in industrial IoT deployments.[2]
Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF): The OCF is a consortium that aims to create a
standard IoT connectivity framework to enable seamless interoperability across devices,
platforms, and ecosystems. They develop specifications and certification programs for IoT
devices and applications. [2]
Thread Group: The Thread Group is an industry alliance focused on developing the Thread
networking protocol for IoT devices in the smart home and commercial sectors. They work on
2
defining the technical specifications and certification programs for Thread-enabled products.
[2]
Connectivity Standards Alliance: Formerly known as the Zigbee Alliance is an organization

that develops and promotes the Zigbee wireless communication standard, which is widely used
in IoT applications such as home automation, smart energy, and lighting control. [2]
OneM2M: OneM2M is the global standards initiative for Machine-to-Machine

Communications and the Internet of Things. [10]
4.0 IoT PROTOCOLS.

IoT protocols play a pivotal role in enabling effective communication and interoperability
among the multitude of devices within the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Their
importance can be highlighted in several key aspects.
4.1 IoT Protocols Importance.

IoT devices communicate using IoT protocols. Internet protocol (IP) is a set of rules that
dictate how data gets sent to the internet. IoT protocols ensure that information from one
device or sensor gets read and understood by another device, a gateway, a service. Different
IoT protocols have been designed and optimized for different scenarios and usage. Given the
diverse array of IoT devices available, using the right protocol in the right context is
important. [3]
4.2 The Right IoT Protocol for Me

The type of IoT protocol you will need depends on the system architecture layer that the data
will travel in. The OSI model provides a map of the various layers that send and receive data.
Each IoT protocol in the IoT system architecture enables device-to-device, device-to-gateway,
gateway-to-data center, or gateway-to-cloud communication, as well as communication
between data centers.
4.3 IoT Protocol Types

4.3.1 network protocols
A network protocol is a set of communication rules and procedures used on both sides by all
stations that exchange data over the network. There are many network protocols, but they do
not all have the same role or the same way of doing things. Some network protocols operate
at the level of several layers of IoT architecture, others may be specialized in performing a
task corresponding to one. So, for this study, we cited the maximum criteria that gives us a
3
general view on the method such as Specification, Network type, Topology, Power, Data
Rate, Modulation, Technique, Spread Spectrum Range, Security, Cost, Risk of data, collision,
Max node count, Energy needed, Market Adoption, Application, Spreading, Network size.
[11]
Table 1 network layer protocols
Protocol
Wi-Fi Bluetooth LoRa Zigbee Z-wave celluraire NfC sigfox neul 6 LowPan
criteria
Bluetooth Zigbee 3.0 GSM/GPRS/EDGE(2G), ISO

Based on IPv6 over
Specifications 4.2 core LoRaWan based on Z-wave alliance UMTS/HSPA(3G), /IEC SigFox Neul
802.11n IEEE802.15.4
specification IEEE802.15.4 LTE(4G) 18000-3
LAN
Network type LAN LAN LAN LAN MAN P2P LPWAN WAN LAN
WPAN/P2P
Star Star & star of Mesh, star, and Star and

Topology Star Mesh Mesh Mesh Star Mesh
star tree mesh
Power Low-high low Very low Very low Very low High Very low Low Low Very low
10-
Few bits per
Data rate Up to 1.3 Gbps 2.1 Gbps 0.3-100 kbps 250 Gbps 40 Gbps Up to 1 Gbps 424 kbps 1000 200 Gbps
section
bps
Frequency 868/915 MHz 850/900; 1800/1900 900

54 Mb/s 2.4 GHz various 900 MHz 13.56 MHz 900 MHz 2.4 GHz
band 2.4 GHz MHz MHz
GFSK,
Modulation BPSK,QPSK, BPSK, BFSK, UNB
CPFSK, 8- GFSK GMSK, 8PSK ASK - O-QPSK
technique OFDM O-QPSK GFSK LTN
DPSK.
MC-DSSS,
Spread
CCK, FHSS CHIRP DSSS DSSS TDMA, TDSS FHSS PBSS FHSS CSS
spectrum
OFDM
3-5 km urban 30-50

Range Up to 100 m <100m 10-20 m 30 km Where signal reach 5 cm 10 km 10-20 M
area km
Risk of data
Low High - Medium - - - - - -
collision
Energy needed - High - Medium - - - - - -
Smar city,
Network sensor Sensor Residential Used in Wi-Fi,
Any device
for data networks, networks, Lighting ADSL, broad Payment Smart Home Sensor
Application with cellular
exchange industrial Industrial and band, digital and transactions grid automation networks
connectivity
headset automation automation automation TV Radio
application
4
4.3.2 Application protocols

1. MQTT
MQTT (Figure 2) stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. MQTT is a lightweight
protocol that is well-suited for devices with limited resources. It is often used for remote
monitoring and control applications. MQTT is a publish/subscribe protocol, which means that
devices can subscribe to topics and receive messages that are published to those topics. This
makes it a very efficient protocol for IoT applications, as devices only need to receive the
messages that are relevant to them. [4]
Figure 2 MQTT protocol
2. CoAP
CoAP (Figure 3) stands for Constrained Application Protocol. CoAP is a protocol that is
designed to be more efficient than HTTP for IoT applications. It is often used for devices that
are battery-powered or have limited bandwidth. CoAP is a request/response protocol, which
means that devices send requests to other devices and receive responses. This makes it a more
complex protocol than MQTT, but it can be more efficient in some cases. [5]
5
Figure 3 CoAP
3. AMQP
AMQP (Figure 4) stands for Advanced Message Queuing Protocol. AMQP is a more
complex protocol that is designed for high-reliability applications. It is often used for
financial trading and other mission-critical applications. AMQP is a message-oriented
protocol, which means that devices send messages to other devices. This makes it a very
flexible protocol, as devices can send messages to any other device that is connected to the
network. [6]
Figure 3 AMQP Protocol
6
4. LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN (Figure 4) is a low-power wide area networking protocol. It is a wireless

communication protocol designed for long-range, low-power IoT applications. It operates in
the sub-GHz ISM bands and provides wide area coverage while consuming minimal power.
LoRaWAN is suitable for applications such as smart cities, agriculture, and asset tracking,
where long-range connectivity and battery efficiency are crucial. LoRaWAN is a low-power
wide area networking protocol. [7]
Figure 4 LoRaWAN
5. LWM2M
LWM2M (Figure 5) stands for Lightweight Machine-2-Machine. is a standard for machine-

to-machine (M2M) communication. It defines a way for devices to connect to the internet and
exchange data. LWM2M is a very flexible protocol, and it can be used for a wide variety of
IoT applications. LWM2M defines a way for devices to connect to the internet and exchange
data. [8]
7
Figure 5 LWM2M
5.0 IoT ECOSYSTEM

The IoT ecosystem is the collection of components and technologies that enable the IoT to
function and create value for various applications and domains. The IoT ecosystem consists of
seven key layers which are:
➢ IoT devices
➢ Security
➢ Network
➢ Gateway
➢ The cloud
➢ Application
➢ Users.
Figure 6 IoT ecosystem

8
5.1 Components of an IoT Ecosystem
IoT devices: physical devices interact with the environment. [9]
Sensors: devices that are supposed to gather information about the environment and measure
its parameters like temperature, motion, and light. We can say that sensors collect physical
parameters and convert it to digital form.
Actuators: devices perform physical actions on things after they got a command
Networks: The network is responsible for the communication within an loT ecosystem
between smart things, gateway, and the cloud. [9]
Example a smart fitness bracelet tracks your heart rate and waits until you connect your
smartphone with Bluetooth to transfer the data. After your smartphone gets your heart rate, it
stores the data in some installed health app. The app then will sync with the cloud by
transferring your heart rate through the Internet to cloud servers. The network makes sure that
the data will not be corrupted during the transfer via Bluetooth and through the Internet.
Security: The security component is responsible for access control to the loT network, the
security of data transfers, data leakage prevention, and scanning for malicious software. The
security component is presented by firmware and software from security providers, such as
Azure Sphere. [9]
Gateway: Gateway is a physical device that passes through data streams from sensors to the
cloud and in the opposite direction. It also performs data preprocessing before the information
is transferred to the cloud. A gateway is not a necessary element since loT devices can set
connections to the Internet by themselves without a gateway as an intermediary. [9]
An example: You probably have a router at your home via which you connect to the Internet.
You can consider the gateway as some sort of router (it even may look like a router as a fan
less plastic box with buttons), but a bit complicated since it integrates data from thousands of
devices, preprocesses it, and has some more responsibilities.
The cloud: is a cloud-based computer resource that is responsible for data storage, deep
analysis, and management. In other words, it is a group of computers people get access to
through the internet to use their computer capacity for some purpose. The cloud is enhanced
9
by powerful analytic and visualization tools, Big Data algorithms, and Machine learning
technology. [9]
An example: imagine you building the Internet of Things ecosystem with 10 000 connected
devices that measure the physical parameters of the environment on your field crops. They
collect the raw data and send it to your home computer to store it. The computer would get
terabytes of information every day. ls its storage capacity enough? Probably not. Furthermore,
the raw information is useless until you have an army of humans who can analyze it. Or you
can use cloud technologies and get as much storage capacity as you need as well as get all the
necessary tools to process and analyze the information. An example of the cloud in the Internet
of Things is Cloud IOT core from google.
Application: Application is the graphical user interface that provides remote control and
management devices connected to the Internet of Things ecosystem. [9]
An example: you left your smart home, and you have doubts whether you locked the door. It's
not a problem! Open the application on your phone and check. If the door is not locked, one
clicks in the app is enough to lock the door.
User: Users are all the people who affect the Internet of Things ecosystem and use it for their
purposes. Users comprise people with personal IoT gadgets, researchers who use analytics
from the IoT cloud, staff who use the Internet of Things in their operational processes,
stakeholders who reap the benefits from huge industrial IoT solutions. IoT ecosystems are
supposed to serve people's needs, boost efficiency, improve the standards of living, and quality
of life. Users are those who declare business goals and vital postulates that will become the
basis for the Internet of Things ecosystem.
Example: You are with a high probability. If there is a fitness bracelet/smartwatch on your
wrist, you are a user in the loT ecosystem.
10
Figure 7 user as an IoT ecosystem
6.0 IoT TECHNOLOGIES

Moving into 2023, we can expect a surge in IoT device usage. The overarching theme of IoT
tech trends in the coming year will be the increasing ubiquity of smart devices that consumers
and the average person will have the chance to interact with in their daily lives. Expect to see
IoT market trends point towards devices becoming more affordable and introduced to
household goods and found in common interactions in society.
Sensors will play a key role in the functionality of IoT enabled devices. IoT sensors will
create data from real-world observances that their sensors register and document. IoT devices
will work around-the-clock to observe live changes in the environment that humans wouldn’t
notice or don’t have the time to pay attention to.
6.1 5G Connectivity: Being the next generation in cellular network technology, 5G will
continue to be rolled out throughout the coming year. Surpassing the previous 4G in every
regard, 5G will bring more bandwidth and much improved download speeds to all devices. 5G
is one of the top IoT technologies that will become widespread. The new power of 5G will
allow for wireless data transfer speeds that we have not seen widely available yet. These high
speeds will enable low device latency, always-on connectivity, and larger coverage to
impoverished parts of the world that may be lacking physical wireless connectivity
infrastructure. We may begin seeing 5G implemented in IoT devices such as self-driving cars,
11
real-time robotics, disaster recovery equipment – all IoT devices that need uninterrupted
connection and heavy data usage. [10]
6.2 Machine Learning & AI: As more and more devices go online and users are on their
devices at unprecedented levels, it is no longer feasible for humans to sort through data because
the rate at which it is created is uncontrollable. Instead, we must resort to machine learning and
artificial intelligence to help us manage the data and make use of it all. Machine learning is
using an algorithm that improves itself as it gains more data. This Internet of Things technology
pairs perfectly with Big Data, which is a massive volume of data that old methods of data
analysis can’t process efficiently. As Machine learning accumulates enormous amounts of data,
it can make more accurate predictions. Intelligence IoT can provide companies with a
competitive advantage allowing them to increase analytical and predictive abilities, boost risk
management, scale faster, and identify money and time-wasting pitfalls within the company.
6.3 Digital Twin: A digital twin is another developing IoT trend and what it does is exactly as
you might expect. It is a virtual asset that corresponds directly with a physical object. This
allows for the object to be thoroughly tested digitally before it is implemented into the real
world. Using real world data, a Digital twin can provide accurate simulations of how the
program would function in the real world without risking security or resources by demoing it
on a live service. A digital twin is an emerging Internet of Things technology that is useful for
saving money as well as for testing. Digital twin technology may benefit the manufacturing,
automotive, and healthcare industries by allowing them to check production processes, model
traffic conditions, and work to predict patients’ health based on comparing vitals digitally – all
in real-time.
6.4 Transportation & Supply Chain
The transportation and mobility sector is the second largest area for IoT application in 2022.
The transportation sector is expected to continue increasing IoT adoption. This sector benefits
from technologies like fleet management, route coordination, driver behavior tracking, and
vehicle diagnostics and monitoring. Using IoT technologies, fleet uptime will be increased,
strategic route-mapping will reduce fuel consumption, as well as vehicle sensors making it
safer for drivers and pedestrians.
6.5 Energy, Buildings, Smart City
12
With the growing size of city populations, there comes a strain on resources so a need to
streamline and make distribution of resources as efficient as possible appears. Cities may
quickly undergo a digital transformation and adopt IoT applications to fit their needs. Now and
in the near future, we are going to see smart utilities and buildings that are outfitted with sensors
will work to collect data and optimize the use of water and electricity, determine amounts of
waste disposal, and recognize safety measures for inhabitants. Smart cities may very well
become a top IoT sector in the coming years.
6.6 Healthcare and Wearables
During the COVID-19 pandemic, we saw skyrocketing use of online healthcare

consultations. For some higher-risk patients, it became too dangerous to visit the doctor for
checkups, so they resorted to virtual consultations, digital diagnostics, and even the ability to
receive real-time remote treatment from the safety of their home. The healthcare field became
a top IoT sector during the recent health crisis and, moving forward, this tech may be known
as the Internet of Medical Things. IoT-enabled applications will serve to be able to keep track
of vitals of patients throughout the day via their wearables or other connected devices, this
will allow for data-driven insights on the patient.
Healthcare branches such as elderly care or assisted living rely on the constant status of their
patients’ health and safety, so IoT devices like wearables will be preferred tools in the
medical field. IoT solutions like smart devices (such as pacemakers) work to help people
living with heart disease have a purposeful life and also monitor their vitals and other metrics
in the most efficient way possible. The Internet of Medical Things may be the missing piece
of technology that truly helps many patients and healthcare workers achieve constant and
accurate care.
But how significant is it? The healthcare sector has been greatly benefited by IoT. IoT
gadgets and sensors have made remote patient monitoring possible. This makes it possible for
medical staff to keep an eye on patients’ vital signs and other health conditions in real time.
IoT has also facilitated the development of innovative healthcare solutions such as wearable
technology, smart hospitals, and telemedicine.
13
6.7 Smart Home & Customer Assistance

One of the IoT tech trends that will keep expanding is the use of IoT devices in the home and
in daily interactions. We continue to become accustomed to interacting with virtual assistants
in our daily lives – from assistants found within the screen to hardware interfaces we might
see at the local shopping center or bank. Virtual assistants can be present in different forms
like a voice-activated assistant on your phone or a chatbot on your favorite brand’s website.
The function of these digital assistants is to help us find information, solve problems, verify
our identity, and even perform real-world functions like ordering a pizza. Within ‘smart
homes’, we will see virtual assistants, in the form of smart devices, adjust and learn your
habits. Your thermostat will learn that you like to heat the house in the morning during colder
days and will begin doing that automatically for you. Smart homes with IoT tech will allow
smart light bulbs, heating and cooling systems, and other household appliances to optimize
for your preferred conditions.
7.0 APPLICATIONS
Smart Agriculture: IoT can help improve the efficiency and productivity of farming by
using sensors, drones, satellites, and cloud platforms to monitor and optimize the soil, water,
crops, livestock.
Figure 8 Smart irrigation
Smart Vehicles: IoT can enable the development and deployment of self-driving cars,
connected navigation, real-time routing, vehicle-to-vehicle communication.
14
Figure 9 Smar vehicle
Smart Home: IoT can make homes more comfortable, convenient, and secure by using
smart devices, such as lights, thermostats, cameras, locks, speakers, etc. that can be controlled
and automated via voice, mobile, or web applications.
Figure 10 smart home
Smart City: IoT can enhance the quality and sustainability of urban life by using sensors,
cameras, smart meters, smart grids, etc. to manage and optimize the traffic, energy, water,
waste, environment.
15
Figure 11 smart city
Smart Health: IoT can improve the health and well-being of people by using wearable
devices, remote monitoring, telemedicine, etc. to collect and analyze the vital signs,
symptoms, activity, etc. and to provide personalized and preventive care.
Smart Industry: IoT can transform the manufacturing and supply chain processes by
using sensors, RFID tags, robots, etc. to monitor and control the production, inventory,
quality, etc. and to enable predictive maintenance and automation.
16
Figure 12 smart industry
17
References:
1) https://www.etsi.org/technologies/internet-of-
things#:~:text=Standardizing%20the%20IoT&text=Standardization%20is%20key%20to%20ac
hieving,interoperable%20and%20cost%2Deffective%20solutions
2) https://www.symmetryelectronics.com/blog/iot-protocols-vs-iot-
standards/#:~:text=What%20is%20an%20IoT%20Standard,%2C%20interoperability%2C%20a
nd%20data%20formats
3) https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/iot/iot-technology-
protocols#:~:text=IoT%20protocols%20ensure%20that%20information,for%20different%20s
cenarios%20and%20usage
4) https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/iot/articles/what-is-mqtt/
5) https://www.wallarm.com/what/coap-protocol-definition
6) https://iotboys.com/what-is-amqp-how-amqp-works-for-internet-of-things/
7) https://www.3glteinfo.com/lora/lora-architecture/
8) https://techradar.softwareag.com/technology/lwm2m/
9) https://sumatosoft.com/blog/iot-ecosystem-top-7-components
10) https://www.toknowpress.net/ISBN/978-961-6914-16-1/papers/ML16-237.pdf
11) https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=8241000980071210031030270770210070900
38051063013063017078065096109101081112122081065039020017097126100053082030
07702507406507704503209104403110908002412212702910507502203707601712209207
0085006113120069123065097124099024088085089002102102065020089110085&EXT=pd
f&INDEX=TRUE
18

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Ain shams university Mobile communication

Faculty of engineering ECE 459

Mina Emad Maurice 19P7328

2.0 IoT DEFINTION

3.0 IoT STANDARDS.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): IEEE is a leading professional

Connectivity Standards Alliance: Formerly known as the Zigbee Alliance is an organization

OneM2M: OneM2M is the global standards initiative for Machine-to-Machine

4.0 IoT PROTOCOLS.

4.1 IoT Protocols Importance.

4.2 The Right IoT Protocol for Me

4.3 IoT Protocol Types

Table 1 network layer protocols

Bluetooth Zigbee 3.0 GSM/GPRS/EDGE(2G), ISO

Star Star & star of Mesh, star, and Star and

Frequency 868/915 MHz 850/900; 1800/1900 900

3-5 km urban 30-50

Energy needed - High - Medium - - - - - -

4.3.2 Application protocols

Figure 2 MQTT protocol

Figure 3 AMQP Protocol

LoRaWAN (Figure 4) is a low-power wide area networking protocol. It is a wireless

LWM2M (Figure 5) stands for Lightweight Machine-2-Machine. is a standard for machine-

5.0 IoT ECOSYSTEM

Figure 6 IoT ecosystem

5.1 Components of an IoT Ecosystem

IoT devices: physical devices interact with the environment. [9]

Figure 7 user as an IoT ecosystem

6.0 IoT TECHNOLOGIES

6.4 Transportation & Supply Chain

6.5 Energy, Buildings, Smart City

6.6 Healthcare and Wearables

During the COVID-19 pandemic, we saw skyrocketing use of online healthcare

6.7 Smart Home & Customer Assistance

Figure 8 Smart irrigation

Figure 9 Smar vehicle

Figure 10 smart home

Figure 11 smart city

Figure 12 smart industry

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