Raju T - (1AJ19CS036) Internship REPORT

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018
An Internship
ReportOn
“IOT BASED AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHTNING
SYSTEM”
Submitted in Partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
of
Bachelor of
Engineering in
Computer Science and
EngineeringSubmitted by:
RAJU T
1AJ19CS036
Under the guidance of
Internal Guide External Guide
Dr. Mamatha C M Asim Kumar Sinha
Dept of CSE, CIT-NC CEO of IIOT Expert
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NORTH CAMPUS
KUNDANA, BENGALURU-562110
2022-23
CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NORTH CAMPUS
KUNDANA, BENGALURU-562110
(Affiliated To Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship report entitled “IOT BASED AUTOMATIC
STREET LIGHNING SYSTEM” carried out by Mr. Raju T (1AJ19CS036), is a bonafide
student of Cambridge Institute of Technology North Campus in partial fulfilment forthe
award of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2022-23. It is certified
that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in
the report submitted in the department library.
The Internship report has been approved, as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of internship report prescribed for the said degree.
Signature of Internal Guide Signature of HOD Signature of External Guide

Dr. Mamatha C M Dr. Mamatha C.M. Asim Kumar Sinha
Dept.of.CSE, CIT-NC Dept.of.CSE, CIT-NC CEO, IIOT Expert
CERTIFICATE
ABSTRACT
The main consideration in the present field technologies is Automation, Power

consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man
power with the help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main
consideration forever as the source of the power (Thermal, Hydro etc.) are
getting diminished due to various reasons. As we all know that energy
consumption has increased a lot and sources of energy are limited so in order to
meet the increasing demand of energy use of renewable sources of energy is a
must. The project aims to describe a method for modifying street light
illumination by using sensors at minimum electrical energy consumption. When
presence is detected, all surrounding street lights glow at their brightest mode,
else they stay in the dim mode. LED bulbs shall be implemented as they are
better than conventional incandescent bulbs in every way. This shall reduce heat
emissions, power consumption, maintenance and replacement costs and carbon
dioxide emissions. Coupled with SSSLS (Solar Smart Street Light System),
massive energy-savings are envisioned. Also, a demonstration with a real-time
proto type model involving costs and implementation procedure has been
developed using internet of things (IoT) to visualize the real time updates of
street processing and notifying the changes occur.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without mention of the people who made it possible,
whose constant guidance and encourages crowned our effort of success. I take
this opportunity to express deepest gratitude and appreciation to all those who
helped me directly or indirectly towards the successful completion of this
Internship.
I express my deep gratitude to my Institute, Cambridge Institute of
Technology-North CampusBengaluru, which provided me an opportunity and
platform for fulfilling my dreams and desires to reach my goal.
With profound sense of gratitude and regards I convey my sincere thanks to

Dr. Mamatha C M, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
CIT-NC, for his esteemedsuggestions, sincere efforts and inspiration given to
me in completing my Internship.
I sincerely thank our respected HOD, Dr. Mamatha C M, Head Of

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CIT-NC, for her
constant support, motivations and suggestions given to us in completing my
Internship.
I express my gratitude for our Internship coordinator Prof. Mayur K L,

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
CIT-NC for his support.
I also thank all teaching and non-teaching staff and my parents for their kind
cooperations. We alsoextend my heartfelt thanks to all who directly or indirectly
encouraged us to complete this project.
Raju T
1AJ19CS036
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 ABSTRACT I
2 II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3 TABLE OF CONTENTS III
CHAPTER NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1 1-3
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Services
CHAPTER 2 4-5
INTERNSHIP DOMAIN
2.1 IOT
2.2 Sensors
CHAPTER 3 6-7
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
CHAPTER 4 8
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 5 ARCHITECTURE 9
CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS 10-19
6,1 Hardware
6.2 Software
CHAPTER 7 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 20-25
5.1 Work Flow
5.2 Working
26
RESULT
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 27
REFERENCES 28
IOT Based Automatic Smart Lightning System 2022-23
CHAPTER 1
COMPANY PROFILE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
IIOTEXPERT is a Bangalore based System integrator & a Channel Partner in India
for Vorne Industries Inc. a cloud based Industrial IoT Company in Chicago,
USA.IIOTEXPERT Offer their client the industrial IoT solution for fast ROI.IIOTEXPERT is
the leading Engineering Services and Solutions provider with rich domain knowledge in
Industrial Automation, Industry 4.0, IIoT, ERP Design Engineering, Software Development,
IT-OT integration, IT related hardware, Industrial Cyber security, Conveyor system and
Warehouse Automation related services.
1.2 SERVICES
1.2.1 IIoT Project support
 IOTEXPERT is a team of highly committed and passionate engineers, striving to
utilize their expertise to provide Cost-Effective End to End Industrial Automation
Solutions to take your control systems and processes to the next level of growth,
reliability, sustainability, efficiency, quality and safety.
 We provide a comprehensive range of Industrial Automation solutions and services,

Training to customers globally.
1.2.2. Cyber Security and IT-OT Integration
 Monitor computer system and networks to identify security breach Analysis of threats to
process control systems Developing best practices and security standards Investigate and
report onsecurity threats and incidents; conduct post-event reviews of security incidents.
 Design and implementation of security and safety architectures in process control systems
Review of plant and process security procedures and concepts Minimize cyber security
incidents and workwith vulnerability scanning technologies.
DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 1

 Visibility & Asset Management: We offers 100% visibility into all three variables
of risk in your industrial network: OT, IoT, and IIoT assets, connections, and
processes.
 Network Segmentation: We segment your industrial network into Virtual Zones,

whichare policy-defined groups of assets that communicate with one other under
normal circumstances.
 Risk & Vulnerability Management: We deliver full-spectrum risk and

vulnerability management controls that enable you to rapidly pinpoint and
remediate securityweaknesses and corresponding risks in your industrial network
with unmatched ease and precision.
 Threat Detection: We empowers you with a resilient threat detection model to

ensure that you can immediately identify and respond to the earliest indicators of
potential threats to your industrial network.
1.3 PRODUCTS
1.3.1 VORNE XL
Monitor computer system and networks to identify security breach Analysis of threats to
process control systems Developing best practices and security standards Investigate and
report on security threats and incidents; conduct post-event reviews of security incidents
Design and implementation of security and safety architectures in process control systems
Review of plant and process security procedures and concepts Minimize cyber security
incidents and work with vulnerability scanning technologies
 Visibility & Asset Management: We offers 100% visibility into all three variables of
riskin your industrial network: OT, IoT, and IIoT assets, connections, and processes.
 Network Segmentation: We segment your industrial network into Virtual Zones,
which are policy-defined groups of assets that communicate with one other
under normalcircumstances.

 Risk & Vulnerability Management: We deliver full-spectrum risk and vulnerability

management controls that enable you to rapidly pinpoint and remediate security
weaknesses and corresponding risks in your industrial network with unmatched ease
and precision.
 Threat Detection: We empowers you with a resilient threat detection model to ensure
that you can immediately identify and respond to the earliest indicators of potential
threats toyour industrial network.

CHAPTER 2
INTERNSHIP DOMAIN
IOT
2.1 IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical
devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and
connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology
allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating
opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain

electronics embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions
amongst eachother or with respect to the external environment. In the upcoming years, IoT-
based technology will offer advanced levels of services and practically change the way
people lead their dailylives. Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture,
smart cities, and smart homes are just a very few of the categorical examples where IoT is
strongly established. IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are
embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.
Characteristics of IoT:
 Massively scalable and efficient
 IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
 An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IoT is made
possible.
 Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be automatically
programmed to sleep.
 A device that is connected to another device right now may not be connected in
another instant of time.
 Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order to save
bandwidth and battery consumption, devices will be powered off periodically when
not in use. Otherwise, connections might turn unreliable and thus prove to be
inefficient.

2.2 Sensors
A sensor is a device that measures physical input from the environment and converts it into data
that can be measured by a human or a machine. Most sensors are electronic that analog data is
converted into digital data, but some are simpler, such as a glass thermometer, which presents
visual data.
The sensors can be used to monitor various changes, they can be as follows:
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Position
 Weight
The basic requirements of a sensor are as follows:
 Range: It indicates the range of the input in which it can vary. It can be different
for allsensors.
 Accuracy: It is the degree of correctness between actual measurement and
true value.Accuracy is expressed in a percentage of full-range output.
 Sensitivity: Sensitivity is a relationship between input physical
signal anddigital/electrical output.
 Stability: It is the ability of the sensor to produce the same output for a constant
periodof time.
 Repeatability: It is the ability of the sensor to produce the same output
value fordifferent applications with the same input value.
 Response Time: It is the speed of change in output and change in input.
 Linearity: It is specified in terms of the percentage of nonlinearity. Nonlinearity
is anindication of the deviation of the curve of actual measurement from the curve
of idealmeasurement.

CHAPTER
3
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
Nowadays, human has become too busy, and is unable to find time to switch the lights
wherever not necessary. The present system is like the lights will be switched on in the evening
before the sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning after there is sufficient light
on the outside. But the actual timing for these lights to be switched on are when there is
absolute darkness. With this, the power will be wasted up to some extent.
This paper gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also, the manual
operation of the lighting system is completely eliminated. The energy consumption in entire
world is increasing at the fastest rates due to population growth and economic development and
the availability of energy sources remains woefully constrained. Resource augmentation and
growth in energy supply has not kept pace with increasing demand and, therefore, continues to
face serious energy shortages.
Streetlights are an integral part of any developing locality. They are present on all major
road ways and in the suburbs too. Every day, streetlights are powered from sunset to sunrise at
full strength, even when there is no one around. On a global scale, millions of dollars are spent
each day on these street lights to provide the required electrical energy. The maintenance and
replacement costs of conventional incandescent bulbs are immense. They consume a lot of
electric power to function and their heat emissions are also quite high. All of this contributes to
greater demand of electricity production and consequently, more carbon dioxide emissions
from powerhouses. So, along with unnecessary light pollution, this practice causes damage to
our planet too.
The project aims at harvesting the energy from renewable energy sources like sun and to
effectively use the harvested energy for the benefit of mainly the remote villages (villagers)
facing the serious power problems. The main aim of the project is to provide a “IoT based
Automatic Street Lightning System” powered with solar energy during night time. We use the
word “smart” because the system not only provide power to the street lights but also helps in
detecting the direction of movement of the pedestrian and helps him by means of illuminating
the path of movement till the near next street light.

A simple and effective solution to this would be dimming the lights during off peak
hours. Whenever presence is detected, the lights around it will glow at the normal (bright)
mode. This would save a lot of energy and also reduce cost of operation of the streetlights.
We can check the status of street light on internet using IOT (Internet of things) from
anywhere in real time and solve the issues if happen during the processing. Additionally, a
table top prototype has been constructed to display the concept’s functioning. The
components used for the real-life implementation are substituted appropriately to recreate the
ambience.

CHAPTER 4
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is to implement a IoT based Automatic Street Lightning
System. As the traffic decreases slowly during late-night hours, the intensity gets reduced
progressively till morning to save energy and thus, the street lights switch on at the dusk and
then switch off at the dawn, automatically. The process repeats every day.
White Light Emitting Diodes (LED) replaces conventional HID lamps in street lighting system
to include dimming feature. The intensity is not possible to be controlled by the high intensity
discharge (HID) lamp which is generally used in urban street lights. LED lights are the future of
lighting because of their low energy consumption and long life. LED lights are fast replacing
conventional lights because intensity control is possible by the pulse width modulation. This
proposed system uses an Arduino board. Strings of LED are interfaced to the Arduino board. A
programmed Arduino board is engaged to provide different intensities at different times of the
night.
This project is enhanced by integrating the LDR to follow the switching operation precisely and
IOT to display the status of street on web browser and help in controlling it. The main objectives
are as follows:
 To avoid unnecessary Waste of light.
 Provide efficient, automatic and smart lightning system.
 Totally based on Renewable energy sources.
 Longer life expectancy.
 Energy Saving.

CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Fig: The architecture design of automatic street light control system.
The above fig illustrates the overall working mechanism and features of the lightning concept.
Firstly, LDR will sense the intensity value of sunlight and send it to Arduino. Arduino will
judge if the received value is above the threshold level, then it will consider it as day time and
LEDs will remain OFF, or if the received value below the threshold level, Arduino will
consider it as a night time. In the night time, if the value of IR obstacle detector sensor is
LOW and detects no object, then DIM LEDs will glow, or if IR obstacle detector value is
HIGH and detects any object, then HIGH LEDs will glow. Arduino will also count the total
number of vehicles that crossed the street in the night time with the help of IR obstacle
detection sensor will demonstrate it to the serial monitor.

CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
6.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
6.1.1 Solar Panel

Solar panels are active solar devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They come in a
variety of rectangular shapes and are usually installed in combination to produce electricity. A
solar panel or module is a series of interconnected silicon cells joined together to form a
circuit. In greater numbers the amount of power produced by these interconnected cells can be
increased and used as an electricity production system. At the present time about 80% of all
solar panels are made from crystalline silicon (i.e. monocrystalline, polycrystalline,
amorphous silicon or hybrids) solar cells. Typically the solar cells are laid out in a grid pattern
– with perhaps as many as 72 different solar cells. The solar panels after being hermetically
sealed to protect them, are covered in a non-reflective glass to protect the solar cells from
environmental damage and placed into a rigid frame.
Fig 6.1: Solar Panel

Typically, the frame is designed to prevent it from deforming due to freezing weather or
strong winds. The frame will usually include a drainage hole to help prevent water buildup on
the panels, which can reduce output. The back of the panel is also sealed to prevent damage.

This is typically where the junction box is located. Despite the current uncertainty in the
industry caused by oversupply of panels, the future still looks bright for solar panels. Demand
for renewable energy is growing, and potential applications of solar energy are expanding. At
the same time, improvements in cell efficiency, assembly techniques and materials of
construction are making solar power competitive.
6.2 IR Sensor
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of
its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. It is also capable of
measuring heat of an object and detecting motion. Infrared waves are not visible to the human
eye. In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation is the region having wavelengths
longer than visible light wavelengths, but shorter than microwaves. The infrared region is
approximately demarcated from 0.75 to 1000µm. Infrared technology is found in many of our
everyday products. For example, a television has an IR detector for interpreting the signal
from the remote control. Key benefits of infrared sensors include low power requirements,
simple circuitry and their portable feature. IR (infrared) sensors detect infrared light. The IR
light is transformed into an electric current and this is detected by a voltage or amperage
detector.
Fig 6.2: IR Sensor Diagram

A pair of IR LEDs can be used as motion detectors. The first IR LED is wired to emit
IR waves and the second LED is wired to transmit a signal when it receives an IR input.
When an object comes within range of the emitting LED, it reflects the IR back to the
receiving LED and produces a signal. This signal can be used to open sliding doors, turn on a
light or set off an alarm.
Fig 6.3: Infra-Red Sensor
6.1.2 Arduino
Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, intended to make the application of interactive
objects or environments more accessible. The hardware consists of an open-source hardware
board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. Current
models feature a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, as well as 14 digital I/O pins which
allows the user to attach various extension boards.
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits.
The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can
produce pulse width modulated signals, and six analog inputs.
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application
writtenin Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the
wiring projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers
unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax
highlighting, brace matching and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is
called a "sketch".

Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software
library called "Wiring" from the original wiring project, which makes many common
input/outputoperations much easier.
It is an open-source project, software/hardware is extremely accessible and very flexible to be
customized and extended. It is flexible, offers a variety of digital and analog inputs, SPI and
serial interface and digital and PWM outputs. It is easy to use, connects to computer via USB
and communicates using standard serial protocol, runs in standalone mode and as interface
connected to PC/Macintosh computers. It is inexpensive, around 30 euro per board and comes
with free authoring software.
Fig 6.4: Arduino UNO
6.1.3 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A LDR or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function of the incident
electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also called as
photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells. They are made up of
semiconductor materials having high resistance. There are many different symbols used to
indicate a LDR, one of the most commonly used symbol is shown in the figure below. The
arrow indicates light falling on it. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the
electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction
band. These photons in the incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the
semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction
band. Hence when light havingenough energy is incident on the device more & more electrons
are excited to the conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers. The
result of this process is more and more current starts flowing and hence it is said that the
resistance of the device has decreased.
Fig 6.5: Symbol of LDR
Fig 6.6: LDR

A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo
conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity (hence resistivity)
reduces when light is absorbed by the material. LDR’s are light dependent devices whose
resistance decreases when light falls on them and increases in the dark. When a light
dependent resistor is kept in dark, its resistance is very high. This resistance is called as dark
resistance. It can be as high as 1012 Ω. And if the device is allowed to absorb light its
resistance will decrease drastically. If a constant voltage is applied to it and intensity of light is
increased the current starts increasing. LDR’s have low cost and simple structure.

6.1.4 Power Light Emitting Diode (LED)
A high-power LED light source is a single LED power higher than 0.5W. At present, many
manufacturers use low power LED, but it need use a lot of LED, and also lower power LED
withhigher light decay. So its trend to use high power LED source in commercial lighting.
High power LED is a light emitting diode with high rated current. Low LED power is
generally 0.1W, operating current is 20mA but high power LED can reach 1W, 2W, or even
tens of watts, operating current can be range from tens of mA to several hundred mA. Due to
the constraints of flux conversion efficiency and cost, it decides high-power mainly used in
some special lighting areas in short-term and long-term goal is the general lighting.
Fig 6.7: Power LED
High power LED advantages:

High-power LED as the light source with features of low power consumption, less heating,
long life, fast response, good direction and so on. Housing is available for PC pipe, able to
bear high temperature of 135 degrees, low temperature of -45 degrees.
High power LED disadvantages:

Current high-power LED light conversion efficiency is still low, and cost is high. White
LED color is easy to be changed for long time use, cooling lighting.
6.1.5 Voltage Regulator (LM317)

The LM317 device is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable of
supplying more than 1.5 Ampere over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 37 V. It requires
only two external resistors to set the output voltage. The device features a typical line
regulation of 0.01% and typical load regulation of 0.1%. It includes current limiting, thermal
overload protection, and safe operating area protection. Overload protection remains
functional even if theADJUST terminal is disconnected.
Fig 6.8 Voltage Regulator Circuit diagram
The LM317 is versatile in its applications, including uses in programmable output

regulation and local on-card regulation. Or by connecting a fixed resistor between the
ADJUST and OUTPUT terminals, the LM317 can function as a precision current regulator.
An optional output capacitor can be added to improve transient response. The ADJUST
terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple-rejection ratios, which are difficult to
achieve with standard three-terminal regulators.
6.1.6 ULN2003 Darlington Pair
Fig 6.9: Schematic for ULN2003 driver

We are using this IC as the switch circuit for the power LED. This IC has many advantages
and used in many application. ULN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington array
IC. It contains seven open collector Darlington pairs with common emitters. A Darlington
pair is an arrangement of two bipolar transistors.
ULN2003 belongs to the family of ULN200X series of ICs. Different versions of this
family interface to different logic families. ULN2003 is for 5V TTL, CMOS logic devices.
These ICs are used when driving a wide range of loads and are used as relay drivers, display
drivers, line drivers etc. ULN2003 is also commonly used while driving Stepper Motors.
Each channel or Darlington pair in ULN2003 is rated at 500mA and can withstand peak
current of 600mA. The inputs and outputs are provided opposite to each other in the pin
layout. Each driver also contains a suppression diode to dissipate voltage spikes while driving
inductive loads.
6.1.6 Op-Amp 741

The Operational Amplifier is probably the most versatile Integrated Circuit available. It is very
cheap especially keeping in mind the fact that it contains several hundred components. The
most common Op-Amp is the 741 and it is used in many circuits.
The OP AMP is a ‘Linear Amplifier’ with an amazing variety of uses. Its main purpose is to
amplify (increase)a weak signal - a little like a Darlington Pair. The OP-AMP has two inputs,
inverting ( - ) and non-inverting (+) and one output at pin 6. The chip can be used in a circuit
in two ways. If the voltage goes into pin two then it is known as an inverting amplifier. If the
voltage goes into pin three then the circuit becomes a non-inverting amplifier.
Fig 6.10: Op-Amp 741

Inverting amplifier: Leg two is the input and the output is always reversed. In an inverting
amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg two and comes out of the 741 chip at
leg six. If the polarity is positive going into the chip, it negative by the time it comes out
through leg six. The polarity has been ‘inverted’.
Non-Inverting amplifier: Leg three is the input and the output is not reversed. In a non-
inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg three and leaves the 741 chip
through leg six. This time if it is positive going into the 741 then it is still positive coming out.

6.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
a) Arduino IDE
• Arduino is Opensource hardware and software company, project, and user community that
designs and manufactures single board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building
digital devices.
• Arduino IDE is the software provided by the Arduino which is open source and is mainly
usedfor writing and compiling the code into the Arduino Module.
• The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts. “Editor” and “Compiler” where formeris
used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code into the
given microcontroller boards.
• Nodemcu can be programmed using Arduino IDE by installing the required “ESP8266” libraries.
• Also, Blynk libraries are installed to connect to the Blynk cloud and mobile app.
a) Blynk cloud and mobile app
 Blynk Cloud provides a software as a service. It allows to create a product over a cloud and
link the product to the connecting device.
 Blynk provides website “Blynk.io” to create the template of the product and also provides a
web dashboard to create nice user interface with customizable widgets for representing
different parameters.
 The interesting part is that Blynk also provides an Blynk IoT mobile app for both android and
IOS which can be downloaded on app stores for free.
 This app comes with the template which is already created on the website.
 The wifi credentials are fed into the device using the app.
 It also comes with lot of customizable widgets to represent the various parameters and actions
such as gauges for temperature, moisture etc. Switch for controlling switching action etc.

CHAPTER
7
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 Work Flow
Solar Panel Switching Battery

Circuit
LDR Arduino IR Sensor
Power LED IOT (Internet

Circuit of Things)
Fig 7.1: Block Diagram
This block diagram describes the working of project ‘Solar smart Street light System with IoT’.
 Solar panel of 10Watt is used here with will converts the incoming sunlight
into electrical energy and used to charge the battery using switching circuit
which converts the varying voltage into stable voltage.
 Now this charged battery is used as a supply source to rest of the system.
 Through battery we will provide supply to Arduino which is controlling the
functioningof LDR and IR sensor as per the presence of vehicle.
 Then according to the changed occur in IR sensor and LDR the Arduino
controls the power LED circuit.
 The serial monitor data of Arduino is now displayed on web browser using
IoT.This whole working in details in shown below using flow chart.

7.2Working
7.2.1 Input Module Working

In this input module of the project, we used 4 IR sensors which are interfaced with
Arduino and work individually with respective to each other. In this we are
connecting the output pins of IR sensor to pins 2,4,7,8 of arduino to give status of IR
sensor.
IR sensor senses the presence of a vehicle or a pedestrian on the road and
increases the intensity of LED street lamps on the road through output module.
All IR sensor works on 5V and arduino is working on less than 5V supply (Battery or
Laptop USB driver).
Fig 7.2: Input Module Diagra

7.2.2 Output Module Working

In this output module of project, the digital output pins 6,9,10,11 of arduino are taken
as a input to ULN2003a driver which works as a switching circuit. This ULN2003a
output is connected to LED street lamps and increases the light intensity when
required.
LDR is connected to analog pin A0 of arduino and helps in switching between
day, evening and night time modes. In this, ULN2003a is working on 9V supply with
is used to give to LED lamps.
Fig 7.3: Output Module Diagram

7.2.3 IOT Analysis

In this project, we used IoT to display the status of roads and sensors on web browser using a
cloud service provider named Firebase that display the output of serial monitor data of
arduino on its own app in real time. We have used python code to interface arduino to this
cloud service provider by providing the COM port and destination to address of application.
Firebase is a cloud services provider and backend as a service company based in San
Francisco, California. Firebase was founded in 2011 by Andrew Lee and James Tamplin and
launched with a realtime cloud database in April 2012. Firebase's primary product is a realtime
database which provides an API that allows developers to store and sync data across multiple
clients. The company was acquired by Google in October 2014.
Fig 7.4: Firebase website
Realtime Database:
Firebase provides a realtime database and backend as a service. The service provides
application developers an API that allows application data to be synchronized across clients
and stored on Firebase's cloud. The company provides client libraries that enable integration
with Android, iOS, JavaScript, Java, Objective-C and Node.js applications.
Developers using the realtime database can secure their data by using the company's server-
side- enforced security rules.

Firebase Auth:
Firebase Auth is a service that can authenticate users using only client-side code. It supports
social login providers Facebook, GitHub, Twitter and Google. Additionally, it includes a user
management system whereby developers can enable user authentication with email and
password login stored with Firebase.
Hosting:
Firebase Hosting is a static asset web hosting service that launched on May 13, 2014. It
supports hosting static files such as CSS, HTML, JavaScript and other files that do not change
dynamically. The company states that Firebase Hosting grew out of customer requests,
developers were using Firebase for its real-time database but needed a place to host their
content.
For this project we follow following steps to introduce IoT and use it:
1. Firstly, we need to interface the arduino’s serial monitor to firebase application. For
this we need to use python to interface it by give source as COM port and destination
as App address.
2. Then we need to design an App where we want to show our real time data
Fig 7.5: Firebase application front view

3. Firebase will automatically update the data and store it on its cloud service.
Fig 7.6: Firebase application inside view

RESULTS
The use of power electronics is increasing exponentially across various sectors of human life.
The components used in the project, like Arduino and sensors are slowly becoming an
indispensable part of our daily routines. So, it is only fitting that we use them to
improve efficiency in every walk of life. Keeping in mind the urgent need for energy
conservation, Solar Smart Street Light System with IoT is an excellent and effective
solution. It combines safelighting protocols with consumption of minimal amount of power.
The energy savings, as discussed before are phenomenal. The future scope of this project
expands into speed detectionand customizable area of illumination.
An additional component which would lead to better functioning of the concept would be the
useof LED bulbs. Despite their high initial costs, they are a viable option as they drastically
reduce the power consumption. They will aid in further saving of energy and reduction in
operational costs.

FUTURE SCOPE
The Solar Smart Street Light System with IoT can be powered from a battery, which can be
charged during day time by harvesting the solar energy through a solar cell. The solar energy
harvested from sunlight can be stored, inverted from DC voltages to AC voltage using sun tie
converter. The AC voltage can be stepped up and given to the electric grid. The AC
voltage from theelectric grid can be stepped down, rectified and used for powering the circuit.
Meanwhile, the street light can also be powered by the A.C. voltage, which is controlled by a
relay switch connected to the switching part of the circuit. The above mentioned strategy will
enable us to harvest solar energy in an effective way for the operation of the circuit and for
powering the street light also.
Using this smart project, we can also estimate the speed of the vehicle, recognizing the
number plate, recognizing the accidents took place on roads etc.
This Smart Street light project not only helps in rural areas but also beneficial in urban areas
too. As we are moving towards more advancement we require more power so use of
renewable resources is useful and advantageous. With this project, we can even add smart
parking of vehicle and it is even useful for driverless cars.
This project has a bright future not only to save power but also reduced the calamities and
even reduced the crime rate.

REFERENCES
[1] http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5561845_do-ir-sensors-work.html#ixzz310syLD6I
[2] http://homepages.which.net/~paul.hills/Emc/BecBody.html
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino
[4] http://www.galco.com/comp/prod/sensor.htm
[5] http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/LM324.html
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things
[7] http://www.internetsociety.org/doc/IoT-overview
[8] https://www.firebase.com
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase
[10] http://www.main.org/polycosmos/glxywest/vimanas.htm-Indian Flying Machines
[11] http://www.electronicsforyou.comI.
[12] http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/08/solar-farming-potential-india/-SolarFarming
[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell
[14] http://www.planetarypower.com.au/solar_panels.htm
[15] http://www.icreateproject.info/uncategorized/arduino-display-data-over-local-network/
[16] http://www.electronicshub.org/solar-battery-charger-circuit/
[17]http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-communicate-with-Arduino-using-
HTMLChrome/step5/The-end/.
[18] https://github.com/whichlight/Arduino-Serial-to-Browser
[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel
[20] http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/capacitors



Raju T - (1AJ19CS036) Internship REPORT

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Signature of Internal Guide Signature of HOD Signature of External Guide

The main consideration in the present field technologies is Automation, Power

With profound sense of gratitude and regards I convey my sincere thanks to

I sincerely thank our respected HOD, Dr. Mamatha C M, Head Of

I express my gratitude for our Internship coordinator Prof. Mayur K L,

CHAPTER NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 7 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 20-25

5.1 Work Flow

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 27

 We provide a comprehensive range of Industrial Automation solutions and services,

1.2.2. Cyber Security and IT-OT Integration

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 1

 Network Segmentation: We segment your industrial network into Virtual Zones,

 Risk & Vulnerability Management: We deliver full-spectrum risk and

 Threat Detection: We empowers you with a resilient threat detection model to

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 2

 Risk & Vulnerability Management: We deliver full-spectrum risk and vulnerability

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 3

Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 4

The basic requirements of a sensor are as follows:

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 5

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 6

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 7

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 8

Fig: The architecture design of automatic street light control system.

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 9

6.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

6.1.1 Solar Panel

Fig 6.1: Solar Panel

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 10

Fig 6.2: IR Sensor Diagram

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 11

Fig 6.3: Infra-Red Sensor

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 12

Fig 6.4: Arduino UNO

6.1.3 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Fig 6.5: Symbol of LDR

Fig 6.6: LDR

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 14

Fig 6.7: Power LED

High power LED advantages:

High power LED disadvantages:

6.1.5 Voltage Regulator (LM317)

Fig 6.8 Voltage Regulator Circuit diagram

The LM317 is versatile in its applications, including uses in programmable output

Fig 6.9: Schematic for ULN2003 driver

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 16

6.1.6 Op-Amp 741

Fig 6.10: Op-Amp 741

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 17

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 18

6.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

a) Blynk cloud and mobile app

DEPT.OF CSE CIT-NC 19

7.1 Work Flow

Solar Panel Switching Battery

LDR Arduino IR Sensor

Power LED IOT (Internet