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They stop the foot from rolling. 9 Rugby players often slide to a stop. Early theories of evolution
Until the late 1700s most scientists believed that the different types of organisms and their
characteristics had been fixed for all time. Discuss your results and include comments on whether
alternatives could have been used. Let’s say that we only have 8 grams of methane, and not 16 g as
assumed in the equation above. That is, there is an action and reaction pair of equal and opposite
forces, acting on a different object. Term load voltage current conducting path resistance switch
Definition Uses up electrical energy The ability of a substance to reduce the flow of current Wires for
the electricity to flow through The flow of charge, usually electrons Turns the current on and off The
energy available to push current through a circuit 4 Distinguish between AC and DC. 5 Copy the
following and modify any incorrect statements to make them true. In sport an action force is applied
on a ball by a bat, racquet or foot. Physics facts Types of forces The force you apply is very obvious
when you physically push or pull something. A matter of balance 6 Use Newton’s First Law to
predict what will happen to acceleration when forces are balanced. Identify the correct ionic formula
for calcium chloride. It was a system that sent electrical pulses along a wire. A ball loses a little of its
useful energy each time it bounces. It also includes the atomic mass (sometimes called the atomic
weight) of the element. The harder you squeeze the brakes, the faster you slow, or decelerate. The
energy is absorbed by the Earth and re-emitted into the atmosphere as long-wavelength radiation. We
use a dozen instead of counting individual eggs, so three dozen is 36 eggs, 10 dozen is 120 eggs and
so on. Record what happens. 4 Tightly wind the magnesium ribbon around a nail, and the copper
wire around another nail. 4 Which test demonstrated sacrificial protection. MathLinks 9 for one
textbook, Science Focus 9 for one textbook 7MFrezell 15-16. Roentgen had chemicals which absorb
discovered X-rays. Once isolated, the ancestral camels evolved, giving rise to the llama in South
America, the dromedary camel in Africa, and the bactrian camel in Asia. It is important to remember
that the theory of evolution is just that—a theory. Combustion of hydrocarbons and alcohols 12
Distinguish between complete and incomplete combustion. This will involve understanding the
scientific principles behind your model in order to make it informative and accurate. Aboriginal
people had less chance to gather traditional foods. The hot car effect A car left in the sun on a fine
day can become very unpleasant inside. A vein of pure gold trapped in quartz magnesium 2.2% The
earliest recorded discovery of gold in Australia was in 1823 at Bathurst, New South Wales by James
McBrien, a Department of Lands surveyor. Unit 1 Matter and Mixture. 7MFrezell 15-16. Search this
site. Home; Science Textbook (Grade 8) Chapter 8 Textbook ?(Gr. 8) 11 Reading Science.pdf (272k)
Find Science Focus in Canada Visit Kijiji Classifieds to buy, sell, or trade almost anything. The steam
absorbed fewer neutrons, causing a power surge that heated the fuel rods even more. Corrosion
protection Stainless steel is an alloy that resists rusting and is used for surgical apparatus, body
piercings and equipment in conditions of high heat and salt, such as in kitchens and on boats. A
simple generator 3 Investigate the effect of moving the compass further away from the wire. 4 What
happens if the voltage is turned down (and the current reduces)? 5 Now wind the wire around the
cardboard tube as shown in Figure 3.2.18. Use tape to secure the coils to the tube. 6 Compare the
strength of the magnetic field inside the tube with that produced in step 2. 7 Now wind the wire
around the nail instead of the cardboard tube.
Questions 1 Explain why several loops are better than a single one. 2 Predict what would happen if
the entire wire (loops included) was not insulated. 3 Explain how scraping half the coating from the
straight ends of the wire helps. Predict some possible consequences of this. 26 Identify a way of
telling whether a spray can is ozone friendly. The plastic, bakelite, had been invented and found
immediate and widespread use as electrical fittings and saucepan handles. Imagine that you are
writing a scene for a movie about an outbreak of a very serious illness. A little detective work
follows, to find patterns of inheritance. At this time chlorine is very effective at breaking down
ozone molecules. But when gold atoms are arranged to produce tiny crystals of gold on the
nanoscale, the gold appears red. Four years later and just 400 metres away on the same beach sands
where Mungo Lady was found, Bowler noticed the tip of a cranium being uncovered by natural
erosion. Step 3 In the absorber, oleum (H2S2O7) is produced. People were trapped in subway trains
and elevators for hours. With our ability to manipulate genes and determine the genetic code of any
organism, many new biotechnologies are using the manipulation of DNA and particular genes. Over
many generations, the birds on different islands became sufficiently different from each other to be
recognised as a different species. After incubation, the chicken began to grow teeth, not like mouse
teeth, but like those of the oldest known fossil with feathers. Sometimes in a circuit there will be
more than one path that the current can take. How much is inherited, and how much is
environmental? p. 113 deceased female identical twin boys non-identical twin girls mating of a
female and a male generation I offspring shown in birth order from left to right generation II 1 2 3
Fig 4.2.6 Symbols used when drawing pedigrees with rare characteristics. So far scientists have
drilled down 3.27 kilometres, which means we have data about carbon dioxide levels going back
roughly 900 000 years. Some individuals will have characteristics that are favourable, allowing the
species to survive the change. Carbon fibre is extremely strong and when mixed with resins can be
used for making lightweight and flexible structures ideal for bike frames and tennis racquets.
Corrosion protection Stainless steel is an alloy that resists rusting and is used for surgical apparatus,
body piercings and equipment in conditions of high heat and salt, such as in kitchens and on boats.
Predict two ways in which other organisms might be affected by the modified cotton. 18 Scientists
have suggested that, within five years, pet lovers may be able to clone their dog or cat. Even today,
some US states require equal time to be given in science classes to the teaching of the biblical story
of creation and to evolution. The ultimate fate of most species appears to be extinction. Tamarind
seeds, which are traditionally used to treat headache Antibiotics Antibiotics are drugs that are able to
selectively kill off certain pathogens while leaving the patient’s own body cells intact. Type of
electromagnetic radiation 21 The time between each wave Visible light passing is called the period.
UNIT context 2.2 Metals have been used for thousands of years, the first to be used being the native
metals such as gold. Suddenly at Lake Mungo that evidence was nearly doubled. The more the ball
stores, the more it releases and the higher it will bounce. Present your information to the class,
outlining how the research was done, what was discovered, and how this information is thought to
be useful. Think 17 Identify the type of component described in this unit that may be a key part of:
a the control of an air conditioner b automatic doors 18 Many bicycle lights involve one or more
flashing LEDs. Pads under the road have a coil in them that carries a current.
The human eye is more sensitive to some colours than to others. Fig 3.3.4 Sensitivity of the eye
When sound or light travels from A to B, energy is transferred but no particles actually move from A
to B. It is currently thought that those HIV-infected people who do not develop AIDS have in their
bodies a special type of HLA protein which is good at killing HIV-infected cells. Diseases
transmitted by direct contact are called contagious diseases. Skills 20 Classify the following as either
open or closed questions. Worksheet 4.3 Pedigree analysis vii Science Focus 4 Stage 5 Syllabus
Correlation A fully mapped and detailed correlation of the stage 5 curriculum outcomes is available
in the Science Focus 4 Teacher Resource Pack. Explain why. 13 Propose a reason why it is called the
contact process. UNIT 1.2 Skills 14 Explain what happens in the converter, including how the rate
and yield are maximised. 18 Identify the elements that make up sulfuric acid. 19 It was expected that
2 tonnes of aluminium was to be obtained from 4 tonnes of ore, but only 1.65 tonnes was obtained.
Unfortunately, many developing countries still use CFCs as they are cheap and easy to make.
Research what these problems may be and produce a web page or PowerPoint presentation that
outlines your information. Describe how it cleans clothes, making reference to the chemistry
involved. This means less than 1% When on the soot-darkened trees, the lightof rabbits infected with
the virus survived. Justify your answer. 10 List two properties of metals that make them ideal for
electrical wiring. 11 Aluminium is used for overhead electrical cables, while copper is used for home
wiring. A different approach Multidisciplined Working with incredibly small objects requires
cooperation between scientists from various disciplines. If there is no subscript number after an atom
or ion, it means there is only one of that atom or ion in the formula. Questions 5 Calculate the
gravitational potential energy of the marble at the beginning and end of the track. 1 Gravitational
potential energy is converted into other forms as a marble drops. Early theories of evolution 8 Use an
example to demonstrate the failure of Lamarck’s theory of evolution. The resistor colour code Prac 1
Unit 3.5 Aim To determine the values of resistors using the colour code Equipment A selection of
resistors mounted on small pieces of cardboard (as in Figure 3.5.17) and labelled alphabetically.
Although Darwin did not initially state that humans were descended from apes, it was implicit in his
theory. Nylon, Terylene, Lycra, Kevlar, Spandex, Elastane, polyesters and acrylics are all synthetic
fibres. Speciation occurs over long periods of time, too long to watch in a lifetime, or even in the
recorded history of humans. It is proposed that this soybean be planted in Australia. Scientists can
use different enzymes to cut and join DNA in much the same way as a film editor cuts and splices
lengths of film to make a movie. Additional non-returnable items: Gift cards Downloadable software
products Some health and personal care items. Kerry Whalley Carol Neville Peter Roberson Greg
Rickard Geoff Phillips Faye Jeffery Janette Ellis. An optical fibre is a hair-thin tube or strand of
glass surrounded by a protective cladding which traps and conducts light, thanks to a phenomenon
known as total internal reflection (see Chapter 4 in Science Focus 3). There are also a lot of good
bacteria on your skin, which help fight the invaders. Column 3 With distractions Reaction time (s)
Reaction distance (m) Column 2. State: a what forms the uprights of the ladder b what forms the
rungs of the ladder c the name given to the structure formed when the ladder is twisted 17 Explain
how a mutation may be: a harmful to an individual but have no effect on the species b harmful to the
species but not to the individual c beneficial to the species 18 a State the approximate percentage of
your total DNA base sequence that is the same as that of your classmates. A resistor acts as a load,
converting electrical energy to heat and light. But whatever the reason, most people wrongly believe
that microwaves cook the food from the inside first. Mental illness Diseases of the mind can be the
most devastating of all.
Eventually the team used an old formula devised in 1921 that describes the dunking process. Skills
25 a Construct a daily menu for a balanced diet. Coins that are not the correct weight or made from
a non-metal are not slowed the right amount, and are rejected. Once inside the infected person, the
eggs become mature worms and live in the intestines. Where is it? 4 Radiation can both cause cancer
and be used to treat it. Bottom up The development of the scanning tunnelling electron microscope
(STM or STEM) finally made it possible to produce images of an atom. Seatbelts provide a
restraining force and allow you to decelerate with the car. UNIT context 7. 4 Evidence from the
fossil record and other studies supports the theory that modern humans evolved from a common
ape-like ancestor. It is possible to test for some genetic disorders while the child is still in the womb.
Nuclear dangers Nuclear power at one time seemed like the answer to the world’s energy needs, but
the initial enthusiasm has been tempered by a series of accidents and the problem of how to safely
store deadly waste products. Current (amps) Voltage (volts) 3 15 5 8 List three examples of a load
that could be included in a circuit. Mechanism 2: Migration followed by divergent evolution The
fossil record of the camel family is relatively complete. Make sure you choose a topic for
investigation that you will find interesting and challenging, since this is likely to keep you motivated.
UNIT 9.1 Sheep drag Fig 9.1.3 Scientists in Australia have carried out resea rch on the forces
required to drag sheep over various surfa ces. He also tried cooking raw eggs, but that experiment
wasn’t so successful. CD20 Capacitors A thermistor is a device whose resistance drops when it is
warmed up. An egg cell from another sheep is also obtained, and the DNA is removed from the egg
cell. The uprights are made of a chain of alternating sugar and phosphate units. The parts of many
plants provide fibre to make string, bags, rope, baskets, fishing nets or baskets, clothing and mats.
Green and grey are genetically considered to be forms of blue. Be careful not to form froth or scrape
the sides of the beaker. 10 The DNA will float in the alcohol. Notice that the Earth’s temperature
changes when the amount of carbon dioxide in the air changes. The higher the constant, the stiffer
(and less elastic) it will be. The ozone layer Ozone is created when UV light splits oxygen molecules
in the stratosphere into single oxygen atoms. These single oxygen atoms then join other oxygen
molecules to form triplets of oxygen atoms, or ozone molecules. This unusual scientific research
showed that Aussie kids fart 24 times a day. They are easy to direct, can pass through the Earth’s
ionosphere and are used in satellite communication, radar and mobile phones. Pure sodium and
potassium react with just about Corrosion of iron and steel Iron is common and cheap. People are
not simply tall or short, but show a wide range of heights. Relay Door latch Door latches are usually
found in high-security areas. Although there are similarities present, Haechel’s original drawings
exaggerated the embryonic similarities between species. Pour 6 mL of ice-cold ethanol down the side
of the test tube into your solution to form a layer.
Such a rise, though seemingly small, is enough to raise sea levels by an estimated half a
metre—possibly up to a metre—and cause flooding of low-lying coastlines due to the increase of
water in the oceans and melting of land ice. Early European settlers brought in many new diseases
for which Aborigines had no resistance and no traditional remedies. Relatively few human fossils
have been found, and the human evolutionary process is not definitely known. Australian wheat was
once attacked by a fungal rust disease. Justify your answer. 2 Put about 2 cm of each solution into
the other test tubes. 3 Deduce whether the water showed any hardness when it contained shampoo
or detergent. 3 Add a small chip of soap to all five tubes and stopper lightly. 4 Outline the advantage
of detergent over soap. 4 Shake the tubes vigorously and watch for any lather that forms. stopper
Look for lather. Radiation may be used to check the thickness of materials. Before you think about
lighting up, think about these statistics. A fire started in a luggage compartment of a Saudi Arabian
Airlines Lockheed Tristar soon after take-off from Riyadh in 1980, filling the cabin with toxic
smoke. Variations in emitted gamma ray intensity result in different areas showing up in the image.
UNIT 3.3 electric field vibrating in one direction Polarisation electric field vibrating in several
directions Fig 3.3.9 Polarisation Prac 2 p. 83 Sunlight consists of waves in all sorts of orientations.
So the microwaves could cook food—but with varying degrees of success. The first major coaxial
cable in Australia opened in 1962, linking Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne. Propose a reason for
this. 19 List age-appropriate activities to keep these people healthy: a a Year 10 student b a 40-year-
old man c a 70-year-old woman 20 a List three things you currently do that will keep you healthy.
Resins are obtained from both Porcupine Grass (Triodia species) and Grass Trees (Xanthorrhea
species). Interactive activities These are activities that apply and review concepts covered in the
chapters. Science Focus 1. ICE-EM Science Focus 8 Glossary sci 8. Although many infectious
diseases are easily spread, modern medicine has some very effective ways of controlling them. Later
again, the seven-month embryo is covered with hair and has the body proportions of a baby ape.
Alcohol and smoking 18 List three positive and three negative effects of drinking alcohol. 19
Describe the effects of blood alcohol levels above 0.60%. 20 It is well known that long-term alcohol
consumption damages one’s health. Explain why these metals, and not cheaper ones, are used.
Nectarines are a mutant form of peach. Fig 4.4.2 Selective breeding Selective breeding takes place
all the time and is a simple process. The nicotine in tobacco is addictive and once the habit is formed,
it is not an easy one to give up. These can be balanced by doubling the amount of HCl we use. The
peaks are when warmer periods occurred on Earth. Liquorice, jelly beans and skewers make a very
tasty model. Mechanism 1: Isolation followed by divergent evolution This is shown by Australian
flora and fauna. This switching may be done by chemicals within the cell, but the exact mechanism is
not fully understood. They prey on living creatures, including the research scientists who created
them, to gain the building blocks they require to reproduce themselves. It is possible that an error in
meiosis produced an organism with a duplicated gene for 246 production of protein X. Explain how
these numbers relate to the number of moles of each chemical taking part in the reaction. 4 The
formula mass of water is 18 g. Explain how their adaptations allow them to live in their environment.
15 Like the males of many bird species, male peacocks are very colourful and carry out spectacular
displays with their tail feathers.