1.

ALU: The arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) performs arithmetic/logical operations
on data, while the control unit manages the overall operation of the CPU, fetching
and decoding instructions, and coordinating data flow between different units. The
Memory Unit stores data and instructions (often via MMU), while the Interface Unit
manages communication between the CPU and other devices (via interface bus
logic).

The arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) is responsible for performing arithmetic and
logical operations on data. It performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also performs logical operations such as
AND, OR, and NOT. The ALU is typically designed in such a way that it has direct
input and output access to the random access memory (RAM) through layers of
cache and a built-in memory management unit (MMU).

The control unit is responsible for controlling the operations of the processor. It
fetches instructions from memory and decodes them into a form that can be
executed by the processor. It also coordinates data flow between different units of
the CPU, such as the ALU, FPU, registers, and memory unit. The CU informs the ALU,
I/O devices, and the RAM how to respond to the command sent to the processor.

The Memory Unit is responsible for storing data and instructions. Random Access
Memory (RAM) is used to store data and instructions that are currently being used
by the processor. Read-only memory (ROM) is used to store data and instructions
that are permanently stored in the computer system.

The Interface Unit is responsible for managing the communication between the CPU
and other devices, such as input/output devices and secondary storage devices. It
provides a way for the CPU to communicate with these devices and transfer data to
and from them

2. The Instruction Decoder reads the next instruction from memory and sends the
component pieces of that instruction to the necessary destinations. The program
execution section of the MCU contains the instruction register, instruction decoder,
and timing and control logic. The 14-bit instructions stored in program memory are
copied to the instruction register for decoding; each instruction contains both the
operation code and operand. The instruction decoder logic converts the op-code
bits into settings for all the internal control lines. The operand provides a literal, file
register address or program address, which will be used by the instruction.

3. Clock and Program Counter -A program counter is a register in a computer

processor that contains the address (location) of the instruction being executed at
the current time. As each instruction gets fetched, the program counter increases its
stored value by 1. One cycle for the data, and another cycle to read the next
instruction. Many processors are designed with "single-cycle execution", either very
simple Harvard architecture processors, or complicated high-performance
processors with a separate instruction cache.

4. Control Codes: A Control code is a 32-bit integer that defines a cluster operation
or an event notification. The primary way to perform operations on clusters and
respond to cluster events, is to pass a control code to a control code function. A
control code function initiates an operation on a cluster or notifies a resource DLL of
a cluster event.

There are two types of control codes: External control codes, which define control
code operations. Applications and resource DLLs can initiate cluster operations by
using external control codes.

Internal control codes, which define cluster event notifications. The Cluster Service
uses control codes to notify resource DLLs about cluster events that affect specific
resources and resource types. A resource DLL can respond to those cluster events
by supporting the control code of the event.

5.A control unit or CU is circuitry that directs operations within a

computer's processor. It lets the computer's logic unit, memory, and
both input and output devices know how to respond to instructions received from a
program. Examples of devices that utilize control units include CPUs (central
processing units) and GPUs (graphics processing units).

A control unit works by receiving input information that it converts into control
signals, which are then sent to the central processor. The computer's processor
then tells the attached hardware what operations to carry out. The functions that a
control unit performs are dependent on the type of CPU, due to the variance of
architecture between different manufacturers. The following diagram illustrates
how instructions from a program are processed.

Reference:

https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-instructions

Tarnoff, D. (2022). Chapter-by-Chapter Download of Computer Organization and

Design Fundamentals by David Tarnoff. Faculty.etsu.edu. Retrieved 2 October 2022,
from faculty.etsu.edu/tarnoff/138292/.

Abdelwahab, R. (2017, October 12). Fundamentals of Computer Organization and

Architecture by Mostafa.
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