'tl-§Jl~Ft 15

eiilcti<0 ,
3Qi t fcfi 'ti§clls <f<lT cfiT Ae(l + kp(t)) 11'ffl
1 3f<T:, 'ti§cll-s <R7T (AM wave) cfiT 3wnif iti!clfl 1firrr-@ m(t) t 1JR '1ft
1

l f.1C4dicfi (constant) t 3wnif 'tl§clc!{ (Amplitud e

2 ~:11i11q qT~H~i.f f.f,k
modulator)
I
cli1
k0
tj~c;1~ft{wldf (Amplitude
(AMPLITUDE MODULATION) sensitivity) ifiWT ~ I I Olli fq~cl'40f l fcf; m(t) •
AM a{lT cfiT Ac{l + 0k m(t)) ffitT
l <f'TT 1iW AM mt
Envelope cfiT lRfm
§ 2.1. (Introduct ion) : qi«flt I ~....... •
cti"'lf-tcb'l-1 ~-illr.t~ff•t t 4i 31~ iti§cl~H q;) m 2.1 qft c(t) (a)

t 1JT'f-1JT'f arcR1 cfi(-(l-ll~lfdi (visualization) cfiT 'U 'cfivJT mllT I 3l'tl arrq Wfm lJqiclJ fI m 2.l(a) if <f{TT Ac
~'R ll'cfil{t 'tl§cl~H cfiT fcrnra qif'{l t, <fi lf6 ~If-1ff(ild cfil" fcti tIm 2.l(b) it <f{TT ~-++++++ -,~-+++... _.

'U 3{l1J ofc1i ll'cfil{ cfiT qi{" <f'IT cfi{-4HI ~lfoi cfiT mm t I m 2.l{a) if 'ti§clfl•t <WT
l;Jqi4a ~i~~cfi l~ I ~ qj~~H c f i l ~ ~ ~ ~ 3'Tc{ftr<f'IT~ "'1<T if lRfm ~<f{TT cfiT -Ac
q cfi(-(l-ll~IRfi qft 3ilq~~cfidl mi-ft I ,j('@J l mm 2.1cc> it lRfm (b)
arttfcli
m
w
qj!aU1 ~ ~ i t
'U~,fc f;~ alf\rcli a m . ~ ~ c f i l ~ ~ . ~ m t j ~ i t
q{Tf ll11<f 1Tm I
qi~cll-s l2.l(c)'if SAM(t)
ffl<J AM <f{TT cfiT f.llffl -=rtTT t, Envelope
llIB cl' q_,{l(;jjcfi 00 I 3f<f:, ffl lffl ~ t i fcti of AM wave
itl§clfl•I firrr-@ 2.l(a)) t qflc1Fcfa
llf cfiT 3fl2l1R q;l- I
terr 1 l if Jl¼Hls tltTr
E. qiJ Envelope
'
§ 2~2. qT§~~j,,f (Amplitude Modulatio n) : iti~•I d'{TJ cfiT 3ffi{{1JJ (follow) cfi«IT I l
it awR fcfi amnrt q1¥t~i-t t mq aw,fil - m 2.2 <rerr m
2.3 ij iti,§J\~11
c\1m ffl 3m1N (Amplitude) i!i) '«§~R•I iR1T llR qfo~fcia 3 8 r ~ ~ t I m2.2 if ~~ctrT( sine --
-il'liff tI wave) cfiT iti~clfl•I <f{TT fctillT TflfT l ,,

''Amplitude Modulation (AM) is defined as a process in which the m

23 if itisJ\fl,, qTTTcfiTt <f{TT (c)
amplitude of the carrier wave c(l) is varied about a meuii value, linearly with (square wave) i-1
the baseband signal m(t)." . t
fcfi AM <f{TT cfiT flnr 2.1 qT1t'.\,1:,
.gqr-rraf .fi~cWT ~ ~cli1mm t ~<fl iti§i-lrb, m e,it,-4a:f.rl=f
t
Olli d(lt!<cm
Envelope 00 q1icll'l•I <f{TT t
3J!ffil m
(aJ qT1t'.\re•1 d'ttT
arr«{ftr cfiT fttTF@ mr
t, iti§d~11 it AM mTT cfiT iti§;clfl•I m(t) Cb>r- l~~m t
(instantaneous amplitude) cfiT iti,§cll'l•t ft:Jrr-@ t liR (instantaneous qflceftfa iriri 1 (c) sn1Hh ft:P'RR(AM m>
t
value) tt'tl3%ft iRT I t • '
ifra cfil aT<fi ll'cfiT{i ~ft:Jrr-@ 3fTc{ftr <f{TT mffl},
arrtnZt Ae f-r1ffl mT I llJ t fwr-@ cfiT f.rl=f olil1i fcti-qr .ij,I
lRictTt-
c(t) =Ae cos {:atle t)
Tii fcfi AM if cfiT b (phase) W<JT i <!''IT AM it t
r/>e cfiT mr. 3f<f: finJ!qo, it r/>e cfiT lPf lTR ;jf@J t I
iti~clls m cti,Mrcft
_
t I qJ§clll clT'T cfiT aJll1Jlf f.rt«f mr,
'CIT 3Jl1<1'. cJtrr
'1i§cll'l•r ftrr-@ t JJR' *
qfti:fffld W<TT t I .
amnzt qf4Jll, cftlr cfi) r.:i,q olil1i t-
/ SAM (t) = Ae(l + k0 m(t)) cos(~ fe t) I ... (2.1)

I
 ,ff\€hH' 17

m(t) m(t)
Arri Ml
Arri
-W w
-Arri (a)

(a) . (a)
C(Q I
Ac
c(t)

Ac
c(t)
I
-fc
I ~f
(b)
SAM(f)
-Ac
(b) (b)
__,l.~....l,,_-----L---~----t

S.w(t) AM SAM(t) -fc -W -fc -fc +W fc-W fc fc+W

(c)
•' ;envelope
. , ,- ' ------f-· - - ... I fu2.4-(a) QtlM'Flffm(I)
I
\ / \A,;,ax I
I (b) tifm ffl1'Flff c(t)
'' ,, '. II 7·1_ _ _ _ t,
~-M1_1 (c) AM ffl .r.w (t)

sAM(t) i5~~2.4 (c))!lllf l fcf; awnq qj¥1~H i5'Cffiffi[ qj~fl 11fwF@

,JM..,
*
, ,·
,I '' j
I
I
I
J
ri aw@' 'llifi (frequency components) aw@:-«~ "fl~ t I ·.
'
•1- - -

(c) (c)
2.4 (c) i f ~ ~ AM cft1T i5 -U f.lq 1'ffl •~-
'. J (i) . 'Ml<'iifi ~ t ~ , ~ q i f c f f 1'l'T~
'fQ U-atPIIII antMtl.f m 2.J~ le -U -mft t, 31'1R ttlli« (upper sideband) clitklldl l 1
(•) aqMfi•I crt1f(;qrfft11) (•) lfi,~fi., cWT qi( cff 1'l'T, 3ilct:R1'4i 3tFlftt/e -U f.lq (lower) "flm
Cb> 1111 amrtw4mrtm (b)oaf~~ffl t, ffl'at{ ttlli« (lower sideband) clildidl I a
Cc)AMm ·(c)AMcR'f ·, (ii) tt-ll<'tcli ai,,:ftlcil ~~.AM cftlT~ aqf\.iqa an<{fu~ (highest
:frequency component) ifit 3ir«lfw <le + W) l.~ 'tlcli
f 2.3. AM 'iR1T i5T (Spectrum of an AM Wave) : • (lowest frequency component) ifil <le - W) I I
.,:; '... atal (Difference) 3"ml (<le + W) - ife - W)] = 2 W
]J'PJ t li'U'I 1.9 ij anm itil 1r1 en I t« 1N \\ : AM atrr ifit ~ittflt~t-t ~ q Br (Transmission Bandwidth) cm
Fl~ fc5AM cft7rifiT~bf mr t I ~ ~ i i i ) ~ ~ittlfilif (Fourier -• :·:>: t I ara:, llJ! t fcfi AM atrr {ieflt~,.. ~ q Br, fu fiM-t~
1raasform)ifiltmimiiRTllT~t, • • •
, ~ q W (mwage sienal Bandwidth) ili't ffin l 1
fw2.4 (a) ij~fwr-n-rm(t) ifiT~M(J),~2.4 (b) i j ~ m t
c(t) ifiT~cff) <f'lT_f'ff2.4 (c) ij AM cft7Tsl\M(t) ~~SAM(/)~} I
_'.,: (iii)·-.~~
~•'.. • ' •qj~ ,,.. ,ft ffi t AM lWT 7J e,,,a-, t
'1il~"-I 'iii) 'Ii@. fli$6« DSB (Double Sideband)
attm[ am
fdfq~g fwr-@ <f'H ffl ~-« W $ (0 to W
t
0

l2fR m(I} 1{i5 ,' • fli$C« cf'H 'ffl~,,fll~g« I •

Hz) ili1 3'1iffttq1 ' I c(t) 1{i5 cRTJ f, Jc arJilftr f I AM cR'J t •..(iv) ,AMcltiJt~~~~'Wli/, <f'ff7J~~~-I

'
 awrrq qi~clu-1 19
. ··, -
~:'(!_ii~ futr-n=I~ 3'Tqm~ 10,kHz i cir 500 kHz ai
m(t)
tm t I~~- m(t)
• (a) AM <l°t11 i t ~ JtNciiM ll anqfit I
(b) AM ffl1t:m ~itlN~-1 I
t
:~1wmtif~~ 3tfclffl'q'lqi W= l0kHz (a)
Jc = 500 kHz (a)
(a) AM m1T i f ~ ~ aTI<lfd 'q'lqi ·, c(t) --c(t)

+ W) = (500 + lO)kHz = 510 kHz Ac n n Ac

(f,
AMm-1Tif~~arrc{ftr ~
\ t
\
(/c - W) = (500 - 10) kHz = 490 kHz
(b) AM ftrrr-@cli't ~'I
-Ac
• ' '
(b) (b)
SAM(t) Owr modulation
AM
BT = 2 W = 2 x 10 kHz =20 kHz Envelope
rt q;r{1ll envelope
''
·- envelope

I
of AM wave SAM(t)

qj~}.& m1T t
"« l 'lii~'H q ftrrr-@ "11
'' -. -q

~ " 1 1 ~ ~ arr<{ftf 'l{{l)~l I AM <lt1Tt~qif~ 'llll,

arrc{ftr le -« t
a{'q{ em;~,;;~ I AM m1T t
t qif 'cff 'llll, arrc{ftrle -« f.R imt matt e1$s« t , - -,
l I AM t W~ i f ~ arrc{ftr~ fe aerr {il$s4-s t I I

AM ftflr-@ "11 {iefli,1-1 ~ ' f B7 , fu ftrrr-@ ~ ' f w "11 l (c) (c)

(B7= 2W) I m 2.5~•) qi4Aft11if{1l m 2.6-{a) qj~ft,, <({Tl m(I)

§ 2.4. AM 'fftrr ql§~~i-t (Modulation Index or an AM (b) if{1l (b) ilifm al'T c(I)
Wave): · (c) AM cf{1l (c) 4{\q(qi\A~l-1 Iii~ Distorted AM al'T

AM m1l "11 'll!~'H m ctil f.19 'Sl'cffl'"« qfl'IINtl fcfi1U 'i(@T ~ -

values l[\ AM a{Tl "11 fcffiflM (clipping) 11' I AM a{Tl if
m,=
Amax -Amin
... (2.2) (Distortion) 1t I qj~"-l qif 'GR 1 -« l) ctil 3W{'{ iti~,1-1
•
Amax +Amin (over Modulatioµ) ! 2.6) I 'll§.~'11 <Ii{ 'ffin l ~I( qj~fbt
Amax-AM m1T t envelope qif "l'R a{Tl "11 :ij.'liti\icti fmR~ (peak negative voltage) qif ' G R ~ ~ t
Amin-AM m t envelope qif "l'R Ae (peak carrier voltage) -« 3{fqqi ffiIT ! I l« if AM m-r£ qif Envelope
A . =0 'qtfc@q~~l,~ AM atll~ (Distorted)~~ l 1
m2.1 i f ~ AM m-1Tctil~2.5 if r-r:'SRfffif~111:ITt 1~mif
'Sl'cffl' t
Amax aerr Amin ctil tft 111:IT It 'll\clfbt m1T periodic 11', Amax <f'{l m (Distortion) ctil Envelope distortion 'c4ilT I
A min
cl · t
<f'IT 'f-fclil TfO'RT lfw@T -« "11 I f%=
,.,,;1 N on-peno• d.1c AM a{Tl cli't qj~ ,1-1 lffi
t
~<f'IQI
'll\ flit furr-@~ 'l{{(t«-tqf.J ~ A <l''ITA . f l Fcf °ITT Amax-Amin •
'll!cl"-1 qif "l'R 'TI qflqfdtl ffiIT f~ min 'i q <1 ' m=
Amax+ Amin
ifrn 11W t m 1 -« qilf mi
~1\cl"if Wffl cfiT "l'R I A -AM a{Tl t Envelope qif 3lf~ llr-t
max
ticm qif "l'R 1 -« a{ftfcli l) ~ . m'lT-sclfl,, tf{TJ A . -AM at1T t Envelope qif
min
'GR
 20 l~f.l~R•I 4i 'li§clll11 21

§ 2.5. qT§Mf2a1 cft1r Wl1T WI' (If the Modulating Signal is a AM <Jt7T t envelope cfiT lJR' m(t)

Pure Sinusoidal Wave) : Amin cJi{ WIT, 'li§~~., wtlJ am Am

flrm (Negative peak) 11{
lN if 'li§clfl•I fwr-@ ftl1r-@ ffT I lU «q if 1lf ;j(i{ m(t) = - Am 'fll1l I a«f:,AM <RTT
<RTJ <1il 'li§clfl•I <RTT t"" if~ cffi 11{ 'SJll<f AM <RTT .Y I SMf(t) t envelope cfiT lJR'-
'li§clll•i <RTT <RTT la@: 'li§cll°l•I <RTT m(t) qi) f.11:J 'SJc1iR" i cilffli A.min = Ac (l - kaAm) •
fctilU~lfcii<tlt- (a)
= Ac(l - m> • • ... (ii)
m{t) =Am cos ('bcfm t) c(I)
Am--iff§clfc!•I <RTT ifiT
tliftcfi(UI (i) iii) tliftcfi(OI (ii) i divide •
'li('- Ac
Im -¥ii§~fc! 11alll ct,=t an<tftJ . Amu Ac(l +m)
~t"" '1l <RTT lt mcIT l ~a'{TT ct,=t an<{ftfle 'll§clFbt -=
Amin Ac(l - m)
<RTT ct,=t aJJcfftr Im i 3ITlfcfi ffin i le >>Im I . .
m c(t) qi) f.iq ll<tiR'i cilffli fcti11T WfiijJ t- Amu
-=--
Amin
1 +m
1-m (b)
. c(t) = Ac(cos 'be le t) 'AM
Ac ~.fl~< ifiT 3TTlJlli . Amax(l-:- m) = Amin(l + m) /envelope ,, ,,
'
----f .
l e ~ ct,=t aJJcfftr 1" Amax -?'Amax ~Amin+ mAmin ' /
,
\Amax
~:, <RlT sAM(t) qi) f.11:J llctiR' i olffli
sAM(t) = Ac(l + k0 m (t)) cos ('bele t)
fcRT Wf><fJ t- 1" m (Amin
• -
+ Amax) = Amax -Amin
• Amu-Amin
\
\, '' ..

otfi tliftcfi{Oi if m(t) ifiT lJR' m 11{ • . m=

Amu+Amin
sAM(t) =Ac(l + k0 Am cos ('bclm t)) cos ('bclc t) ,
... (iii) ,, /
,ISAM(t) = Ac(I + m cos ('beIm I)) cos ('bele I)/ ... (2.3} 2:1 (c) i (c)
m =kaAm Amax~ Ac + Am :. m 2.7-(a) qi\Mf?~, sine tR1f
m l W<RJ ifi'8T t I ~ 'ftlCli) 3lftfffif Amin ·=Ac -::Am (b) ~wtrf (c) AM wtrr
(Percentage) if olffli ~~.err 'ffl 3iftrm •ff§(iltr1 (Percentage modulation) a«f: tlaflcfi(Uf (iii) if Amax Amin ffiR 'lf{'-
ifi'8T fI .
cfi'l TiiT f ·, m cliT lJR' 1 ancR •fl§{-f ~j.f (Ac + Am) - (Ac - Am)
m ifiT lJR' 1 W m=
,' (~c + Am).+ (Ac -Am)
t AM atrr i f ~ 3JT f I {U llcfilf t cfi) Envelope distortion
ifi'8T tI
. ~- . . . . (2.4)
'1i§clfc!•r ITT sine wave ~. err lf1l(f AM <fM cfi) M 2.2 if
1FiT f, 'ffl 2.7 •if r,f: lRfm ftl1T 1Frr i, cf~ m
Am <Jtrr t Envelope cfiT arct:, iqf qf~~H'
cRTT tm ~. '1i!~~H m lffi
cf liR' Ofilm: Amax cf~ Amin) ITT 1Frr f I AM <WT cfiT m 'ilft TfUAT 1'~ht4lcti< Im 0t 1'cfi<ft I _ I
•, '•
envelope Ac (1 + k0 m(t)) m711 I iifpcft,t ffllRR 'RR ffl1I 'Rm AM_ lli1 . ~ (Spectrum ?f
. M 2:7 (c) i fcti AM atrr cliT Envelope aJtR JJR W<fif AM wave when the modulating signal is a pure sine wave)-:--~~~ <WT
•fii~fl•r ITT m(t) 1mi{' (Positive peak) wM aJem[ 'fflT awniJ qji~"-1 WlW<f AM <WT ctil \iti\cfi(OI I
m(t) =Am WIT I a«f: , AM <f{1'J t Envelope cliT lJR-
+ m cos (2,i Im t)) cos (2,i ic I)
sAM(t) = A,(1
Amu =Ac(l + k 0 Am)
1ff sAM(t) =A, cos {~ fc t) + mA, cos (2Jf l,n I) cos (2.n fc t)
.=Ac(l + m)
 aw:ITlJ qi,sJhH 23

s AM(t) = A, cos ('l.Jt le t) + m A; [cos ('l.Jt <Jc +Im) '.- + COS (2.Jt le - Im) t)) ~:~lMHz cliltfmtft llcliltOkH z3mfft(~ ~mmt~ii f5HU
~'31raTt I tfmm~ llFflll 5 Vt, 'im&if§Hfbi cft1Tct:T 311W14 Vt I ~
1
{:. cosA cosB = (cos (A+ B)
2
+ cos (A - B))} ~-
(I) &if§flWI 'Stcm 1
(Ii) _AM m $ lf auqfoQT,
mAc n~c
SAM(t) =A,cos(21tlc t) +--cos (21t(/, + Im) t) + - 2-cos (2.Jt (/c - Im) I AMffl~ ~,il,~1
2 __,
Am= 4 V,fm: lOkHz
... (2.5)
A,= 5 V,f, = 1 MHz= 1000 kHz
e41q;<u1 l fcti '\illT Q{?l wu 3WW1 iii'Scl~H fq;q 'If{~
. cl =Am 4
AM Q{?l it m <IR arr<{fu (frequency components) t- (1) 'll~ ~11 ~-s~ m A, = S =0.8
(i). ~3ITciffllc I (ii) AM (f{TJ i f ; ~ it wft-
(ii) 3ftR"~ arr'{ftl <Jc+ Im) I 3{fc{ftrle = 10 kHz
(iii) "ffi3lnU~ 3TT<Iftl' <Jc - Im) I
eii)cfi(OJ it~ ,ft~~ fcti aWiftf le CfiT 3WW1 A, t
(i)
(ii) aITTmlsafl<{fu
t _t
i SAM(f)

le + Im = (1000 + 10) kHz 1

.
3ITc{ffl wif CfiT T
mA
l1 = 1010 kHz .... § 0
0
0
a,
a,

m'2.8 (a)it 'li~clfl•I fulr-@~'\il lTQ{?l)Cfi l~,m2.8 (b) it 3ITc{ftf (iii) "ffi3R' mls arr<Ifl{ ""i"!'
/, cf>1 ~Q{?l'Cfil <ftrr m 2.8 (c) it~ '\illT Q{?l lli'3€1~11 rn AM fivf2.9-~1M ll:z, SV~tlil ~

'SRfm i 1 '
/c - /m = (1000 - 10) kHz 10 kHz, 4 V ;;QT'iWT'ffll'
Q{?l cfiT
=990 kHz f<R-ilR~ln1<f AM iWTclil~
M[QlAm . AM Q{TJ CfiT 2.9 i t ~ l 1

I lI
-tm fm c(t) =A, cos (211' let) cfil
Q{TJ m(t) =Amcos(21 tfmt) WU
'li'S€t'z& ~, m
Q{TJ
AM Q{TJ
(a) SAM(t) ctiT ijtj)qi(Uj-
C(f) I
=A,(l + m cos (271' / m t)) cos (271' fc t)
S A.'d(t)

-[~
I

l (b)
l mA,
S AM(t) =A, COS (2.Jt Jct) + - - COS (271'(/, + Im) t)
2
mA,
+ -2- COS (211' <Jc - Im) t)

SAM(f) I

-t~ r Ir.,
(c)
§ 2.6. 3m qj~~i-1, <fflT q'i&'~l'1 (Under
Modulation, Full Modulation and Over Modul;:ition) :
3m q'f§~?i-1 tUnder Modulatio n)-~ l l ~ m CfiT liR 1 'fl{

m (m < 1) 'ITT <m i I m CfiT liR {!I'll~(!: 1 qiq

fivf 2.8-(•) '11-§H~•r tftrr(~sine <ftTJ)
(b) iWT <fiT (c) AM iWT <fiT
ciT
i I ffi 2.7 (c) i f ~ AM m
aj-5{ 'll1clls AM iWl I
 qf~tl-1 25
24 ~~1f.\~rt•1

(Full iµodulation)~ 'ii!clM lffi m qiT ltR ~. t (ii) am llTff - qi) vu(t) = ~c cos ('bt(/, + Im) I) olffli ..
(m = 1) m 'ii!cl~l-1 t, V lffi qiT l1R 1 3{f\rcti I a@:aA{l!Tff 3W{ftf~cfil WW-
31m~(Over modulation)~ 'il!cl~H "'~~ cl~ .
v

m > 1) m~ arr<R'ii~~H

M
I ~2.6 (c): ~,q~ 'ii! 6 ~M
l, lll'! l 1% arr<R qi~M "'~~~AM a(1l envelope d1stortmn
~~ti Pu= 2R
- 2 A2
m C•
Pu= 4· 2R '

311<1@41 if lUcR cfiT fc@'{Qf (Relative

(iii) 'ffi3{{ llTff -
/
qi) vL(t) =T
mA
cos ('bt(/, - Im) t) Im olffli
§ 2.7. nVJT
Distribution of Power in the Carrier and Side Frequencies) :
fcf;ll1 t I 3f<f:, 'ffiaR" l!Tff aJlc{ftr. w-
cf>1 3ITTre

~ 2 . 5 t ~~~<Wlt:RJ~ ~<Wfqil f.rq'Sjqif{'Q / L(~'J2

/ P
~1%lfl~t- :-- • =--
2R
sAM(t) = A, cos (21tlet)_+ ~c COS ('bt(/, + Im) t) + ~c COS (21t (/, - Im) t) ! m2 Ai

l
PL=4·2R
~ ~ q i ) M 2.10 ij 1lf (arrangement) Im 'TT oq'iji
a«t:,AM<Wlifit~ff-
'ijqi'fil t w-1 'fflm, +
(sinusoidal s~urces) qi) PT = Pc + Pu + PL
fq;qy 1T1U } I .ll{ M ij v,(t),vL(t) <f'IT +vc(t) = Ac cos (2nfct) A C2 m 2 A2C m 2 A2C
Vu (t) ~ : an<{fiJ flli'r-@, m3K PT= 2R +4'2R + 4 2R
an<{fiJflli'r-@q am~. + m
cm
j
Ac
fll1'r-@ qi) ll'micr f 2 Ac cos 2n(fc -
m m 2]
SAM(t) _ vL(t) = f,n)t PT=-2 ( 1 +2- + -
2R 4 4
qm
Powcr)-a.c. * 1IURT (~culation of
ij arm +
_Vu(I) =
m
2 Ac cos 2n(fc + fm)t
A2
PT=~ 1+~.
( 2]

:us~id!o~~\ ~ : : _
fclim liftmlf R q;) qJffl fa am«f fQ 2.10-AM 'iftrT ift:r limn l{J
... (2.6)
1lTqt (average power)~ 'U ffl t ~tn~~~llffli~
m qJffl amrcr w
cfiT lttlT n<it
cf,1 ff-
t I fclim sine <WT,~ ~lfR A, i, Im fclim 'Sl'ftroq R q;) cfl'ffi am«!
i
f f cfiT lfR P = 'irnT i I tll cf>1 'Q l'i AM <WT t fcu''R arr'{fu
Psa =Pu+ PL

fflf fclim llfimq R q;) qJffl 3ITTw. f f cf>1 lfO'RT Rt;{ 'Sjqif{ 'Q cfif t- m l{J m 2 Ai
Psa=--+--
m 2 Ai
4 2R 4 2R
(i) ~ . ~ q i ) v,(t) = A, cos ('bt let) Im~ t ! am: Ai m2
Psa= 2R ·T
l{J
ffl~ ~P, = Ai
2R I.
V
 2
m ... (2.7) iftTr cfiT ~i f.fitil l ilT m = 1 1R arr'{ftf ff ¥f -qm-
Psn =Pc.
2_ qil ftmf mrr l m-e1 ftmf 'lfTT ~ f f ~ t 1
AM qil ~ ~ f f (Side Frequency Power) ifm ¥f ff (Total iffif t f.fi ~it <fi'W (Information or Intelligence)
power)cfiT~- ;m'mift1 ~~~ifitm l1 a{if: AM atrrif~q;)
p58
•
Pc .m 12
2
1R <fi'W 1i'RJ in ;m' mfi, AM iftTr qil ¥f ffi
cfiT~~ 'lfll~if lost I
fy = Pc(l + m 2/2)
(ii) llR Wffl 20% t mm 3W{ftf qil f f AM
Psn
-=--2
m
2
... (2.8)
m qil ¥J wt 1% 1ft mrr t
~~mt>1
2.s qil -mTl«IT *
Pr 2+m
(iii) 1@ •ff!clfl•t f ~ qil mlffi cm; ,ft
3a, ~*mt f.fi AM <111Tqil ffifm ¥f ffcfiT 3f:rITif ! 1-{fct;
if <tiW ;m' itm om zy.i1 if
1Rf.r1Rqi«Ut I l!Rm = 1 (3ftml 100% ~ )..mzy;n Wl"R mfi l, 3fif:
AM iftTr if~ ~ q i ) ~ cfi{ ftlfT
~-q,'t ¥f ff, AM <l11T qil ¥f f f qil f<lm (113rd) mcft i 3f~ (Suppressed Carrier) ifm M ~ ~ q i ) ,ft~ ftlfT ~. m,ft
100% q,'t it AM <l11T qil ¥f f f it f<lm 'lfTT * ~ ~ f f l ) 'li!clll1t fwr-@qil \l1lT -;;i-r
qil f f ifm mrr t m
-e1 f<lm 'lfTT qil f f 1 mrr t ~ti
f I T«
ffl'l i f.fi f f t 'lfTT qil iAif qil
~~~l{R~~- q-{~ffcfiT' Slfdm~iral t~ •
~ f f cfiT l!ftrm m
t I T« iffif qi) 2.11 {TU mffilT I * l T« -qra t 3f1'@ Wlif it 3!T1f DSB-SC
il"lt if~ I 3ui t Wffil 3!T1f
ifm SSB 'li\cl,H t
00 f f.f;
Percentage of total
100r---.__Jj power in the carrier DSB-SC, SSB, SSB-SC qil Full form ~WIT?
cii ... ~:~~AM~SO kW.Radiau< fi«fft, il'ffm =0·7, wi-&fm
£, f 80 q'fq{iTYff¥f~·Q 'mct\1JURT~I
0 8. 66 ----------------------- ---
G> "g 60 ~= Pr= 50kW, m = 0·7
2
40 ~ff
rf g
._ C
33 ---------------·. -------- Pr= Pc (1 + ~ )
20 Percentage of total
power in the sidebands <fl
72
/ 50 = Pc(1 + (0~ ) )
0·2 0·4 0·6 0·8 1·0 m ,
(Modulation index) <fl
9
50 = Pc(t + 0·; )
fa 2 . 1 1 - ~ ~ it; ~-rrr:il lIT AM lf{Tf ilif ~00 "ff mm
<fl 50 = P,(1 + 0·245)
50
T« mi t ~ ~ om l!ftrm ~ f f <ailf mlffi 1licro cfi) TJfCl,1<f Pc= .
1 245
kW=40·16kW
~it-~ ~TflU t 1 3ui m*m ifrn w t- ¥fmlffiw.<R Psu = Pr-Pc
(i) ~H ~t AM <l11T qil ¥f ffif ~ffcfif "l!f<rylif
(Percentage of carrier power in AM wave)~ ¥f l = (50 - 40· 16) kW
3flcifir f f cfiT 3l°ftrm I l ifra 1 AM l = 9·84 kW
~fclimAM~ffiRad iate~~~¥l~Prm, lli cfi) m l{R o-1'
1'(1IRt 1R"m fcfitn -;;imT l
wifl (series) it~ (ammeter) qi) ti(i:tdi'{4cfi wnm
fcf;tn 'ijqi(TI m I
Pc ~.¥l~ 3W{ft{WPss mitlll~Wffim mm-
fr m2 /, itlll /! r.m.s. ffl la@: r.m.s. l{R q@1 ~m
it 'ffl'l{J 1 l
1fTU (ant~nna current) 'ifiT 1'R I,
*
-=l+- 'li~fz•t fwr-@ R;u
Pc 2
<rlfl 'liiicl!'l•i fwr-@ 3'roITT ffiTil 1fTU q;r liR / 1 ffl
*
2.9 ~ ~ - « m liR~1'(11Rtcfit~ 1 l

§ 2.8. AM 'fftlT -ij mmlT cb1' l'IURT (Current Calculations of an AM

wave):
AM i t ~ (modulated) <rill R;u {unmodulated) ~alt
1'l1R (measurement) 'ij"@ ll<IT l I a@:,~ lfTUait ifi 1'R lmll'dT -« § 2.9. tl'trn tRf qj~~l.f (Modulation by Several Sine
lffi N l 1 M AM ctt f.f;u Waves):
(unmodulated current or carrier current) qi) I,-« <rill~ ltTU (modulat ~le ~~~m~fm1,fm2,fmJ• ·· ~~~"cftinml@i
current or total current) 11 -« fq;ln t,;1lT I, q I, zyn r.m.s. 1'R t) m'f~~~l.mAMmitm~~~mlffl~.«tt
'ql ffl 'Stftroq R i t ~ mft if, m- } I a@: "Sll1<f AM clt:T it <Jc ±fm1), <Jc ± fm-zJ,
(!, ±/m3), ... lT'n I
Pr= fcR ~: 100 kHz .tt iWT 1@i m1f 5 kHz, 10 kHz tf1ff
Pc =rcR ••• (' 15 kHz 'liiicll?•i iitin ffi m1f • ~ . iTT AM m it

(i) (ii) -« 1iTTT 'q'{"-

(100 ± 5) kHz, (100 ± 10) kHz, (100 ± 15) kHz at'ffi( 105 kHz, 95 kHz,
110 kHz, 90 kHz, 115 kHz, 85 kHz .tt itift I a@:, 'ql 'ijqi(TI \ fcfi

Pr =fl= (!!_)
2
... (' AM it 3 ' ~ {Superposition Principle) mri,ll<IT ~~~sine l
Pc fc I, -atTTM~~~m1'•.«ttlm~~~~~l~o«
o-1' sine iR1TI ffi 3ffiTT-3ffiTT. 1R"~ I a@: llf 'cfil ffl
~2.6-«
Pr m2 f fcli AM~~ ( l i n e a r ) ~ ~ 1 l
-=l+- ffl 3@TT·3@TT ifilm:,
Pc 2

(ir=
offi 1'R (iii) it mR 'q'{"- m1,m2,m 3, ... l m ~ ~ ~ m , ~1'(11Rtf.1'9~"ij~~t-

1 + ~2 l m, = v'ml + mi + m~ + ... I ... (2.11)

• Amt Am? AmJ .,..,...,&

~mi= -,m2 = -,m3 = - ~,,.,.n-.1
A,. Ac Ac
... (2.
t1i fcfi it \ft m 'ifiT 1'R 1 "ij ;m° 3Rqt
ai'l,Miiicl'H Cfil(1lf AM a{TJ l1
... (2.1