MMS Oe Review of verb forms Study the explanations and examples in the chart. Make your own examples based on each rule. Explanation Use the simple present for habits, routines, and facts. Use the present continuous* to describe things that are happening now, or are changing Use the simple past to describe things in the past and used to to emphasize that things were different in the past. Use the past continuous” to describe an activity that was in progress in the past, often to contrast it with a single event. One way to use the present perfect is to describe past events that have an effect on the present, | Another use of the present perfect Past _| is to describe completed events at an unspecified time in the past. | A third use of the present perfect is to describe a period of time up to and including the present. Use the present perfect continuous" to emphasize temporary nature of the ongoing nature of the activity. Use the past perfect to talk about events that happened before a past event. Use the past perfect continuous to stress the ongoing nature of the activity. Use will to make predictions. Future | US® going to for plans. The future perfect describes something that will be in the past at a future time. Example ‘Some people cheek their email dozens of times each day. Online shopping is becoming more popular. In the past, people sent postcards and wrote letters, They used to buy books in bookstores. Scientists developed the Internet when they were looking for a way to create a national ‘computer communication network, Cell phones have expanded our friendship networks, A recent survey found that the majority of people have used the Internet at some time to buy or sell something, Most countries have had Internet service for a number of years. People have been using social media to organize political protests. Cell phones were invented in the 1970s, but had been in development since the 1940s, ‘They had been trying to find a way to reduce the size of the phones for several years. In the future, personal computers will be ‘small enough to carry in our pockets. Our company is going to install a new computer network. in 20 years’ time, people will have forgotten how to read books. * Some verbs (including like, be, belong, believe) rarely take the continuous form. Note: For a full explanation of all verb forms and their uses, please consult a grammar reference book.www.frenglish.ru (GRAMMAR: REVIEW OF VERB FORMS Practice Exercises ‘A Choose the correct verb form. 1. Nowadays cell phones get/ are getting smaller and more powerful. 2. The Internet starts / is starting to influence our social relationships. Wireless technology provides / is providing us many opportunities to study and learn 4, Inthe past, people were communicating / communicated by Premed letter or phone, 5. — Twenty years ago, people didn’t take / didn’t use to take pictures Use your dictionary to review the cai tae cove deplore forms of irregular verbs 6. Cell phones enabled / have enabled us to stay in constant contact with each other. 7. Because of the Internet, people have communicated / have been communicating more than before. 8. Before the Internet, no one had / has ever tried to create one-to-one marketing tools. 9. By the year 2050, everyone in the world will / is going to have a cell phone. 10. In 20 years’ time, students will stop / will have stopped using libraries. B Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1. Many people use the Internet to 2. Many children are learning how to_________by using the Internet. 3. The Intemet is bringing people closer together because 4, In the past, people used to but now they 5. People in remote countries didn't_______________but now they 6. The Interet has changed the way we 7. Inthe future, people will use the Internet to —_____ 8. By the time they are adults, children of today will have forgotten about © Each of these sentences contains errors in verb forms. Circle and correct the errors. More than one option may be possible. 1, In 20 years’ time electrical equipment isn’t need cables. When | started work 25 years ago, nobody having a computer on his or her desk. ''ve noticed that people who commute by train to work often worked on the train. Classrooms now having interactive whiteboards, so teachers can access the Internet while they were teaching. The government is implemented a new policy for the use of technology in education. Due to the budget cuts, the university has had 10% less to spend on technology next year. ‘At the beginning of the last century, most people hadn't had the opportunity to go to university. Bae nial ol Lan Nae A a ee Pep oN Pswww. frenglish.ru GRAMMAR FOR THE TOEFL TEST Pe © ae )) When answering question 2in the writing section (independent task), your introductory paragraph should restate the question in different words and should include your thesis statement, which is the ‘main theme of your essay. In this example, the restatement introduces three ways in which the Internet has changed our lives and states whether the writer agrees or disagrees with the statement that it is the ‘most important invention ever. Test Practice A Read the introduction and first paragraph of a response to the independent writing task in the writing section. Complete the text with the correct verb forms. Many people say that the Internet is the most important invention ever. Do you agree or disagree with this and if not, what do you believe to be more important? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. The invention of the Internet '__________(affect) our lives in many ways. It 2 (transform) the way we communicate, the way we shop, and the way we get (say) that it is the most important invention ever. (agree) with this opinion for several reasons. One way in which our lives ° (change) because of the Internet is the way we communicate. In the past, people wrote letters and postcards. It sometimes ®@___—— (take) several days for a letter to arrive by mail. Nowadays, people’_____________(send) each other emails and messages instantly. They often®______________ (hold) web conferences online. People*____________ (start) to communicate with a large network of people via the Internet. In the future, we "_______(develop) even faster and better ways of communicating with people all around the world. In 20 years’ time, we "________(stop) using paper and pens and perhaps even paper books and magazines. ‘our news. Many people * B Now continue with the second paragraph of the essay. Try to use a variety of tenses in your writing, A second way that the internet __www.frenglish.ru GRAMMAR: REVIEW OF VERB FORMS © Question 1 in the speaking section (personal experiences) is an opportunity for you to show that you ‘can use a range of verb forms fluently. Think about how you could respond to the question below. Write a transcript of your spoken response. What kind of technology do you like to use to help you study? Explain why you find it helpful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. Wetes. == | Thas changed the way we learn + Dhare used my... to + &. cell phones, laptops, Internet + ZL asually + L used to... but now Z.. In the tudure, Im going to Extra Practice Read the following paragraph from an integrated writing task and find the errors in the verb forms. Rewrite the correct form above them. In the reading, the author states that e-reading becomes more popular in the United States. The professor is supporting this view and says that e-readers had an enormous effect on reading habits. He predicts that in the future, the price of e-books drops and the number of titles increases. By the year 2015, the number of e-books outnumbers print books. \ |= Keeping a journal is a good way to improve your writing, Try to write at east a paragraph every day. Here are some questions that will help you to practice a range of tenses. What or who has influenced you most in your life? What new skis are you learning right now? What have you done in your life that you are most ‘proud of? What are your plans for the future? What will the world be lke in 50 years time?i Review of articles Study the explanations and examples in the chart. Write your own examples based on each rule. OVERVIEW Explanation Use a or an with singular count nouns that are not specific. Use the with specific nouns (singular, plural, or non-count) Use a or an the first time you mention a singular count noun. Use the when you mention it again. Note: Do not use a or an with non-count Nouns or with plural nouns. Do not use an article with plural nouns or non- ‘count nouns when you mean things in general. Use the when you are being specific. Use the when there is only one of something, with superiatives, and with first, last, next, and only. Do not use an article before a noun that is preceded by a possessive adjective (my), demonstrative adjective (this, that), or quantifiers (no, some, or any) Use the after some of, all of, none of. Additional rules Example A town needs a good transportation system to grow. The transportation system in my town is very efficient. There is a beautiful art gallery in my city. If you Visit my city, you should definitely go and see the art gallery. Large cities are usually quite stressful places to live. In my opinion, Paris is the most beautiful city in the world. It is the first place | will visit on my. trip to Europe. When | was a student at that university, | traveled with my friend in Europe and we visited some amazing cities. ‘Some people were frienaly to us. Some of the people were friendly to us. ‘Some common types of nouns do not use any articles. These include: Names of academic subjects (geography), languages (Spanish), sports (basebal). Many geographical place names use the. These include: Names of oceans (the Pacific Ocean), mount ranges (the Rockies), rivers (the Mississiopi, deserts (the Sahara), and points on the globe (the North Pole). Do not use the with names of continents (Asia), countries (Canada), states (Arizona), cities (New York), or streets (Fifth Avenue). Note: An exception is the United States.Practice Exercises A Circle the correct article. 1 sPeN 8. 9. 10. www.frenglish.ru GRAMMAR: REVIEW OF ARTICLES PYarnneed ‘Use your dictionary to find out ‘whether nouns are count or non: count. Count nouns are shown as count and non-count nouns as ‘n-noncount. Some nouns can be used asboth count and non-count with slightly different meanings. Use your dictionary to find out whether these nouns are count, non-count, or both: experience, time, money, work, Ihave never visited the / — Australia. English is the / — only language that | speak well. All of the / — students in my class plan to study overseas. lonce traveled to Italy with the / a friend. | prefer to visit the / — cities that have a lot of museums. | stayed with a host family in Mexico City. A/ The family taught me Spanish. | would like to climb —/ the Himalayas one day. —/ The library in my school has a lot of computers. Ihave never seen — / the Indian Ocean. My favorite subject is the /— history. B Match the sentences in exercise A with the correct rule. e@aoc academic subject t second mention name of country 9 used with only. mountain range h after all of something in general i name of ocean non-specific _ i something specific _ C Each of these sentences contains errors in article use. Correct the errors. 1. 2 3. 4 5. 6. Many people visit the Nepal to climb Himalayas. Most important subjects to study at school are the history and geography. kept the journal about my trip while | was traveling in United States. Some of people in the my family went on a trip down Amazon River in Brazil We traveled by train around the India and visited capital city of Delhi. Hotel where we stayed in New York was across from large art gallery. Ihave a picture of Thailand on my wall. A picture reminds me of best holiday | have ever had. The travel is an important way to learn about culture and people of other countries. My trip across the Asia was most exciting adventure I've ever had. Paris and London are the popular destinations for the tourists. Ask your teacher or a native English speaker to read your practice essays and correct them, Notice which sentences have mistakes with articles. Rewrite the sentences in your notebook. Try to notice ifthere isa pattern to your errors. Which rule is most difficult to remember and why?www-.frenglish.ru GRAMMAR FOR THE TOEFL TEST Test Practice A Read the following example of a response to question 1 in the speaking section (personal experience). There are five errors with articles. Find and correct them. Describe two places that you have traveled to and the ways in which they were different. ‘Two places that | have traveled to are the Tokyo and Miami. These two trips were different in at least the two ways. First of all, food in each place was completely distinct. In Tokyo, | ate a lot of rice with ‘seaweed and soy sauce. Food was very salty. On the other hand, the food in Miami was very spicy. | also found pace of life in each a place to be different. In Tokyo, many of people walk very fast and always seem to be in a rush to get somewhere. In Miami, most people walk pretty slowly and are not as rushed. Life there seemed to be more relaxed in general. B Now make notes for your own answer to this question. Then write a transcript of your spoken response or record your answer and write the transcript here. Check your use of articles. Place \ Place 200