THE WORDS YOU NEED B Rudzka, J Channell, Y Putseys, P Ostyn MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS© Text B Rudzke, J Channell, Y Putseys, P Ostyn 1981 (© Mlustrations Macmillan Publishers Ltd 1981 All rights reserved, No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph ofthis publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). ‘Any person who does any unauthorised actin relation to this publication may be lisble to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1981 Reprinted 1982, 1983 (twice) 1984 (twice), 1986 (twice), 1987 Published by Macmillan Publishers Ltd London and Basingstoke Assoclated companies and representatives in Accra, ‘Auckland, Delhi, Dublin, Gaborone, Hamburg, Harare, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Manzini, Melbourne, ‘Mexico City, Nairobi, New York, Singapore, Tokyo ISBN 0-333~27829-1 Printed in Hong Kong.A Semantic Fields Unit 1 B_ Synonymous Pairs A. Semantic Fields Unit 2 Contents Acknowledgements i To the student ii American and British English ii Abbreviations iii Stylistic distinctions iv Dictionaries consulted iv Beauty isn’t only skin deep 1 1 conceit, pride, self-esteem, vanity 2 assess, estimate, evaluate, value, cate 3 conclude, infer, judge 44 dinty, filthy, grimy, grubby 5 beautiful, lovely, pretey, charming, attractive, good-looking, handsome 6 elegant, smart, well-dressed, well-groomed 1 work, task 2 situation, plight 3 produce, generate 4 speak, mutter "5 unpleasant, ghastly 6 unwilling, reluctant 7 open, overt 8 profitable, lcrative 9 carefully, conscientiously ‘What is the earth coming to? y 1 great misfortune, cataclysm, catastrophe, disaster, calamity 2 damage, harm, hurt, injuze, impair, mae, spoil 3 shake, tremble, quake, quiver, shiver, shudder 4 predict, forecast, foretell, prophesy 5 dangerous, hazardous, perilous, risky 6 strong, potent, powerful‘Synonymous Pairs Unit 3 ‘Semantic Fields ‘Synonymous Pairs Unit 4 Semantic Fislds Synonymous Pairs Unit 5 ‘Serentic Field ‘Synonymous Pairs 1 range, scope 2 destroy, devastate 3 puzzle, baffle 4 contaminate, pollute 5’ prevent, forestall 6 ugly, unsightly 7 effective, efficacious 8 adventurous, reckless 9 distant, remote ‘The human animal 36 reach, accomplish, achieve, attain, gain check, examine, inspect, scan, scrutinize cower, crouch, squat break, smash, crush, shatter, crack, chip, snap, burst refuse, reject, cam down, dectine, spur look, gaze, glance, glimpse, peer 1 movements, antics 2 chew, munch 3 pay back, retaliate 4 scamper, scurry 5 cut, sever 6 disturb, ruffie 7 mislead, bluff 8 sad, plaintive 9 aggressive, militant to dry,arid 11 harmful, pernicious Exclusively for you 56 1 goods, merchandise, wares, commodity 2.) shop, chain-store, general stores, department store, supermarket (b) kiosk, stall, sand advance, further, promote surprise, astonish, amaze, astound, flabbergast grin, smirk, giggle, chuckle rich, wealthy, affluent, opulent ‘meagre, scant, scanty, sparse, frugal trick, gimmick 2 doll, puppet 3 beginning, onset 4 piece, slice 5 simple, austere 6 intentional, deliberate All in the family 75. 1 rear, bring up, breed, grow 2 limit, restrict, confine, constrict 3 complain, bellyache, grouse, grumble, moan, whine 44 worry, bother, tease, get on at, mag, pester, plage, haras, harry 5 quarrel bicker, squabble, wrangle 6 shreved, sly, cunning, crafty 7 ‘tidy, neat, orderly, shipshape attend, frequent 2 keep up, maintain 3 deal with, cope with 4 change, sift $ change, alter 6 lenient, permissive 7 even, steady 8 doubtful, dubiousUnit 6 A. Semantic Fiolds B_ Synonymous Pairs Unit 7 A. Semantic Fields B Synonymous Pairs Unit 8 A. Semantic Fields B Synonymous Pairs Get down to work! 96 1 work, drudgery, grind, labour, toil 2 lawyer, solicitor, barrister 3 dodge, duck, evade, shirk 4 strip, denude, divest 5 fight, combet, struggle 6 false, spurious, counterfeit, fake, bogus, phony, sham, mock, artificial 1 occupation, profession; occupational, profesional 2 salary, wages 3 officer, official 4 revive, restore 5 ward off avert” 6 change, amend 7 get, acquire 8 dull, dab 9 fastidious, fussy Do you love me? 18 4 sympathy, compassion, pity 2 like, be attached to, be fond of, love, be in love with, feel/have an affection for, be infatuated, adore 3 boast, crow, brag 4 shine, glow, gleam, glisten, shimmer glimmer, twinkle, Aash, glitter, sparkle 5 authentic, real, genuine 6 plain, simple, homely 7 secret, clandestine, secretive, furtive, stealthy, underhand, undethanded 1 keep, retain 2 hide, conceal 3 support, bolster 4 wallow, flounder 5’ unpleasant, obnoxious ‘There is more to it than meets the eye 138 1 affect, influence, impress, sway 2 show, display, exhibit, expose, faunt 3 announce, declare, pronounce, proclaim. 4 protect, shield, defend, guard, safeguard 5 look for, seek, grope, search, comb, scour 6 gather, accumulate, assemble, collect, muster 7. weird, eerie, uncanny, unearthly, mysterious, inscrutable, enigmatic 1 conduct, transmit 2 flow, emanate 3 receive, pick up 4 have an accident, crash 5 strange, odd 6 shiny, lurninous 7 lost, strayUnit 9 Semantic Fields Synonymous Pairs Unit 10 ‘Semantic Fields Synonymous Pairs Where shall we live? 159 1 inhabitant, dweller, resident 2 riot, brawi, row, rumpus, scrap 3 lend, let, borrow, rent, lease, hire, charter 44 adapt, adjust, conform 55 take, seize, grasp, clutch, snatch, grab 6 conduct, direct, manage, run, supervise 7 steal, pinch, swipe, lift, plfer, switch, rip off 8 apt, liable, prone, suspecible, subject 1 inhabit, live in 2 fall down, collapse 3 pemicious, noxious 4 effective, efficient A walk across America 180 1 border, margin, verge, edge, rim, brim, brink, boundary, bounds 2 shore, coast, bank, -side 3 lock, herd, pack, troop, colony, swarm, pride, gaggle, shoal 4 roam, ramble, wander, stroll 5 ile, loiter, dawale, dally, dillydally 6 fiy, i, glide, soar, hover 7 steal, pinch, swipe, lift, pilfer, snitch, rip off 8 apt, liable, prone, susceptible, subject 1 begin, set out 2 outdo, surpass 3 lose, fade 4 trim, prunePreface ‘The importance of words in verbal communication hardly needs stresing, yet no other language component has been more neglected in foreign language teaching than the lexicon, While 2 ‘great deal of energy and imagination is going into the teaching of grammar, comparatively little is being, done to teach words, and students of foreign languages, even after several years of strenuous effore often know many grammatical frames but have very litle to put into ther. The Words You Need sts out specifically to organise the acquisition of language skills within the context of a structured approach to vocabulary teaching, ‘The inspiration for our book came directly from the work on semantic fields and lexical structure of Adrienne Lehrer from the University of Arizona, and we owe her a particular debt for her encouragement, and continued interest. . The approach used is a completely new one, adapting insights fom theoretical linguistics and psycholinguistics to the service of the language learner. A teacher's book accompanies this student's book. In it we explain the teaching methods used and give practical guidance on the many and varied uses to which the material can be put. Acknowledgements We are most grateful to Sandra Colen, René Dirven, Roger Flavell, John Green, Adrienne Lehrer, Jacques van Roey, Emma Vorkat, and Don. Young, who read, reviewed and criticised sections ofthe manuscript. We would also like to express our thanks to the following people, who provided examples, comments, suggestions and the opportunity to discuss recalcitrant points: Alessandra Bini, the Channel family, Patrick Grifiths, Peter Kelly, Androulla Kyriacou, Mary Ann Martin, Maryam Mathis, Conny Templeman, ‘Margie Thomas, Ludolph van Hasselt, june Wickboldt. The following people arranged or took part in tests and trials of the material: René Dirven and his seminar students at the University of Trier, Germany; students of English at the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven, Belgium; and students at York Advanced English ‘Summer School, summer 1978.To the student ‘You may not have seen analyses of vocabulary lke those in the ‘Word-Study sections before. In Unit 1 you will find explanations of how to understand the grids and the terminology. Here are a few tips on how to use the book: ‘Once you have read the texts in any unit, go through the Word- Study section. You are not expected to learn the contents of the componential grids (analysis of meanings) by heart ~ rather you should start working through the exercises and keep going back to the Word-Study section or the texts when you find something you can't answer. You should aim to be able to give the answers to the exercises instantaneously when asked to do so in elas, as this will be a similar situation to spontancous speech. In this connection you are advised to pay special attention to the collocational grids (which ‘words go with which) and example sentences. You will find the ‘Word-Study slow at first but as you become more familiar with the ‘method you will speed up. In addition you will lean a way of ooking at words which you can apply to any vocabulary items you ‘come acrois on your own. American and British English ‘This book teaches standard British English. Yet much written English is American, and you should be able to recognize and understand American English. Where we include’ American texts, wwe note differences of meaning and usage in the glosses. Differences of spelling are all noted below, and are not mentioned in the units. ‘You will see that most of the differences are systematic. AMERICAN BRITISH 1 CONSONANT DOUBLING lou counseling counselling counselor counsellor grueling gruelling labeled labelled marvelous marvellous refueling refuelling traveler traveller others focusing focussing Kidnapers kidnappers program programmearbor behavior color enamored endeavor favor favoritism harbor humor labor neighbor vapor vigor ee re center fiber meter theater 4 ate defense offense 5, others check esthetic mold plow Abbreviations abn abbreviation arbour behaviour colour enamoured endeavour favour fvouritism harbour humour labour neighbour vapour vigour fibre metre theatre defence offence cheque aesthetic mould plough of old-fashioned 4m American sb somebody be British a lang coll colloquial sh something ep especially US — United Statsof America fig. Sigurative am usually it literally vulg vulgar Symbols % indicates thatthe word or phrase used is considered incorrect = indicates the figurative sense of the word { } used to enclose features which apply to more than one U wordStylistic distinctions ‘Where a word's use is limited to one particular style, we have ‘pointed this out. We have also noted when a word should not be tused in a certain style. The descriptions used in this connection should be understood in the following way: slang not accepted as correct English, not used in writing except personal letters. Used between close friends or members of a social group to express intimacy or sense of community eg criminals, students 8 ans i All the above verbs, except evaluate, can appear in expressions of the type, to. EXAMPLES I would estimate my losses at $200. His IQ is rated at 110. The value of the house has been assessed at £25,000. Only estimate can be followed by a chat-lause EXAMPLE ‘We estimated that the work would take us two hours.8 Beauty isn't only skin deep Rate is colloquial except when itis being used with reference to statistical enquiry or analysis.Beauty isn’t only skin deep 9 “EXAMPLE “He bought He said nothing. Tike her. Tlike t0 ssvim, Tn eases where t Bivens conclude AmIto conclude from your criticism that you intend to leave your job? infer They inferzéd from his behaviour that he no longer wished to be friends with them, Judge From all [ know of her, I would judge that she will make an excellent mother. [Judge is more common, however, witha direct objec followed by an adjective andjor a to-infintive. EXAMPLES L would judge him to be a first-rate linguist. ‘Would you judge it necessary to read all che books on the reading list? ‘They will judge him overqualified for the job, I am afraid, 4 Being dirty dinty [itty [-erimay | amaby exphined by a diagram. The word atthe top s more general and ‘the ones below ae different kinds of dirty. Gey + ‘hy = |e winy + + abby, + + + =10 Beauty isn't oily skin deep ‘The words also differ in the amount of dire implied: fae aa ca grubby Se A SVE Sie AGED dizty Thee filehy + + [+l + + [++ [+/+ grimy HT [+ eae = | Per Notice that dirty and filthy are frequently employed figuratively to mean ‘vulgar’ or ‘immoral’ 5 Being attractive Beausiful lovely prevey charming attractive 00d looking handsome +[+[e [eal le - = + 7 © isnot in contrast with the co enema wes _cofntast with an earice feature presenting a basics ‘example, [+ result of great generosity] i in contrast wi [-:imaking 2 plesan impresion othe sensi] and oe lee ottes sieeests gay] ‘When quaijying people, good-looking and handsome are rmore often used for men, and lovely, beautiful and pretty for women. Attractive may be used for cither. When qualifying inanimate and abstract nouns, there is often litle semantic distinction between beautiful, lovely, charting and attractive.Beauty isn’t only skin deep x2 Ss beautifal [> iovely + preety + charming [+ [> senetive [+ | + good-looking | +] + [= [+ | = andiome [+> Crt an ses [ea eee | In speech, beautifal, lovely, charming and attractive are often used for situations in which their real meaning would be too strong, in order to express enthusiasm. EXAMPLES ‘besutifil lovely : attractive. {ll come to see you about seven ~ will you be there? Beautifil — ‘okay ~see you later. She does really lovely things for people like bringing them thei favourite flowers on their birchday. Bacon and eggs for breskfast! Lovely! 6 Having e good appearance ‘Segent + Smoare vwell-drsssed well-groomed | I + + [+ ‘Note that its not necessary (or all che words in a'semantic field to share a single feature. In such exses, it isthe similarity of features ‘which brings the words together. Smart, when it means[+ clean and tidy} or [+ formally essed, is colloquial. EXAMPLES elogant She dismissed him with an elegant wave of her hand. The most elegant clothes are often the most simple, but usually also the most expensive. Fiona manages to look elegant even in riding clothes.12 Beauty im't only skin deep Clothes by a new young designer are suddenly to be seen at all the season's most elegant occasions. smart One of my favourite amusements i to sit in 2 smart restaurant in the centre of town and watch the famous and ‘elegant people one sees there. Should I put on something smart to go out to the Browns’? Judith always looks so smart, she makes me feel very untidy. well-dressed You can always tell a really well-dressed man by his shoes. It is important to be well-dressed when one goes for a job well-groomed No well-groomed woman ever goes out ‘without checking her make-up in the mirror. What I tend to notice about a woman is whether or not she is ‘well-groomed. B Synonymous Pairs aisle work somejone’s work] odo + + we periorm ¥ tose + + 2. situation plight | [+bad] EXAMPLE With no documents and no money in a country where she didn't speak che language, she was ina terrible plight. 3. toproduce to generate | [+ energy, force] = [+ be the cause of] [+ usua state of mind}Beauty isn't only skin deep 13 produce ‘generate 4 tospeak to mutter | [hina low voice] [+indistinctly] EXAMPLE ‘He came home in 2 bad mood, muttered something about coming back later, and I haven't seen him since. 5 unpleasant, unattractive ghastly [-+intensely]; often used in . colloquial speech and writing ta express strong dislike. Itis not used in this sense in formal speech and writing. EXAMPLES job | dinner party film a | ghasety | dress | book lecture boyfriend 6 unwilling reluctant Unwilling and reluctant are synonymous when used attributively; for instance, both az unwilling helper and a reluctant helper denote someone who helps but does not want ‘When used predicatively, however, unwilling means ‘not doing’ and reluctantly means ‘not wanting to do’. EXAMPLES He was unwilling to give any information, (This means that he did not give any information.) He was reluctant to give any information. (This implies that he did give information but without wanting to.)14 Beauty isn't only skin deep 1 Give the opposite of the following: 2 Match appropriate features with each of the following words. Notice that not alll of the features mentioned are relevant. 7 open overt | [+of actions, attitudes] [+t0 be noticed] open + overt 8 profitable | Tacrative | [+bringing in alot of money] profitable Incrative 9 carefully conscientiously | [-+guided by one's sense of what is right] ([[eerefaty ‘conscientiously todtive + to observe the rules to describe sh rowork ro inspect sth + + a ie Took after one’s children + = to care for ond’ patients + +f+felefe {0 Full one's obligations Exercises EXAMPLE: to decrease 10 increase 1 to take care of (one’s children) 2 to look up to 3 artival 4 deep 5 beautiful 6 relevant 7 sure § willingly EXAMPLE: assess [+decide the value of] 1 competent 2 conceit 3 handsome 4 to mutter 5 assertive 6 grimy 7 torate § dates 9 conscientious 10 self-conscious [+ guided by one’s sense of what is right] [+ fast] [-+having ability, knowledge or sill [+of men] [-over-high opinion of oneself] [+ decide the value of]3 Explain in your own ‘words the meaning of the following words and expressions: 4 What can you. 5 Which nouns can be derived from the following words? (All these words appeared in the texts.) 6 Who or what can you 7 What are the similarities andjor differences between the following pairs? 8 Find words to fit the following descriptions: 9 Complete the following: Beauty isn't only skin deep 15 {+of women] {+ place on a numerical scale] (+ voice] [+ insisting on one’s rights] [+ with members of the opposite sex] [+dlean] [+ indistinct} [+ shy] [+ covered with dirt] [+appointments] EXAMPLE: questionnaire 4 series of questions used gin an opinion pol orn psythologcal on secalgical esearch T stranger 2 ladder 3 (phone) booth 4 eyebrows 5 airport 6 plight 7 is oft concem 8 to gain in stature 9) rush hour EXAMPLE: fill out/in a form, «questionnaire, an application, a cheque shatter 2 label 3 mail 4 clip 5 elicit 6 post 7 achieve 8 beaware of 9 stamp 10 brush 11 predict 12 spill 13 generate EXAMPLE: to question questionnaire, question T toadvertise 2 torelate 3 tofind 4 tosetle $ to appear 6 tointeract 7 to apply to/for 8 to respond 9 to asses to todepart 11 toassist 12 to infer examete: be fed up with? your work, your family, bad food, bad weather 1 look down upon 2 be horrified by 3 overlook 4 acknowledge 5 discriminate against__6 be obsessed with 7 believe in 8 bump into 9 benefit from 10 be sensitive to 11 pursue EXAMPLE: to meet sb/to bump into sb Similar: book mean “to meet’ Different: ump into! applies only to axcidental meeting 1 to see/to look at 2 to summarize a text/to copy a text, 3 to take the place offto supersede 4 to pour tea/to spill tea 5 todisectto analyse 6 to wait for/to expect 7 astranger/a foreigner 8 plight(a situation 9 a picture) 2 painting xanrts: object to be aimed at: target 1 well-balanced judgement of, and respect for, oneself 2 take a living organism to pieces to examine how ie works 1 hairs on che edge of the eyelids 44 outcome of an enquiry or research 55 smash, break into pieces 6 clever: cheerful and happy 7 move slowly and carefully closer to 8 replace because better or more important 9 artificial covering of hair for the head EXAMPLE: a thought-..... questionnaire a thought-provoking questionnaire Ta....-envelope 2 to fill out/in an application... 3 t016 Beauty isn’ only skin deep 10 What differences andjor similarities are there between the following: 1 Explain the meaning of each of the following. Your explanations may include mime, descriptions, enumerations of uses, of examples. 12 Guess the right word. The frst letter(s) of the missing item should help you. 13 Body Image Questionnaire pursue one's 4 tobe at the top of the ..... $ to conclude the study 6 it wasneither above nor.....average 7 it’s achange for the..... 8 these are paper and ..... measures 9 poor man, his belief was 10 he felt... - about the accident 11 they finally... reply/the teuth Bx AMPLE: paint/vaenish Similar both are liquids for covering surfaces Different: ‘paint is coloured, ‘varnish’ is clear 1 inch/metre/yard 2 eyeshadoweyelashes 3 task/duty 4 linkjconnection § shelffeupboard 6 ability/skill 7 collarineck 8 targetgoal 9 scruffy/dity EXAMPLE: timely occurring just when itis wanted 1 plight 2 to mutter 3 lucrative 4 mongrel collar 6 ambivalent 7 traits 8 ghastly 9 reluctant 10 ascertain 11 overt 1 I suggested that we help those poor people but nobody se sy proposal 2 She put on her make-up in front of the m 43 The proposal received 0 ..... support from the committee. 4 The girl was always... of her pretty litte sister. 5 The mother was.e..... by her child’ bad behaviour. 6 Two good character t..... are honesty and generosity. 7 The president's plans for social reform were the t great deal of criticism. 8 Heis b.....in the sense that he did not ry to avoid the accident. 9 Really, you never think of others! You are s0 eg 10 University selection panels are generally felt to f..- applicants from certain schools which have good academic reputations ofa Make up a ‘Body Image’ questionnaire and give it to your class-mates to answer.Unit2 What isthe earth coming to?18 What is the earth coming to? 7 change or alteration inthe Seructure ofthe genes, ie chemically Complex nit which ae assumed to be the carrer of specific physical characterises om eat too 8 Sccendant cid or cide, young 9 tenn 19 recuring sere of biological 1 nb longe ted for use 12 taken fo pieces 15 moved Hom one placer another 14 threat, something capable of doing diag 15 scatdenallyleting ov hrovgh 2 iekoreat) 16 without pity, mercies 1 bepresea i ange numbers, Spec 20 ato render uplesant conte 18 py dpleating tothe sight It is not as if there were any lack of authoritative voices to warn us. The effects of alpha, beta, and gamma rays on living tissues are perfectly well known: the radiation particles are like bullets tearing Into an organism, and the damage they do depends primarily on the dosage and the type of cells they hit. As long ago as 1927, the ‘American biologist, H J Muller, published his famous paper on ‘genetic mutations’ produced by X-ray bombardment, and since the early 1930s the genetic hazard of exposure has been recognised also by non-geneticists. It is clear that here is a hazard with a hitherto unexperienced ‘dimension’, endangering not only those ‘who might be directly affected by this radiation but their offspring® as well. A new ‘dimension’ is given also by the fact that while man now can ~ and does ~ create radioactive elements, there is nothing he can do to reduce their radioactivity once he has created them. No ‘chemical reaction, no physical interference, only the passage of time reduces the intensity of radiation once it has been set going. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,900 years, which means that it takes nearly 6,000 years for its radioactivity to decline to one-half of what it was before. The half-life of strontium-90 Is twenty-eight years. But whatever the length of the half-life, some radiation continues almost indefinitely, and there is nothing that can be done about it, except to try and put the radioactive substance into a safe place. But what isa safe place, let us say, for the enormous amounts of radioactive waste products created by nuclear reactors? No place on earth can be shown to be safe. It was thought at one time that these wastes could safely be dumped into the deepest parts of the ‘oceans, on the assumption that no life could subsist at such depths. But this has since been disproved by Soviet deep-sea exploration. Wherever there is life, radioactive substances are absorbed? into the biological cycle", ‘The most massive wastes are, of course, the nuclear reactors ‘themselves after they have become unserviceable". There isa lot of discussion on the trivial economic question of whether they will last for twenty, twenty-five, or thirty years. No-one discusses the humanly vital point that they cannot be dismantled’? and cannot be shifted"? but have to be left standing where they are, probably for centuries, perhaps for thousands of years, an active menace" to all life, silently leaking'® radioactivity into air, water and soil. ‘No-one has considered that their number and location will relent- lessly'® accumulate. Earthquakes, of course, are not supposed to happen, nor wars, nor civil disturbances, nor riots like those that infest"? American cities. Disused nuclear power stations will stand as unsightly'® monuments to man’s assumption that nothing but ‘tranquillity, from now on, stretches before him, or else — that the future counts as nothing compared with the slightest economic gain now. EF Schumacher, Small is Beautiful A Study of Economics as if People Mattered.1. TOO MANY PEOPLE igare! and numerous? facts prove that there are already, and cerainly that there will be, too many people. ‘Simply calulating the lengths of time necessary to double the world’s pop lation is enlightens’. Inpreivei, the time requlredS grows ever shorter: {6000 years before Chris, 1,000,000 years Were necessary to double the Population, then about 1,680 years after Christ only 1,000, around the 1850's 200 years, ia. 1930 80 years, CCarzeatlys, the world’s population doubles every 37 years, ‘What would happen if the popula- lion were to. continue doubling, in volume every 37 years? ‘According to recent calculations, ‘maintaining such a chythm of growth would result in 60 mallion loa” THE POPULATION BOMB 1 numbers, quantities, attics 2 gratin nbs, vey many 3 instructive, giving more knowledge 4 imporamy and neice in sway that makes a deep impresion fn the mind snd flings 5 necenay 6 aepresene 7 Bra milion sxillon, Am 2 fousand millions 8 declare, put forwacd sn idea The Population people on the earth in 900 years, which Tepresents 120 inhabitants per square ‘Optimists believe and often assert that science will indeed find solutions to the problem of overcrowding? name- Iyby providing the means to immigrate to other planets. But this slution is totally wtoplan!® In effect even if it should become possible, $0. years ‘would be sufceat for the 60 million billion persons: to multiply to the poiat of populating Venus, Mercury, ‘Mars, the Moon and the satelites of Jupiter and Satu with = deasiy!! ‘equal to that ofthe Earth IL. FOOD SHORTAGE ‘Today, a good par of humanity suffers from malatrtle!? or from uader- sourishment!?, 9 overpopulation 10 steractive aa diab impractical 11 thetumber of persons (miles, dvelings et) per given surface dics ofthe earth 12 fale and unbalanced nourishment or food 15 nouridhment insufficient in amount ‘x quality for proper health and srowth What isthe earth coming to? 19 ‘Some think that recent scientific dis- coveries applied to agriculture and known under the name of green revolution’ will resolve the problem, Nothing is less certain, Promoters of the revolution themselves believe that it can offer only a respite! of ten oF twenty years, In underdeveloped countries, al- though predominaatly!> agricultural, the login food production in elation ‘to demographic growth increases more sand more. As the erisis worseat” these ‘countries will have to import food. But from where? IL, A DYING PLANET ‘The world’s population explosion’ is lhe source ofa whole series of environ ‘mental! deteriorations®, which in time can have disastrous? consequences, 14 temporary relief, shore peti of is mostly 16 Sowing down, delay 7 becomes worse, es food 18 ecolagieal, concerning the physical Conditions in which ie ales place 9 decline, worsening of condivon 20 catastrophic, calamitous, having Severe effect20. What is the earth coming to? Because the population-food im- fpalanes!! necessitates “at auy price” 2 ‘of agricultural production, methods often aarmful2 to the eo. Vironment are used without judgment Examples abound?®. The construction of colossal! dams to irrigate hun- reds of thousaads of acres can in fact provoke catastrophes. Thus, the ‘Aswan Dam currently prevents the epost? offerte! alte brought cach year by the flooding of the Nile. ‘The result wil obviously bea decrease in the fectlty of the Delta lands. ‘Damming the Mekong risks the same ‘consequences for Vietnam and neigh- bouring countries FFertlizers, syntetic™ pesticides, lack of lanes or equim, te Eto nc beng el weit fore or noon ted for cnsng damage, injury SSppy Gnd crops) with water (oy thei of river, water chanel Brand Am non-metric meas of teow foo gore mee Actor ptng dows o dropping roduting of able of producing Senda Sind mod) cased by moving seater and lee og atthe mouth ofa 3 24 as 26 3 29 Fire and Ice Some sy the world will end in fir, Some say in ice From what F've tasted of desire hold with those who favor fre. Bucifit had to peria! twice, Tthink T know enough of hate? “To say that for destruction ice Isalo great : ‘And would saiice! Robert Frat i FIRE AND ICE 1 literary) stop existing, die 2 be enough, slicent, DDT can be devastating’, trans- Torming complex ecosystems, neces- sary for the conservation of the en- vironment, into simple ecosystems. ‘Monocaltures are a case of such mutation’ ‘Certain situations are perceived as dangerous only when they become critcal enough to cause ‘numerous deaths. Smog’? isan example. In London in 1952 it caused some 4000 deaths. This incident provoked an awakening of conscience and resulted in decisions which have proven" eflea- ious, But smog presents still other angers: namely, it destroys plants ‘which ofr litle resistance, and whose ‘oxygen prodietion is indispensable to x artical, man-made ‘batnce sed to dewoy post ‘which damage 432 causing destruction or ravage 55 Sologtl system, asystem of cio pants ad smal highly oped oie habie theloe of pee ofan forthe intensive ctvation of ony one ‘Sop ar product 435 change, seration 33 undetond 597 mint of make and exhaust {ome rom motorneices 38 Bros proved 39 producing good reuks, fective MAKING Since the birth of Christ itis estima ted that 75,000,000 people have died in earthquakes. The quake in Rumania that killed mare than 1,000 people shook the ground with the energy of 10 Abombs. And the ferocity of earth temors is on the increase. according 10 Professor Bernhard Emst, of Tubingen Univer- sity, West Germany. Last year was one of the worst in earthquake history. Ten major ‘quakes killed more than 1,000,000 people snd the professor be ‘us, andit changes the earth's thermal? ‘equ. "For these forms of polation’ as for allthe others, the destructive’ chain of ‘cause and effect goes back to a prime ‘cause: “too many cas, too many fac- tories, too many detergests, too many pesticides, more and more tras et by Supersonic jets, inadequate methods for disinfecting” sewers, too litle ‘water, 100 much carbos monoxide ‘The cause isalways the same: oo many people on the earth.” Paul Ehtlich. The Population Bomb. Condensed from a summary in Prospective 40 ofhex 3 balance {6 being made die, arrival in an cnvifonment of harmal waste prodece Emaging, breaking ‘chemical Substances that remove die ‘leaning, making fee fom infection by baeteria tinderground channels to cary of {ovage (waste, foul iquld mater) «7 poironous gs present the Echause gs of petol engines “6 4 6 that underground tests of nuclear weapons are causing greater earth movernents Every year there ate around 100,000 earth tremors, but most are so minor that they do not register on anything other than seismic test- apparatus. Prof Emst fears that unless ‘A-bomb tasts are abandoned, mare people will die in earthquakes such explosions trigger off WeekendIs THERE ANY FUTURE IN FUTURISM? 1 pevent sir asvng nor and faded byw sh coe 2 tpl lop, epesocon 2 ompduingun ns ey, 4 Sng tual and frm peor gay of Sone 3 poet manpor ay 1 dy ond fe 9 sacs ier iw 2 Sigel ow ara It alld to how hae ometing Eeiecvae prec 1a Site ire fon Ser 15 pot or nd ot wall iso 14 ne ftion(eneily mea 1s Ring ops aos Eien of evens sea 17 Inconsrtepponed a chars, nae caste hens 18 Went erry of ood fora our epee wy poe. al and acve 20 Boing Send jadgemen and 1s el tthe Zed, Latin ree 2s to rae 5 prominin a newsaperor ogee 2 hong nd eling of socks and ey +5 ing fcr ong way inte 26 propamme or timeabe What isthe earth coming to? 21 “Off with her heod!” — am uncertain future for Alice? from tures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll Biologist Paul Ehelich (The Population Bomb) tours campuses warning of @ planet smothered! by proliferation? and ‘rercoasnaptioa?; Barry Commoner's ew volume, THe Poet of Powe, sees capitalism as an irresponsible, ven destructive fore in global affairs Nuclear physicists describe the radiae tion catastrophes inherent in nuclear [power plants’; meteorologists caleu- late the insults to the ozone present in every fight of the SST; biochemists ‘estimate the brain calls destroyed with ‘every martin Even the Pill, once ‘announced asthe answer to population control, now appears to have bazar ons) sie effec. Such perceptions may be glimpses? of tomorrow, or they may be maga ‘cations? of ‘the present — shadows thrown upon a screen labeled! AD 2000, They may be acearste', or they ‘may be as invalld as the predictions fof almost a century ago that saw city welless cansporied everywhere bY that com-fargled'* invention, the bal- loon. Forecasters have 2 habit of ‘extrapolating!> from their surround- ings: the scientist from the laboratory, ‘the statistician from his caleulator, the administrator from his @hlek tank! Is there any future in futurism? 2a Alice's Adven- ‘Such predictions ris, in Lewis Mum- fords phrase, from ® mind ‘operating with its own conceptual apparatus, in its own restrictive field... determined tomake the world over in ts ovm over- simplified terms, willfully rejecting terests and values fneompatble!” with its own assumptions. ‘Does this mean that prediction has no future? Hardly. Ta an epoch of uncertainties, the hunger for prediction is rising t0 the umdbe® level, Nover before has spect lative tion been s0 poplar. Thirty. five science-fiction books were pub- lished in 1945; in 1973, 900 such books were published. Even the pseudo sci ences ere flonishng)?. Srewaly® un- specie astrological charts can be ound in most major newspapers (PISCES":" Do your work despite assing moments of sess). The No- tional Enguirer’s anual contest to ‘gauge! readers’ psychic ability is among the weekly’s most. popular Teatues!3 In fact, it has become im- possible to lead @ modern life without Some form of prophecy. Every stoce marie leter, every longraage2! weather report and baseball stbedale® isa prediction; every gardea and every22. What is the earth coming to? 27 look corey, if unable to ee wall 34 comple sn ened 39 tment 53 saute of bint, deat, dsas, 31 Tange of ction o observation 5 perton who predic the fare 33 Shnyatemaeis planned 3) preven from happening 33 Braway 38 spas ot temporay suing, ‘ee denth nthe Chest 47 tap anaippected mare or danger 33 emty else of pant 39 sappore DEMOCRACY w THE ATOM 1 ack of eriousness 2 eashnest, action taken without fhinking ofthe consequences 4 become the victims o 4 anreal sense of well-being 5 leave (money, ee) to person shen one diet 6 causing cancer 2 causing change inthe structure genes 4 Sate mater, Br more us rubbish 9 order or decree (9 pusaling’ too difcul co lindersand 1 exsing since the beginning of life ouearth 2 that cannot be understood ot known temptation, ateracton, enticement 14 powerfl 15 eliminate 16 control, make positive use of 17 inorder that noe 18 crathed under the feet, child is an_ expres belist in the future; AS Toffer observes, “Under conditions of highspeed change, 2 ‘democracy without the ability to ati- pate condemns itself to death.” ‘But jst how much can it anticipate? How deeply into the future can it peer"? Unhappily, not very fara all No. matier how sophisticated?» the devices or demographics, certain events and event makers willalways lie ‘outside the scope}! of seers!2. The ani, ep herd nt areunpredictable, yet they have formed ‘much of this century’s history. There iS no reason to suspect that they may not form the history ofthe next. Futuristsean help to forestall these ‘troubles. Or they ean pres for changes in some remote pergatory or Eden. Examining Herman Kabn’s thesis, ‘Adam Yamolinsky. University of Massachusetts professor, asks a series of thetorial questions: How do we DEMOCRACY VS. THE ATOM ‘TECHNOLOGICAL EUPHORIA, Formerly, rulers were blamed by their subjects for endless wars, ex- ploitation and cruelty. But the rulers ‘of today’s industrial democracies are suspected of sins no less grave: Ieviey!, irresponsibility, even reck= lessniess?. They have, their subjects fear, fallen prey to° technological euphoria, Parliaments either do not decide these matters or do not know what they are talking about; posterity, t whom we will be~ ueath? the poisonous, carcino genic, perhaps mutagenic” gar- ‘bage! of our nuclear civilization, is ‘not represented in the councils of state; the level of acceptable risk is ‘decided for our societies by techno cratic iat rather than by decisions ‘democratically arrived at. ‘Admittedly, the nuclear issue is et from hereto there? What is the best ‘ind set to move usin that direction? ‘Are wo more likely to succeed if we keep our eyes firmly on the target cen- tunes away? Or ought we to be more ‘concerned about plifal, obstacles, Sificalties we seem to be encountering fn the immediate future?” All responsible seers know the an- ‘wets, ‘The future of futurism lies rooted in the current human condi- tion ~ the saving of cities, the admin- istration of foreign policy, the fore- ‘salng of war and famine and natural tatasttophe. Given decent underpin- lage, tomorrow may yet take care of Atself, What Novelist Antoine de Saint- Enupéry wrote three decades ago must remain the moral fore behind all truly prophetic workers: “As forthe future, your task is not to foresee, But to cnable it Stefan Kanter, Time ‘complex, At a recent international ‘conference, this balling! com- plerity le tothe somewhat helpless Summary: ‘For every expert who Says mankind cannot live with nu~ clear energy, there is at last one ‘more who says mankind cannot live without it” Primordial! fears of the atom, a, democratic horror of inscrutable decision making pro- cesses and, perhaps, the lure" of yet another cause worth dem Skrating, protesting and_ fighting about ~ these make up a potent" mixture. And the whole issue un- ‘deniably poses a serious challenge to ‘democracy. How do we define tech- nological problems in a democratic system? How do we clear up mise tderstandings, disperse!” doubts, handle the manifestations of objec. tors? How can we harness! the planners and make them respons- fole, or atleast responsive, t the people? These questions must be answered lest democracy be tram- pled underfoot! as technology Inarches on. NewsweekA Semantic Fields What is the earth coming to? 23 Discussion + From these articles, does it scem to you that man is racing towards his own destruction? Are they much too pessimistic? 2 Nuclear energy can, and has already been, used for destructive purposes. Why do you think most countries want to posses nuclear weapons, even when they know that if they used them they could precipitate a conflict that might destroy the world? 3, What methods can we use for controlling the population? Should these methods be imposed on people by the Goverment of each country? 4 What do you think of the idea that population control proposals are 2 racist plot by the rich countries to keep the developing nations weak and powerless? 5 What factors account for the present imbalance in the distibution of the world’s food resources? Should countries who have enough food share it with those who have less? Practically, how could they do this? 6 What is the use of being able to predict the future? What are the advantages and disadvantages of predictions which are very pessimistic? Word Study I Misfortunes wet [[craciam ——[arropte ahamiy DISASTER CALAMITY road the loss of accident ‘one's job a plane crash a political or social revolution CATACLYSM ‘The distinctions made here are not absolute and may vary from speaker to speaker. The following may be taken as a general gui cataclysm includes in its meaning [+always widespread], and {[-+sudden and violent change (often social and politica)}24 What isthe earth coming 10? catastrophe stresses the feature [+fatal outcome} disaster implies +loss of life] or[ + loss of property, status, or certain abilities} Calamity stresses the amount of upset or disruption caused by the event. Its use has been extended to include more personal, ‘misfortunes, when it emphasises the features [+ brings personal sorrow] and {+-greatly complicates one’s situation} Notice aso that all these terms, except cataclysm, can be used figuratively, EXAMPLES catastrophe The unexpected arrival of all my aunts in the middle of our nude bathing party was a catastrophe. disaster The absence of audience for the concert made ita total disaster. calamity Calamity! The washing machine overflowed while I ‘was on the telephone, Gamage hare injure impale spoil [= ++ Here area few examples illustrating the major senses of the verbs: damage The storm damaged the house. ‘Smoking can damage your health harm You will harm the baby if you give him too many sweets. His jealousy harmed their relationship. burt The climber was hurt by the falling rock. ‘She was hurt by her friend’s critical remarks impaie Loud noise can impair your hearing. ‘My sense of time has been greatly impaired by working at night. injure ‘The horse's legs were injured when it jumped over the fence.What is the earth coming to? as Brain damage is often caused by head injuies, mar The beauty of the summer afternoon was only marred by ‘one shower of rain, My aunt's presence marred the enjoyment of my stay at the sea, spoil Constant quarrelling is spoiling the happy family. atmosphere This year's apple crop was spoiled by long periods of drought. hog we damage [+/+ farm @ impair I inert Fels injure + [tle mez ls Fe spoil (OH) T+ + 3 Shaking thake [Cente T auake TT auiver —[ativer | aiadaor | often bea of take [+ + wemble | + + [le quke [+] + asiver_ [+ | (#[ [+ le, 1+ ahiver ase + shaddee [+ [7 [+] + #1 All the above verbs, except shake, are intransitive. Shalke can be used cither transitively or ineransitively. EXAMPLES ‘The explosion shook the whole village. Why isthe dog shaking?26 What isthe earth coming to? Asa transitive verb, shake can also be used figuratively. ‘The news ofthe crime shook my faith in the goodness of| humanity Moreover, all these verbs, except shiver, can take either an animate oF inanimate subject. The subject of shiver must be animate, shake Before entering the examination room, the candidate was sheking with fear. The branches of the tree shook in the wind. tremble She trembled as he took her in his arms forthe first time. ‘The old bridge trembled under the train. quake The child quaked with fear as he told us about the accident he ad seen ‘As they climbed the volcano, the ground quaked under their fet. quiver He quivered with emotion atthe sight of his long-lost ‘The rabbit’ ears quivered when it heard the hunter. shiver She shivered at the very thought of seeing a ghost. shudder On seeing the blood-stained knife, she shuddered and screamed. ‘The whole ship shuddered with the vibrations of the engines. ‘When taking an animate subject, all these verbs can — and quake must - be followed by the preposition with. SLES ESS VEILS ahake +/+ +/+ [+ eomble +] [+ +] quake +[F Ci quiver | + ry +1) shive_[ + [ | shudder E +L] + 4 Knowing and telling in advance Torecast | foretell Prophesy + + + + + + + +What isthe earth coming to? 27 oy EEE is Macoroogiaa {= ormiy westher with bright peo Bilogiss +/+ 2 decreas in the bird population duo pollution | Pols aE: that another war would Brak out ‘grea ++ aad harvest Eeonomins + fF Tasive unemployment The old firmer + [+ [eT 2 dy sommer Mine Soli, te French caivoyant [+] [Nixon's downtll The ayPey + |] tac we would havea Saghier Their eigiow bade + [| [i end ofthe word for Api 1,198. The proper fai “| [Fes death on the ros The aologer “| [hie to wardom The old ady 1 [| he death oftheir son 5 Causing danger Gaagerous FD hazardous | perilous risky Perilous is more literary than the other words and has the feature (-+serious, whereas hazardous and risky suggest [+chance]. Risky collocates with nouns that denote action. dangerous_| hazardous | sisky perilous Our stations + = + + Hiisjoumey war + + + + ‘Their escape was + + + Mountain climbing an be + + + ‘This operation is + = + This road is + + This person is + This animal is + Smallpox can be = Books can be =28. What isthe earth coming to? 6 Being strong oe LEGS imoae +++ Tl poteat +e] powerfal [+ [+ | yg E AEE ES MEE VISE PISS S EIS SE ions SGC ee ma +/+ power te EEE EEE B Synonymous Pairs range scope rangeof/+[+[4[+][> scope of + 1+ [+ l+ [+ Unlike range, scope can take the preposition for. EXAMPLE ‘The course doesn’t offer much scope for development. 2 to destroy todevastate | [-+ared of land, city, village] [+leaving nothing that can be used] ExAMPLes ‘The town was devastated by a series of particularly violent hurricanes. ‘The country was devastated by the invading army. 3 to puzzle to baffle | [+confuse] [+ cause to have difficulty in | understanding]Whot is the earth coming to? 29 ‘The clues left by the murderer baffled the detectives who were trying to solve the case. Regular sightings of unidentified flying objects continue to baffle astronomers. 4 to contaminate | [+-make impure or poisonous] [+ by contact vwith harmfal matter] [+ esp with harmful bacteria, poison-gas, or radioactivity] to pollute | [+make dirty] [+ by introduction of harmful waste-products} EXAMPLES. ‘The well was contaminated by deed rats. (One bag of mouldy flour was responsible for conteminating a whole day's bread production. ‘The ar in big cities is heavily polluted by carbon monoxide. ‘Waste from the chemical factory has polluted the lake and killed all the fish 5. toprevent to forestall | [+by doing sth before the action intended by another even starts] prevent forestall EXAMPLES ‘The guards prevented him from escaping. ‘The guards forestallled his attempt to escape. 6 ugly cnsightly ‘The two words differ mainly in their collocational properties. Qe, 4 eS SSIES LSS ISS 1+ [#1+]+[ @) 1 ESERIES ualy (= unsighly I30 What is the earth coming to? about, or bringing [ +beneficial] about, definite results} J [-+ often to health] Notice that the { ee enclose features that apply to both words. 7 effective {sare | efficacious Le Sie GS /, GEIS ES ‘siiective +L Flt l+ { ‘efficacious | +[+]+) 8 adventurous | [+cagerto explore the unknown) {+ positive] reckless [-rnot worrying about posible bad consequence [+ negative] oe KAAS VOPESSS adventurous +t reckless +l [e [ele 9 diene ear ne oie i remote | manner he CSAS LS ISLES iat ce feteals — eile Figuratively, distant and remote are more common as predicative adjunets EXAMPLES, He is very distant towards his students It's difficult to com#unicate with the Browns because they are so remote,1 Give the opposite of the followin; 2 Which nouns can be derived from the following words? 3 Match the appropriate features with each of the following words: 4 What are the things thee 5 Which verbs correspond to the following nouns? 6 Guess the missing word. What isthe earth coming to? 31 Exercises 1 arresponsible act 2 asimple device 3 an adequate description 4 an industrialized country 5 a valid statement 6 an increasing birth rate 7 a well nourished child 8 an incredible story 1 complacent 2 deep 3 ferocious 4 short 5 to nourish 6 wo fertilize 7 to pollute 8 to.consume 9 to dwell Jo toassume 11 to perceive 12 democratic 13 t0 grow 14 cruel 1 hazardous 2 tolure 3 ferocity 4 valid 5 reckless 6 inherent 7 to suffice "8 tranquillity 9 to disperse [+dangerous] [+ cruel] {+sound] [+ be enough] [+ peace] [-hateract] [+ well based] [+ permanent quality of] [+not worry about consequences] [+ chance] [+ calm] [+cause to disappear] 1 flourish 2 worsen 3 leak 4 taste smother 6 baffle 7 quake 8 eridanger 9 infest 10 clearup 11 perish 12 last 1 success 2 announcement 3 extrapolation 4 destruction 5 observation 6 application 7 danger 8 reduction 9 assertion 1 Twas sitting right atthe back of the cinema, and I couldn't see thes... . properly. 2 Two years of bad harvests provoked a food shortage which caused widespread €. 3 We are taking part in a new research project on the environment whose s.... . should be wider than any yet undertaken. 4 The new d..... which has been built across the river will create a large lake. 5 Now that we have had some rain the flowers and vegetables are f 6 A thorough inspection will be necessary before we can ga ‘exactly the extent of the damage. 7 Once he had told her he thought she was too fat their relationship d .... rapidly, and within a few weeks they separated. 8 A survey made ofa... selection of students shows that over fifty percent prefer to study at night and sleep during the day, 9 Most of the country’s food is grown in its most f..... region. 10 You have both taken up such extreme points of view that 1 cannot see how tor... . your conflict.32 Whatis the earth coming t9? 7 Which adjectives and adverbs can be derived from the following? 8 Choose the word that best fits the context. Modify its form where necessary. 9 What can you. . 10 What are the similarities and/or differences between the following psirs? 11 Give some nouns with which the following could collocate: 12 Summarize, orally or in writing, Schurnacher’s “Nuclear Energy’ using the following words: r poison 2 truth 3 shrewdness 4 concept hazard 6 efficacy 7 impression 8 end 9 comparison 10 doubt rr number 12 utopia EXAMPLE Ton like this coffee, T's fr too strong. (power strong, potent). 1 The killing of two students . . . . . a violent rebellion. (cause, trigger off 2 Ifyou don’ like washing up, you could... nto the possiblity of buying a washing-ap machine. (nquize, ask) 3 "The witness was +. 0 tell us anything, but in the end he agreed, (anviling, reluctant) 4 The father vowed he would... .. his daughter marrying the man. (forestall, prevent) 5 Exactly how children leam co speak is a problem which linguists no less now than twenty years ago. (baffe, astonish) 6 A most... . argument about who should go and fetch the bread from the kitchen was going on between Martin and Paul when I came in. (trivial, unimportant) 7 la spite of all attempts to elicit information, mother remained quite... . about the promised surprise. (inscrutable, mysterious) ‘Most of the people questioned in the survey were far more than we hoped, and gave very full answers to our questions. (sensitive, responsive) 9 The ..... fashion for women to have their hair short is most uunfeminine. (current, present) to The accident... his confidence in his driving ability, (shatter, break) 1 dismantle 2 trigger off 3 absorb 4 fear 5 harness 6 irrigate 7 destroy 8 publish 9 gauge 10 forestall 1 propeller-driven planefjet 2 schedule/time-table 3. hunger] famine 4 city/town|village 5 misfortune/catastrophe 6 smog/fogimist 7 weapon/gun/bomb/bullet 8 happiness] euphoria 9 self-confidencejcomplacency 10 one’s children/one’s, ‘offspring 11 responsbilityjliabiliey 12 warjriot 13 look/ glimpse 14 forecast[prediction/prophecy 15 laglgap 16 fertilizermanure 17 ground/soil 1 (a) gradual... 2 (@)safe... 3 acarcinogenic... 4a harmful... § ahazardous... 6 ewo incompatible... 7 (3) long-range... 8 asophisticated ... 9 atandom... 10 an inadequate... 11 anirtesponsible... 12 a shrewd radioactive, radiation, damage, cells, hazardous, nuclear, exposure, wastes, reactors, to dismantle, to dumpRi In what way are the following words or phrases negative? Ra Find words to ft the following definitions) descriptions: R3 Match appropriate features with each of the following words: Notice that not all of the features mentioned are relevant. Rg Test your collocational competeace by filling in this chart. It tookea native speaker 1§ minutes to identify the 33 collocations in this table. Time yourself while completing the chart. Notice thet the order of the items has been changed, What isthe earth coming to? 33 Revision Exercises 1 complacency 2 ahazardous experiment 3 vanity 4 damage 5 overcrowding 6 wastes) 7 insult § reckless driving 9 horror 10 carthquake 11 shortage 12. undernourished 1 side effects (of medication) 14 devastating 15 pitfalls 16 maniac 17 tosmather 18 conceit 1 bringing ina lot of money 2 never finishing, ceaseless 3 unable to exist together in harmony 4 showing sound Judgment and common sense 5 unsystematic, unplanned 6 far away, distant 7 artificial, man-made & writen request 9 anecesary part ofa whole io move about feecly and aimlesly 11 a piece of work, usually assigned 12 containing contradictory features 1 stature 2 plight 3 overt 6 bump into’ 7 grimy [++dire rubbed into surface] [+ bad] [+ closed] [+ glosses] [ + meet] [+importance] [+ dirt covering surface] [+baiss] [+to be noticed) [+0 be done slowly] [ +accidentally] [+ guided by one’s sense of ‘what is right] [+ privilege] [+ condition] 4 conscientious 5 eyelashes handsome ietty [ charming lovely Rs And now ery these: 1 Native-speaker time frodace f ‘generate34 What is the earth coming to? 2 Native-speaker time 1 min, and 25 sec. SESE IESG oe wrong, potent powerful 6 Choose the word that best fits the context. Modify its form where necessary. 7 Produce a logical and coherent story by Gilling ia the blanks with appropriate ‘words from the list, modifying their form where necessary. Notice that not all of the words listed are relevant. 1 He does not... money. (to rate, to asses, to value) 2 The surveyor -.... the damage to the houses at £100,000. (to estimate, to evaluate, to assess, to value) 3 Whata.... . man! (pretty, lovely, handsome) “4 What a pity that her manners are not as... as her face! (lovely, pretty, charming) 5 The cleaner looked at the list of... ... to be done in the house and groaned inwardly. (task, chore, work) 6 His homework was a... that lasted two hours each night. (work, chore, task) 7 «is overestimating your own worth! (vanity, conceit, self-esteem) 8 Vultures live on... decaying carcases. (grimy, filthy, grubby) 9 She's a... . student, never failing to tun up to lectures (honest, conscientious, careful) 10 We fele as... . as the wind, now that the long term was over. (careless, reckless, carefree) 11 He was very... with the children, looking after them 25, though they Were his own. (conscientious, careful, honest) 12 The chances of finding him were so ..... that they gave up the search, (remote, distant, far away) scruffy, filthy, effective, unsightly, strong, powerful, potent, reckless, remote, dissect, kill, harm, spoil, ruin injure, hurt, damage, impair, cut, replace, supersede, matter, forestall, asess, cevaluate, estimate, value, rate, calamity, cataclysm, range, scope ‘The motorcyclist r..... a pedestrian when he collided with him, and as a result the pedestrian’s health was 2. .... for several weeks. ‘The motor-cycle itself was not 3. ...., however, and the motor- cyclist was not 4......"Thishas§.... my day?’ 6..... the cyclist. The pedestrian, a rather 7... individual a the best of times, now looked positively 8 .... as he picked himself up out of the mud. ‘My motorbike's a bit too 9...” apologised the cyclist, mentally 10... ing the man, who bore a 11. resemblance to a well-known film actor. He handed the pedestrian arather 12... drink from a small bottle, like a doctor giving out ‘medicine. Indeed one could well imagine the cyclist in this role, or sitting white-coated in a laboratory 13 ..... ing specimens.What is the earth coming to? 35 In actual fact the cyclist had once been a champion boxer but had eventually been 14... by a younger rival. By that time anyway he was fed up with such 15... things as bleeding mouths and broken noses, and had decided to go in for motorcycle racing. He had imagined that there would be plenty of 16... in this feld for someone of his capabilities, and besides, the 17... of competitions each year was unlimited. 18... ing the value of the prizes to be won had set his head spinning, and it was in this 19... moment that he had put his foot on the accelerator and the 20... . had occurred. He tried 021 the collision with the pedestrian, but alas, his brakes, all too 22... had set the bike spinning.36 Unit 3 The humananimal macaques JAPANESE MACAQUES Here sabres tee ‘Among Japanese macaques! are these striking” features: a few 2ttention, males dominate the troop’, several old females attack others of 3 ffoups of people or animals often | their sex without retaliation’ and many adult females threaten’ het moving oath © for | and chase® males. There is clearly aright dominance hlerarchy’, 4 return the same ill treatment analogous! toa pecking order” - : siemace,comumunicasoue's .ggressiveness is not important in determining rank'®, The og Memon teragere | higher a monkey's status, the fewer the attacks made on him ‘a (Dominance rank is basically linear** but there are occasional TE mele reversals") By the same token'”, high rank does not Pe et geana_ | ecesully eatal™ highly aggresive behaviour. Having serene aettccsis"* | attained!” his position, the leader, secure and confident, does flock. ee . ‘not need to attack others as much as lower-ranking males. Se Nor does size play a vital role. One leader observed was small, = had no canine teeth and only one eye. Yet there was never any 11 oneafier dhe ote, intnes, | challenge'’ to his authority. "3 changes of drecion wards pois |" Eehologisis™® believe an animal's dominance rank is closely 1 in therame way correlated’? with its mother’s, Sons of high-ranking females14 make necessary, cary with it asa 16 the fur pointed veh "7 Saree il ne wishes to fight Wid 18 Shove who study nora animal bheviour 19 conmected,eelted 9 22 the boundary ine, the ouside or fuer sree 2 continue be present 33 Conant decve oer by pretending to bostrong or by Efreatening co do someting that fone cannot rely do 2 pohly 34 Beas of prey which il and eat : 25 the ier order of animal, Incadng tan, ape and monkeys JACKDAWS IN LOVE 1 eying to sta sexy, courting (i ed of people) 2S Europea bid, something ikea Gxow, but smaller 3 se oft uct 4 warm, psonsté quick unings of the eye to show cing 5 ofl who eiesto persuade a ‘oman to matty hin 6 grotique movements, sometimes casio 9 honesty, relly & ofboytend 9 conn, agement 10 crouching elon tothe ground 1 shaking, eembling, maldng quick, Small uncontoibie movernens 12 fare mite 55 gfengagement or promise to marry 14 make necessary, carci with a2 tecesary consequence 1s mormarted The human animal 37 ‘may remain at the centre of the troop while others are driven to. he periphery™. Probably the mother’s influence carries over" ind this is seen in many macaques fights which turn out to be tuffing matches”. Here, as usual, the deciding factor is the monkey's status. Presumably the higher the rank of the | combattant’s mother, the more self-confident he is and the more} ertain of victory. Also important in determining the social order isthe functional ‘ole of each animal, ranging from watching for predators" to rearing a family. The study of such primate” societies may help us to better { understand human social behaviour. an abstract from "The Social Order of Japanese Macaques’ by | G Gray Eaton, Sciemtfic American Jackdaws in love ‘Remarkable and exceedingly comical isthe diference ia eloquence between the ‘eyeplay of the eng! mate jckdaw? and that of the courted female: the male casts glomlag glsocest straight into his loved one's eyes, while she apparently tums her eyes in all directions other than that of her ardent sito. In Felity, of course, she i watching him all the time, and her quick elances ofa fraction second are quite long enough to make her realize that al his aie ae calculated to inspire her admiration; long enough tole ‘hin’ know that she knows. If she ‘s genuinely? not interested, and willnot look at him at all, thea the young jackday ‘male gives up his vain efforts as quickly as, well any other young fellow, To her sais, now proudly advancing in alt his glory, the young jackdaw lady finally ves her asseat? by equating!” before him and quivering! in a typical wey, with ‘her wings and tail. These movements of both partaers symbolize a ritual mating invitation, though they do nct lead to actual union, but are purely a greeting szremony. From the moment that the brie-o-bel? has submitted to her male, she becomes selfpossessed and aguressive towards all the other members of the colony. Fora femal, the betrotaal® eatalis!+ a high promotion inthe colony, for being, om the average, smaller and weaker than the male, she stands much lower in rank than he as oog as she is erg! ‘The betrothed pair form a hear-felt mutual defence league, each of the _eriners supporting the other most loyally. This i extentit, because they have to38. The human animal 16 fight, serge 17 sexes engaged in supporting 2 18 fiewateh 19 walk up and down 2 slowly, heavily Br not lying fat 33 mourfil, sorrowful, sad 33 aking ins homble way 36 low, sft tones of voice 35 a bled’ beak 236 Keeping clean, usually for horses by ataeretch, without interruption 38 staoothe and arranges feathers swith is beak 29 Sppeang to the senses, oF onsciout of one's body and ts ‘flex on others 30 extends, makes longer o larger 41 eager, anaious to help, or take care ons 32 teembling, shaking contend!s with the competition of older and higher standing couples in the sragge to take and hold 2 nesting cavity. This militant!” love is fascinating to bebolls. Constantly in an atdtude of maximum sei-display, and hardly ever separated by more than a yard, the two make their way through ie. They seem. tremendously proud of each other, as they pace!® ponderously® side by side, with their heed feathers refed to emphasize their black velvet caps and light grey silken necks. And its really touching to see how affectionate these two wild treatures are with each other. Every delicacy that the male finds i given to is bride and she accepsit withthe plalatlve? begging” eestures and notes otherwise typical of baby birds. Infact, the love-wblspers™ ofthe couple consist chiefly of Stl sounds sre by aut ata fr thee ossions, Asi, how steangely human! “The male jackdaw’s habit of feeding his wife is a charming gesture which appeals dicey to our human understanding, andthe chief expression of tender- nese shown by the female is no les attractive to our minds, It consists in her ‘leaning those pars of his head feathers which he cannot reach with his own [BPS. Friendly jackdaws, a also many other social birds and animals, often per- form mutually the duty of socal grooring®*, without any ulterior erotic motive. But {know of no other being which so throws its heart into the process asa love- sick jacked lady! For minutes oa ead? — and that isa longtime for such a quick- ‘very eeature~she preens™ her husband's beautiful, long silken neck eather, ‘and be, with seestous expression and ha-shut eyes, stretches his neck towards hr, The most appealing part of ther relationship is that thei affection increases ‘vith the years instead of diminishing. Jackdaws are longclved birds end become neatly a2 old as human beings. Furthermore, they become betrothed in their frst yer, and marry in their second, so their union lasts long perhaps longer than that of human beings. But even after many years, the male sil feeds his wife with the same solicits"! care, and finds for her te sme low tones of love, tremalous* ‘ith inward emotion, that he whispered in his fist spring of betrothal and of love. Konrad Z Lorenz, King Solomon's Ring Instinct or Intelligence? (Of all the eruteh-words! that ‘modern scientists use to describe what they do not understand “instinet is probably the most pernicious?. To Austrian tthologist Kart von Frisch, however. the mysteries of nature 219 not so easily explained. and he finds evidence in the behavior of insects, birds and other creatures suggesting that learning and individual experience play @ greater cole in the life of anirials hhard-liners* care to admit, In ‘Animal Architecture’ von Frisch explores, ‘with an alart® eve for ‘raftmanship®, the details of ‘animal construction from the pebble-lined” homes of the tropical jawfish to the simple Equally impressive, though less twae-nests of apes. In his view. complex, are the hanging nests of termites are the animal world's the penduline titmice'®, whose master architects and civil homes are so sturdily’? built that fngineers. Some species build they are sometimes used as purses towering homes nearly 25 feet by the Masai of East Alrica and high ~ the equivalent. on @ human even worn as sligpers'® by scale, of @ mile-high apartment children in eastern Europe. The bbullding®. In rainy climates, nest of the knot-tying termites add roots with ‘weaverbird’® is st once more overhanging eaves? to protect __delivate and more loosely their homes against torrential plaited2® ~ and for a very good Storms, Inarid'@ vegions of the reason, The female ofthe species. ‘Ausivalian outback". compass it appears is very fastidious?” If termites construct termitares in she finds her mate's workmanship the shape of axheade'# the thin shoddy, she will spurn his Sides always point north and south sexval overturas%, forcing him 0 thatthe broad sides can catch 10 unweave his handiwork? and the warming rays ofthe rising and begin all over again. Obviously Setting sun, For water. some desert von Frisch argues, the male is termites in Africa bore holes down learning from his rabuff?®, not to water tables st a dept of 130. operating by instinct alone, fect a truly prodigious feat"? Through repeated experience, ‘of civil engineering™.von Frisch individual birds lean how to build marvele', for such small animals better nests, ad through trial and working in such loosely packed'® error. they may also discover that sol some grasses make better materials