6 2024 s^{_p-h-cn 12

Volume 47 No.07
ä‑n-]‑n-F‑w s‑I‑m-«‑m-c-¡-c k-¹‑n-s‑aâ‑v 2024

B-t‑L‑m-j-§-f‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X
i-X‑m-Ð‑n ]‑n-¶‑n-S‑p-¶
s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p a‑n-j³ X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v:
N‑m-t‑¡‑m s‑I. t‑X‑m-a-k‑v, s‑_‑w-K-f‑q-c‑p
\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑e A-s‑¸‑m-k‑v-X-e‑n-I P‑o-h‑n-X-c‑o-X‑n
A-\‑p-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ t‑{‑]-c‑n-X-\‑m-b A-t‑±-l‑w k‑n-
k-µÀ-i‑n-¨‑v s‑I‑m-Ã‑w‑, X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c‑w
F-¶‑n-h-S-§-f‑n t‑b‑m-K-§Ä \-S-¯‑n.
sNss¶ BØm\¯pÅ Bcm[\m a-µncw

W‑p s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p a‑n-j³. 1963s‑e

C³-U‑y³ s‑k‑m-s‑s‑k-ä‑o-k‑v c-P‑n-k‑v-t‑{‑S-j³
]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑p‑w
A-\‑p-b‑m-b‑n-I-f‑p‑w
t‑P-¡-_‑v ]‑n. a‑m-X‑y‑p‑, s‑I‑m-«‑m-c-¡-c
_‑n-P‑p t‑P‑m¬ s‑I‑m-«‑m-c-¡-c
F‑w-F-k‑v h‑n-«‑p ]-{‑´-ï‑p-c‑q-] h‑m-S-I-b‑v-¡‑p
k-I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑w h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-P‑o-h‑n-X‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p.
s‑I‑m-«‑m-c-¡-c-b‑n A-t‑±-l‑w \-S-¯‑n-b
t‑b‑m-K-§-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-
B-Î‑v {‑]-I‑m-c‑w k-` ‑'k‑n-t‑e‑m¬ s‑]-s‑´-
t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p a‑n-j³‑' F-¶ t‑]-c‑n F-¸‑n-k‑v- hn -i‑z‑m-k-t‑k-h-\‑w
\-b‑n-¨‑p-h-¶ ]‑m-
_‑n-k‑n-\-k‑v X-IÀ-¶‑v B-ß-
l-X‑y-b‑v-s‑¡‑m-c‑p-§‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-W‑v

C -´‑y-b‑n-s‑e s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p {‑]-Ø‑m-\-

§-f‑p-s‑S N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n ]-e-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w
t‑h-d‑n-«‑p-\‑n-e‑v-¡‑p-¶ s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p
a‑n-j³ B-t‑L‑m-j-§-f‑p‑w _-l-f-§-f‑p-s‑a‑m-¶‑p-
a‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X i-X‑m-Ð‑n ]‑n-¶‑n-S‑p-¶‑p. {‑i‑o-e-¦-b‑n F-
f‑n-b \‑n-e-b‑n X‑p-S-§‑n-b k-` t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e
h‑n-h‑n-[ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n ]-SÀ-¶‑p ]-´-e‑n-¨‑p-I-g‑n-
ª‑p. h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑p‑w e‑m-f‑n-X‑y-h‑p‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p
P-\-l‑r-Z-b-§-s‑f C-{‑X-b-[‑n-I‑w B-IÀ-j‑n-¨ s‑]-
s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w t‑h-s‑d-b‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p-X-s‑¶
]-d-b‑m‑w. k‑m-[‑m-c-W a-e-b‑m-f‑n-b‑m-b H-c‑mÄ s‑s‑Z-
h-I-c-§-f‑n k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨-X‑n-s‑â ^-e-a‑m-b‑n {‑i‑o-e-
¦-b‑n B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ s‑N-d‑n-b {‑]‑mÀ-Y-\‑m-k‑w-L‑w
C-{‑X-b-[‑n-I‑w c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n h-fÀ-¶‑p-h‑n-I-k‑n-¨-
X‑p k-` c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S
{‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v.
X‑r-È‑q-c‑n-s‑e G-§-ï‑n-b‑q-c‑n-s‑e k‑m-[‑m-c-W
I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n c‑m-a³-I‑p-«‑n-s‑b-¶ t‑]-c‑n P-\‑n-¨‑p-
h-fÀ-¶‑v, ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑p ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑mÄ F-¶ t‑]-c‑nÂ
{‑]-k‑n-²-\‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶ s‑s‑Z-h-`‑r-X‑y-\‑m-W‑p s‑]-
s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p a‑n-j³ k-`-I-f‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-]-I³.
s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p-a‑n-j³ H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-k‑n-
I‑u-a‑m-c-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p I‑m-s‑e-S‑p-¯‑p-h-b‑v-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g
D-]-P‑o-h-\‑w h-e‑n-b I-S-¼-b‑m-b‑n-a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p c‑m-
a³-I‑p-«‑n-¡‑v. A-¡‑m-e-¯‑p t‑P‑m-e‑n-t‑X-S‑n ]-e-c‑p‑w
{‑i‑o-e-¦-b‑n t‑]‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-§-s‑\ ]-X‑n-\‑m-e‑p
h-b-Ê‑p-Å-t‑¸‑mÄ A-t‑±-l‑w s‑I‑m-f‑w-t‑_‑m-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n.
s‑s‑l-µ-h-]-Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑y‑m-\‑n-
b‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶ `-à-\‑p‑w [-\‑n-I-\‑p-a‑m-b t‑U‑m-ÎÀ
A-{‑k-¸-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p X-s‑â s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ-Z‑m-X‑m-h‑v. k‑n-
F‑w-F-k‑v k-`‑m‑w-K-a‑m-b A-t‑±-l-h‑p‑w `‑m-c‑y-b‑p‑w
c‑m-a³-I‑p-«‑n-s‑b k‑z-´‑w a-I-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-s‑e k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-
¨‑v‑, X-\‑n-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n {‑]‑mÀ-Y‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w
X-s‑¶ ]-Å‑n-b‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]-X‑n-s‑\-
«‑m-a-s‑¯ h-b-Ê‑n t‑b-i‑p-h‑n-s‑\ ZÀ-i-\-¯‑nÂ
I-ï c‑m-a³-I‑p-«‑n A-¶‑p-a‑p-XÂ {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-s‑\
c-l-k‑y-a‑m-b‑n [‑y‑m-\‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-¶‑p. C-c‑p-]-s‑¯‑m-¶‑m‑w
h-b-Ê‑n h‑o-ï‑p‑w s‑s‑Z-h-ZÀ-i-\-a‑p-ï‑m-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S
IÀ-¯‑m-h‑n-s‑\ c-£-I-\‑m-b‑n G-ä‑p-]-d-ª‑v, Ú‑m-
\-k‑v-\‑m-\-t‑a-ä‑p t‑]‑m-f‑m-b‑n. c‑m-a³-I‑p-«‑n {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑y‑m-
\‑n-b‑m-b h‑n-h-c‑w h‑o-«‑n-e-d‑n-ª ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v X-s‑¶
\‑m-«‑n-t‑e-¡‑p a-S-¡‑n-h-c‑p-¯‑m³ N‑n-e-s‑c \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p.
G-g‑p-hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w `-h-\-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-t‑¨À-¶
t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑\ {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑p-h‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w ]‑n³-X‑n-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-
]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v s‑_‑m-s‑d-Ã‑m ]-«-W-¯‑n G-g‑p-c‑q-]
a‑m-k-h‑m-S-I-b‑v-¡‑p h‑o-s‑S-S‑p-¯‑p k-`‑m-t‑b‑m-K-
h‑p‑w a-ä‑p {‑]‑mÀ-Y-\‑m-¡‑q-«-§-f‑p‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p;
C-X‑n-s‑â X‑p-SÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k‑n-t‑e‑m¬ s‑]-
s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p a‑n-j³.
]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑â h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-P‑o-h‑n-X‑w
X‑p-a‑n-j-\‑v C-h‑n-s‑S X‑p-S-¡‑w I‑p-d‑n-¡‑m³
I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b-X‑v.
k-`-b‑p-s‑S C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-`-h-\‑w 1933Â X‑q-¯‑p-¡‑p-S‑n-b‑n-
e‑m-W‑p X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X‑v. \‑m-e‑v-]-X‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w
hÀ-j‑w k-`-b‑v-¡‑p t‑\-X‑r-X‑z‑w \Â-I‑n-b
t‑I‑m-¸Â k-`-b‑m-b‑n s‑N-s‑s‑¶-b‑n c-P‑n-ÌÀ
s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. 1970 {‑i‑o-e-¦³ K-h¬-s‑aâ‑v
]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n ]‑m-k‑m-¡‑n-b \‑n-b-a-{‑]-I‑m-
c-a‑m-W‑p a‑n-j-s‑\ F-¸‑n-k‑v-t‑I‑m-¸Â k-`-
b‑m-b‑n A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑v. 1984 a‑p-XÂ k-`
C-´‑y-b‑n Z‑n s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p a‑n-j³
ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑p‑w I‑p-S‑p‑w-
_-t‑¯‑m-S‑p‑w \‑n-c-h-[‑n k‑v-
{‑X‑o-]‑p-c‑p-j-·‑mÀ t‑NÀ-¶‑p.
F-Ã‑m-h-s‑c-b‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S
k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I‑, k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-\‑n-e
t‑]‑mÄ D-]-t‑Z-i‑n A-b‑m-s‑f
I-ï‑p-a‑p-«‑n-b-X‑v. D-]-t‑Z-i‑n
A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑p t‑h-ï‑n
{‑i-²-t‑b‑m-s‑S {‑]‑mÀ-Y‑n-¨‑p:
‑'IÀ-¯‑m-t‑h‑, ]-g-b-a-\‑p-j‑y³
]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑m-s‑X H-¸‑w I‑q- a-c‑n-¨‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑m-
A-X‑p-e‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-t‑±-l‑w X‑m-a-k‑n-¨‑p- ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑mÄ 1945 P‑q-s‑s‑e \‑m-e‑n-\‑p C-l- F-¶ t‑]-c‑p k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. A-d‑p-]-¯-©‑n- «‑n. I‑p-j‑vT-t‑c‑m-K‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ b‑n P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ C-h-s‑\
k‑p-h‑n-t‑i-j-t‑h-e-s‑N-b‑v-X `-h-\-¯‑n-\‑p ‑'s‑^- t‑e‑m-I-h‑m-k‑w s‑h-S‑n-ª‑p. a-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p e-[‑n-I‑w c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-a‑p-Å B-Z‑w B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-t‑±-l- k-l‑m-b‑n-t‑¡-W-t‑a‑!‑' a‑m-X‑y‑p-
b‑v-¯‑v t‑l‑m‑w‑' A-Y-h‑m ‑'h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-`-h-\‑w‑' a‑p³-]‑v A-t‑±-l‑w k-l-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑p s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑v a‑n-j-\‑p C-´‑y-b‑n 28 ¯‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y A-\‑p-b‑m-b‑n. k-t‑l‑m-Z-c³ i-c‑n-¡‑p‑w H-c‑p
X‑m³ F-¯‑n-t‑¨À-¶-X‑p I‑p-¶‑w-I‑p-f-¯‑p-Å I‑p-c‑p- A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. k‑n-F‑w-F-k‑v t‑k-h-\‑w F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p \‑m-a-I-c-W‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. \Â-I‑n-b k-t‑µ-i‑w C-§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p: k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n 43 s‑kâ-d‑p-I-f‑p‑w B-Z-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n A-t‑±-l‑w ]‑p-X‑p-a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑p.
h‑n-f-b‑m-i‑m-s‑â `-h-\-¯‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑]‑m-f‑n-\‑p D-t‑]-£‑n-¡‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨ X‑m³ C-¡‑m-c‑y‑w s‑s‑h- k‑z-´‑w B-h-i‑y-§Ä s‑s‑Z-h-t‑¯‑m-S-Ã‑m-s‑X ‑'F-s‑â i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-b‑p-s‑S B-c‑w-`-hÀ-j-§Ä 2000þ ]-c‑w s‑^-b‑v-¯‑v t‑l‑m-a‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, {‑]‑mÀ-Y‑n-¨‑p; IÀ-¯‑m-h‑v A- A-b‑mÄ t‑h-Z-]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w
F-´‑p k-l‑m-b‑w s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p‑w B-i‑m³ X-¿‑m-d‑m-b‑n. Z‑n-I-s‑k-a‑n-\‑m-c‑n-b‑n k-l-]‑mT‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ d-h. a-ä‑m-t‑c‑m-S‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-t‑±-l-h‑p‑w IÀ-¯‑m-h‑n-s‑\ I‑q-S‑m-s‑X R‑m³ {‑]-hÀ- h‑n-t‑Z-i c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n 46 s‑kâ-d‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, b‑mÄ-¡‑p ]-c‑n-]‑qÀ-W k‑u- h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑p‑w k‑p-h‑n-
A-§-s‑\ t‑I‑m-«-b-¯‑p-Å k‑n-F‑w-F-k‑v s‑s‑h-Z‑n-I ]‑n. s‑F. t‑P-¡-_‑v F-¶ _‑m-]‑v-ä‑n-Ì‑p ]‑m-Ì-s‑d I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-h‑p‑w a‑p-g‑p-¸-«‑n-W‑n-b‑nÂ-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w s‑s‑Z- ¯‑n-¨‑p. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑p R‑m-\‑p‑w IÀ-¯‑m-h‑p-a‑m- a‑p-¶‑q-d‑nÂ-¸-c‑w k-`-I-f‑p‑w 15000e-[‑n-I‑w i‑p- J‑y‑w \-e‑v-I‑n. t‑i-j-a-d‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑p‑w
s‑k-a‑n-\‑m-c‑n-b‑n ]-c‑n-i‑o-e-\-¯‑n-\-b-¨‑p. ]T-\‑m- A-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑p. A-t‑±-l‑w X-s‑¶ ]-c‑n-i‑p-²‑m-ß-\‑n-d- h-s‑¯ k‑v-X‑p-X‑n-¨‑p-P‑o-h‑n-¨‑p. h-g‑n-t‑b‑m-c-s‑¯ b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑p. H-S‑p-h‑n F-¶‑n-e‑q-s‑S {‑i‑q-j-I-c‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e B-Ø‑m-\- c-ï‑p a-¡-f‑p-s‑S ]‑n- k-aÀ-Y-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. B-f‑p-
\-´-c‑w s‑I‑m-f‑w-t‑_‑m-b‑n-s‑e a-e-b‑m-f a‑n-j-\‑n-s‑e h‑p-Å P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p \-b‑n-¨‑v, a-{‑Z‑m-k‑n-e‑p-Å s‑s‑]-¸‑p-s‑h-Å‑w I‑p-S‑n-¨‑v, I‑mÂ-\-S-b‑m-b‑n IÀ-¯‑m-h‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w a-µ‑n-c‑w s‑N-s‑s‑¶-b‑n-e‑p‑w A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-t‑e- X‑m-h‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ hÀ-K‑o-k‑v I-f‑p-s‑S _‑p-²‑n-k‑m-aÀ-Y‑y-t‑a‑m
k‑p-h‑n-t‑i-j-I-\‑m-b‑n. H‑m-k‑v-t‑{‑S-e‑n-b-¡‑m-c‑m-b N‑n-e s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p k-©-c‑n-¨‑v A-t‑±-l‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª k-X‑y‑w R‑m³ h‑n-{‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. F-s‑â X‑p \‑y‑q-t‑P-g‑v-k‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w {‑i‑o-e-¦-b‑n-t‑e-X‑p k-t‑l‑m-Z-c³ B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p i‑m-c‑o-c-I-h‑y-à‑n-X‑z-t‑a‑m ]-c‑n-
h-e‑n-b {‑]-X‑o-£-t‑b‑m-s‑S-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p t‑]‑mÄ a‑n-j-\-d‑n-a‑m-s‑c ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v C‑u a‑n-j- {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. k-l-[À-a‑n-W‑n-b‑p‑w a-¡- t‑h-e ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-b‑n. F-Ã‑m-h-c‑p‑w s‑F- a-«-¡‑p-f‑n-b‑n-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑m c‑m-P‑y-¯‑p‑w c-ï‑m-a-s‑¯ A-\‑p-b‑m-b‑n. K-W‑n-¡‑m-s‑X F-Ã‑m-h-s‑c-b‑p‑w
B-ß‑o-b-t‑k-h-\-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-c‑p-§‑n-b-X‑v. F-¶‑m A- \-d‑n-a‑m-s‑c s‑I‑m-f‑w-t‑_‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-¯‑n t‑b‑m-K-§Ä f‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑p F-¶‑p‑w ]‑n³-X‑p-W-t‑b-I‑n I‑y-a-X‑y-a‑p-Å-h-c‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I. F-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w ]-e {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I t‑]-c‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑p A-d‑n-b- hÀ-K‑o-k‑v k-t‑l‑m-Z-c-s‑\ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑mÄ ]
W‑n-b-d-b‑n-s‑e ]-e I‑m-c‑y-§-f‑p‑w k-`-b‑p-s‑S B-ß‑o- \-S-¯‑n. A-h X-s‑¶ ]-c‑n-i‑p-²‑m-ß-\‑n-d-h‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w I‑q-s‑S-\‑n-¶‑p. B h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑Z-t‑h-ã‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I.‑' s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. D-Z‑m-l-c-W-a‑m-b‑n‑, A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ X-t‑¶‑m-S‑p I‑q-s‑S X‑m-a-k‑n- T‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑p k-` s‑\-©‑n-t‑e-
b-a‑m-µ‑y-h‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª-t‑¸‑mÄ h-e‑n-b Z‑p‑x-J-a‑m-W‑v a‑p-g‑p-I k‑v-\‑m-\-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w \-b‑n-¨‑p. B-Z‑n-a H‑mÀ-a-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-e‑m-W‑p s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p a‑n- h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-h‑o-c-\‑p‑w [‑o-c-\‑p-a‑m-b ]‑m- s‑F-I‑y-\‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n ‑'\‑y‑q s‑S-Ì-s‑aâ‑v NÀ- ¸‑n-¨‑p. A-b‑mÄ ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑p ä‑n-b-X‑n-s‑â s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-W-t‑Ã‑m
j-s‑â k-`‑m-a-µ‑n-c-§-s‑f ‑'s‑^-b‑v-¯‑v t‑l‑m‑w‑' ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑â \‑n-c‑y‑m-W-s‑¯ X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p ¨‑v‑' F-¶‑p‑w C‑w-¥-ï‑n ‑'b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-k h-e‑n-b {‑]‑mÀ-Y-\‑m-h‑o-c-\‑m- ]‑p-X‑p-¸-Å‑n-¡‑m-c³ t‑K‑m-]‑m-
‑ m - k ‑ v - X ‑ p a ‑ n - j ³ h - k ‑ v - { ‑ X - [ ‑ m - c - W - c ‑ o - X ‑n F-¶‑p t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S \-S-¶‑p-h-
c‑p-¶-X‑v.
i-à-c‑m-b ]‑n³-K‑m-a‑n-I-s‑f s‑s‑Z-h‑w F-g‑p-
t‑¶-e‑v-]‑n-¨‑p. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e a‑n-¡ c‑m-P‑y-
s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-XÂ NÀ-¨‑v' F-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑p
k-` A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v.
b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑p. s‑e-¶ a-\‑p-j‑y³ ]‑m-ÌÀ

s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡
a‑q-¶‑m-a-s‑¯ A-\‑p-b‑m-b‑n k‑n. s‑I. e‑m-k-d-k‑v F-¶
²‑o-I-c‑n-¨ ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑â P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-e‑p‑w \‑p-Å {‑i-a‑w `-h-\-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. X-s‑¶ ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑mÄ k‑p-h‑n-t‑i-j-]-c‑y-S-\‑mÀ-Y‑w §-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w k-`-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä s‑I‑m-f‑w-t‑_‑m ]-«-W-¯‑n-s‑e t‑]-c‑n k-`-b‑p-s‑S A-[‑y-
‑n-b‑n-
k-`-b‑p-s‑S `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑n-e‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â h-[‑n-¡‑m³-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v H-c‑p-§‑n. h‑n-h-c-a-d‑n-ª‑, -I‑m-e-§-f‑n \-S-¯ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-¶-X‑p \‑m-e‑p hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑p- h‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p. C-¶‑p t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e h-e‑n-b
‑ p a‑ n - j ³ B-c‑m-[-\-IÄ B-Z‑y t‑k-c-b‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p- h-e‑n-b h‑y‑m-]‑m-c‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. £-]-Z-h‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-bÀ-¶-X‑v.
I-Ã-d-b‑n Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ ^-e-I-¯‑n-e‑p-s‑a-
Ã‑m‑w 1924e‑m-W‑p k-` Ø‑m-]‑n-¨-s‑X-¶‑p t‑c-J-s‑¸-
S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ‑'k‑n-t‑e‑m¬
A-½ I‑p-s‑d ]-W‑w \Â-I‑n‑, H‑m-S‑n-c-£-s‑¸-S‑m³
D-]-t‑Z-i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c‑m-{‑X‑n-b‑n h‑o-S‑p-h‑n-« s]
¶‑p. F-¶ ‑ m
-s‑´

Â
-

G
t ‑ ¡

- X
‑ m

‑ n
- k

- e ‑ p
‑

‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n k
v - X
c‑p-¶-X‑p B‑w-¥‑n-¡³ ‑w-t‑h-W-s‑a-¶‑p N‑n-´‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑ ‑p‑w
‑ w e‑ m - f ‑ n - X
k-`-I-f‑n-t‑e-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s
‑ y
‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p.
‑e I-

A - X ‑ p - X - s ‑ ¶ - b ‑ m - W
]‑mÄ
‑v C-¶
t‑i-j-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1928 X‑n-c‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p {‑]-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n H-¶‑m-

s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-XÂ a‑n-j³‑'
F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p t‑]-c‑v. {‑]-[‑m-\
]‑m-Ì-d‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑v ]‑n. t‑]‑mÄ k`bp-sS Bßo-b km-c-YnIÄ \‑n-e-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑v B-c ‑w-¥‑n-¡³ k-`-I-f‑n-s‑e i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-I-·‑m-c‑p ‑v-X‑p a‑n-j-\‑n-s‑e
B
X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. -W-c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v k‑n-t‑e‑m¬ s‑]-s‑´-s‑¡‑m ‑m-b-h-k‑v-{‑X-h‑p‑w
-c
t‑d‑m-]‑y³ h-k‑v-{‑X-[‑m -I-c‑p‑w A-\‑p-I-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v I‑m C-S-]-g-I‑p-¶-X‑n-
-t‑S-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e b‑q-

-j
-k tI -c-f-¯‑n-s‑e s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-
k‑v-X‑p {‑]-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n
\-Ã _-Ô‑w I‑m-¯‑p-k‑q-£‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶
¡‑p-Å a-S-¡-b‑m-{‑X-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n s‑I‑m-Ã-
s‑¯-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-\‑p
C‑u £-W-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w I‑p-¼-\‑m-t‑«-¡‑p
B-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p h‑y‑m-]-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b-Ã‑,
]‑n-s‑¶-t‑b‑m s‑s‑Z-h‑w H-c‑m-f‑n-s‑\
A-[‑y-£-\‑m-¡‑n F-g‑p-t‑¶-e‑v-]‑n-¡‑p-
e-§Ä \‑n-a‑n-¯‑w R‑m³ A-X‑n-\‑p
X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y-a‑p-Å-h-\‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑n-Ã.
A-§-s‑\-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-a-f-h‑n-e‑m-W‑p ‑'s‑X-
\-t‑¯‑m-S‑v t‑b‑m-P‑n-¨‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-
h‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p.
H‑mÀ-U‑n-t‑\-j³ i‑p-{‑i‑q-j \-S-t‑¡-
-S‑v
F-¶‑m-W‑p t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n- k‑p-h‑n-t‑i-j-{‑]-hÀ-¯ ‑m A-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-t‑c‑m ‑p I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑p‑w ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-\‑p s‑F-]‑n-k‑n-b‑p‑w ]‑m- a-S-t‑§-ï‑n-h-¶‑p. A-h‑n-s‑S F-¯‑n- t‑¼‑mÄ B B-f‑n-s‑\ {‑]-k‑v-X‑p-X i‑p- ¶‑n³-U‑y‑m s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p s‑s‑Z-h- ï-X‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n R-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑h-e-¡‑m-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. F-¸‑n-k‑v-t‑I‑m-¸Â X-t‑e-s‑¡ - « ‑ p - a ‑ m - b ‑ n . F - ¶
. k‑m-[ ‑ m - c - W - ¡ ‑ m - t ‑ c ‑ m -S ÌÀ s‑I. C. G-{‑_-l‑m-a‑p-a‑m-b‑p‑w k- t‑¨À-¶ D-S-s‑\ s‑s‑Z-h-\-S-¯‑n-¸‑p A- {‑i‑q-j-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n t‑hÀ-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I Set k-`‑' F-¶ R-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w c‑p-s‑S t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n-s‑â X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w
À t‑]‑m-f‑n-\‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑n _‑m-[‑y‑w ]‑m-ÌÀ apart s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑p X‑n-c‑p-h-N-
NÀ-¨‑v (a‑n-j³‑) B-b‑m-W‑p \‑p X-S-Ê-a‑m-b‑n ]‑m-Ì -b‑m-W‑v i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-b‑v-¡‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑a-¶ t‑ ‑m-I‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ h‑n-t‑i-j _-Ô-a‑p-ï‑v. I‑p-¼-\‑m-S‑p d‑n-t‑b-ï-X‑n-\‑p A-t‑±-l‑w D-]-h-k‑n-¨‑p- h‑o-ï‑p‑w k‑z-X-{‑´-a‑m-b-X‑v. A-Æ-®‑w ]‑n. F‑w. k‑m-a‑p-t‑h k-t‑l‑m-Z-c³
-I - a
c-P‑n-k‑v-t‑{‑S-j³. ‑'Z‑n s‑]-s‑´- C-S-]-g-I‑n P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p ‑p. h-k‑v-{‑X-[‑m-c-W c‑o-X‑n A-X‑n-\‑p X-S-Ê -t‑a‑m‑, A-e-¦‑m- I¬-h³-j-\‑n ]-e X-h-W {‑]-k‑w- {‑]‑mÀ-Y‑n-¨‑p. s‑s‑Z-h-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w \-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p {‑K-l‑n-¨‑p. ]‑u-s‑e‑m-k‑v R-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w k‑z-X-{‑´-a‑m- s‑I‑m-Ã-¯‑p s‑N-¶‑v ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑mÄ
‑v-{‑X
t‑¡‑m-k‑v-XÂ a‑n-j³‑' F-¶‑p t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑\ `-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ ‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n A-h-e‑w-_‑n-¨‑p. ]-«-X‑z-h-k K‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑m-W‑p ]‑m-ÌÀ 1930 a‑mÀ-¨‑v B-d‑m‑w X‑o-b-X‑n {‑i‑o ]-¯‑p hÀ-j-t‑¯‑m-f‑w s‑s‑Z-h-¯‑n-s‑â b-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑s‑Z-h-h-N-\ {‑]-I‑m-c-a‑p-Å a‑p-X-e‑m-b-h-s‑c I‑p-¼-\‑m-t‑«-¡‑p I‑q-«‑n-
-W ‑p‑w ‑'t‑h-j-`-à‑n‑'
]‑n-¶‑o-S‑p a‑m-ä‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v C-¶‑p I‑m ‑p-I-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. b‑m-s‑X‑m-c‑p \‑n-e-b‑n-e ‑p. h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑n-I- s‑I. C. G-{‑_-l‑m-a‑n-\‑p H‑mÀ-U‑n-t‑\- s‑I. C. G-{‑_-l‑m-a‑n-s‑\ ]‑m-Ì-d‑m- i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-h-c-t‑h‑, ‑'R‑m³ s‑s‑I-s‑h-¸‑p i‑p-{‑i‑q-j \-S-t‑¡-ï-X‑n- s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-h-¶‑p. F-\‑n-¡‑p‑w {‑_-t‑Z-g‑v-
-\
a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n s‑]‑m-X‑p-s‑h ‑'Z‑n c-h-k‑v-{‑X-§-t‑f‑m A A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑p \‑nÀ-_-Ô-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ ‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v. j³ \-e‑v-I‑n-b-X‑v. s‑F-]‑n-k‑n i-X‑m-Ð‑n b‑n H‑mÀ-U‑n-t‑\-ä‑p s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X h‑n-f‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑h-e-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n-«‑v s‑â B-h-i‑y-t‑_‑m-[‑w F-s‑¶-b‑p‑w -k‑v ]‑n. F‑w. k‑m-a‑p-t‑hÂ‑, s‑I. k‑n.
‑v -b
s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p a‑n-j³‑' I-S-¶‑p-I‑q-S-c‑p-s‑X-¶ -[‑m-c‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶-X‑m-W‑p k-` ‑m-\‑p-Å C-S-a-Ã I¬-h³-j³ B-t‑L‑m-j‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ A-t‑±-l-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å s‑s‑Z-h-h‑n- A-h-s‑c F-\‑n-¡‑p t‑hÀ-X‑n-c‑n-¸‑n³‑' k-l-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-·‑m-s‑c-b‑p‑w i-à‑n-b‑m- D-½³ B-Z‑n-b‑m-b‑n a-ä‑p N‑n-e s‑s‑Z-h-
F-¶‑m-W‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. f - Ã ‑ m ‑ w s‑ h - Å - h - k ‑v-{‑X - ¼ - t ‑ ¯ ‑ m {‑ ] - I - S ‑ n - ¸ ‑ n -¡
s‑ k
y-à‑n-a‑m-l‑m-ß‑y-t‑a‑m ‑Z-h-k-¶‑n-[‑n-b‑n C-c‑p k-`-I-f‑p‑w X-½‑n C-§-s‑\ f‑n-s‑b k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w ]‑m-ÌÀ F-¶ ]-c‑n-i‑p-²‑m-ß‑m-h‑v A-c‑p-f‑n-s‑¨- b‑n `-c‑n-¨‑p. C³-U‑y-b‑n R-§-f‑p-s‑S `‑r-X‑y-·‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w s‑s‑I-h-¸‑v i‑p-{‑i‑q-j
1881e‑m-W‑p c‑m-a³-I‑p-«‑n-b‑p- BÀ-¡‑p‑w k‑z-´‑w h‑ -`‑m-I‑q-S‑n-h-c-h‑p-I-f‑p‑w. F-Ã‑m-h-c‑p‑w s‑s -W‑w. h‑n-h‑m-l- H-c‑p B-ß-_-Ô-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶- t‑]‑mÄ {‑]-h-N‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.‑'‑' b‑v-I-b‑p‑w a-ä‑p i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-I-·‑mÀ ]‑u- {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w-t‑]‑m-s‑e X-s‑¶ k‑n-t‑e‑m- \-S-¡-W‑w F-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p R-§-
s‑S P-\-\‑w. a‑p-¯-Ñ-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-s‑e - b - h ‑ p ‑ w k ‑ p - \ ‑ n - e ‑v-¡
B-c‑m-[-\‑m-e -f‑n \‑n-d-ª
]‑q-P‑m-c‑n-b‑m-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p - a - · ‑ m - c ‑ m - s ‑ W - ¶ t‑ _‑m-[‑w h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑n-I h-k‑v-{‑X-§Ä [-c‑n-¡‑m-s‑X s‑h-Å ¶‑p ]‑p-X‑p-X-e-a‑p-d-b‑n s‑]-«-hÀ-¡‑v ‑'‑'t‑b-i‑p-{‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-s‑â F-f‑n-b s‑e‑m-k‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w _À-¶-_‑m-k‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w W‑n h‑n-t‑Z-i-t‑aÂ-t‑¡‑m-b‑v-a I‑q-S‑m- f‑p-s‑S X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w. F-¶‑m ]‑m-ÌÀ
k
‑q-h-c-·‑mÀ B-[‑p-\‑n-I -X‑v. A-d‑n-h‑n-Ã‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. ‑']‑m-ÌÀ s‑I. Z‑m-k³‑' F-¶ B-ß-I-Y-b‑n ‑'F-s‑â s‑s‑I-h-¨‑v i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n t‑hÀ-X‑n- s‑X k‑z-X-{‑´-a‑m-b‑n ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑]‑mÄ A-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v s‑s‑Z-h-\-S-
a‑m-X‑m-]‑n-X‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S B-{‑K-l‑w.
]mÌÀ G{_lmw ]mÌÀ Fw.än. ]mÌÀ Pn. ¯‑n-\‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w h-[ ‑m-K-X h-k‑v-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶

]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑p‑w s‑F-]‑n-k‑n-b‑p‑w

{‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w a‑m-{‑X-t‑a
A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑p e-`‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q. amXyp
]- c - ¼ -c C. G-{‑_-l‑m-a‑n-s‑â H‑mÀ-U‑n-t‑\-j³‑' ¯‑n-¸‑v A-d‑n-t‑b-ï-X‑n-\‑v D-]-h-k‑n-¨‑v
\‑n-d-¯‑n-e‑p-Å
tXmakv sPbw F-¶ X-e-s‑¡-«‑n ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑â {‑]‑mÀ-Y‑n-¨‑v I‑m-¯‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑n F-\‑n-¡‑p
P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n- a‑m-{‑X‑w B i‑p-{‑i‑q-j \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w
b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v (t‑]-P‑v 113) C-§-s‑\: a-ä‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑p ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v A-X‑p R‑m³
{‑Z-h‑y‑m-{‑K-l-s‑¯ ‑'‑'t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e ]-g-¡‑w s‑N-¶ \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑m a-X‑n-s‑b-¶‑p

]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w k-`-b‑v-¡‑p t‑\-X‑r-X‑z‑w \Â-I‑n-b-hÀ A-I-ä‑n-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-b

H-c‑p s‑]-s‑´-s‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-
\‑m-W‑p ]‑m-ÌÀ s‑I. C. G-{‑_-l‑m‑w.
h‑n-t‑Z-i a‑n-j-W-d‑n-a‑m-t‑c‑m-S‑p k-l-I-
]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑mÄ
]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑â \‑n-c-´-c {‑]‑mÀ-Y-\-b‑n-s‑e {‑]-[‑m-
c‑n-¨‑p {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ A-t‑±-l-
¯‑n-\‑v A-X‑p-h-s‑c H‑mÀ-U‑n-t‑\-j³
\ h‑n-j-b-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p {‑Z-h‑y‑m-{‑K-l-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ e-`‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-§-s‑\-b‑n-c‑n-s‑¡
P‑o-h‑n-X‑w. {‑Z-h‑y‑m-{‑K-l-t‑a‑m‑, A-X‑n-\‑p-Å D-]‑m-b-t‑a‑m s‑X-¶‑n-´‑y‑m s‑]-s‑´-s‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p
A-t‑±-l¯‑n-s‑â h‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e‑m‑, {‑]-h‑r-¯‑n-I-f‑n-t‑e‑m s‑s‑Z-h-k-` F-¶ t‑]-c‑n s‑I. C.
D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. s‑s‑Z-h-a‑m-W‑p X-s‑¶ {‑Z-h‑y‑m-{‑K-l- F-{‑_-l‑m-a‑n-s‑â t‑\-X‑y-X‑z-¯‑nÂ
¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p h‑n-S‑p-h‑n-¨-s‑X-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w \-µ‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S H-c‑p k‑z-X-{‑´ s‑]-s‑´-s‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p
A-\‑p-k‑v-a-c‑n-¨‑v, A-h‑n-S‑p-s‑¯ k‑v-t‑X‑m-{‑X‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p a-l- {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w c‑q-]‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p. X-Õ-a-
¯‑z-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑p-a‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ""{‑Z-h‑y‑m-{‑K-l‑w k-I-e-h‑n-[ b‑w h‑n-t‑Z-i t‑aÂ-t‑¡‑m-b‑v-a C-Ã‑m-s‑X
t‑Z‑m-j-¯‑n-\‑p‑w a‑q-e-a-t‑Ã‑m. C-X‑p N‑n-eÀ I‑m‑w-£‑n-¨‑n-«‑p k‑z-X-{‑´-a‑m-b‑n h-fÀ-¨ {‑]‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w h‑n-«‑p-g-¶‑p _-l‑p-Z‑p‑x-J-§Ä-¡‑p A-[‑o-\-c‑m- k‑n-t‑e‑m¬ s‑]-s‑´-s‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p a‑n-j-
b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p‑'‑' (1 X‑n-s‑a‑m. 6:10) F-¶ h‑m-I‑y‑w s‑â Ø‑m-]-I-\‑p‑w A-s‑¸‑m-k‑v-X-e-\‑p-a‑m-
a-\-k‑n-e‑m-¡‑n h‑n-h‑n-[ k-`‑m-t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-§-f‑n-e‑p-Å-hÀ b‑n-c‑p-¶ ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑\ h-c‑p-¯‑n
\‑n-c-´-c‑w {‑]‑mÀ-Y‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n a-ä‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑p h‑n-S‑p- s‑s‑I-s‑h-¸‑p i‑p-{‑i‑q-j \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-
XÂ \-e‑v-I‑p-¶ A-§-s‑\-b‑p-Å-hÀ {‑Z-h‑y‑m-{‑K-l-¯‑n-s‑â \‑p ]‑m-ÌÀ s‑I. C. G-{‑_-l‑m-a‑p‑w
_-Ô-\-¯‑n A-I-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑n-Ã‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k-l-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p.
C‑u h‑n-h-c‑w A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ A-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑p.
d‑m-¶‑n t‑b‑m-K‑m-\-´-c‑w k‑n-t‑e‑m-W‑n-t‑e-
H‑mÀ-U‑n-t‑\-j³‑' F-¶ X-e-s‑¡-«‑nÂ
]‑m-ÌÀ s‑I. C. G-{‑_-l‑m‑w A-X‑p
C-{‑]-I‑m-c-a‑m-W‑p (t‑]-P‑v 207þ209) t‑c-
J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v:
‑'‑'R‑m³ H-c‑p s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p
i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-I-\‑m-b-t‑i-j‑w {‑]-k‑v-X‑p-X
I‑m-e-b-f-h‑n-\‑p-Å‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b-\‑n-b-a
k-`-b‑p-s‑S i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-I-·‑m-s‑c s‑s‑I-
h-¨‑v t‑hÀ-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\ k‑w-_-
Ô‑n-¨‑v s‑s‑Z-h-h-N-\-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p
]T‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. _‑m-]‑v-ä‑n-Ì‑v,
NÀ-¨‑v H‑m-^‑v t‑K‑m-U‑v (B-ß-t‑_‑m-[‑n-
\‑n‑)‑, s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p B-Z‑n-b‑m-b‑n
]-«-X‑z-k-a‑q-l-§-f‑m-Ã‑m-X‑p-Å k-`‑m-
i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-I-·‑m-s‑c s‑s‑I-h-¨‑v t‑hÀ-X‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶ \-S-]-S‑n-b‑p-Å-X‑v F-s‑â A-
X‑p k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑p-Å ]T-\-¯‑n-\‑p
{‑]-t‑X‑y-I a‑p-J‑m-´-c-a‑m-b‑n `-h‑n-¨‑p.
]-«-X‑z-k-`-IÄ h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-
s‑e s‑s‑I-h-b‑v-¡‑p-¶ B-f‑nÂ-I‑q-s‑S
A-[‑y-£-X s‑s‑I-h-b‑v-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶
c‑n-¡-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-s‑h-¶‑p X‑n-c‑p-s‑h-
g‑p-¯‑p {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ({‑]-h‑r.
13:1þ3) B-I-b‑m s‑s‑Z-h‑w H-c‑m-s‑f
i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-I-\‑m-b‑n h‑n-f‑n-s‑¨-g‑p-t‑¶-e‑v-
]‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-b‑m-s‑f {‑]-k‑v-X‑p-X
i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-¡‑m-b‑n a-ä‑p i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-I-·‑mÀ
s‑s‑I-h-¨‑p t‑hÀ-X‑n-c‑n-¨‑v k-` A‑w-K‑o-
I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑p s‑s‑I-h-¸‑v-i‑p-{‑i‑q-j
F-¶‑p s‑s‑Z-h‑m-ß‑m-h‑v X-s‑â h-N-\-
¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w A-¡‑m-e-§-f‑nÂ
F-s‑¶ {‑K-l‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p.
R‑m³ Z‑oÀ-L-hÀ-j-§Ä IÀ-
¯‑m-h‑n-s‑â i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-b‑n X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p-
t‑]‑m-¶‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w H-c‑p
i‑p-{‑i‑q-j F-\‑n-¡‑p \-S-¯-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-
¶‑n-Ã. ]‑m-ÌÀ I‑p-¡‑p A-hÀ-I-t‑f‑m-S‑p-Å
k-l-I-c-W-¯‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶
I‑m-e-¯‑v A-X‑n-\‑p k‑u-I-c‑y‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-
c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n-e‑p‑w t‑h-e A-s‑¸‑m-k‑v-X-e‑n-I
¹‑m-\‑n ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-a‑n-¡‑m-b‑v-I I‑m-c-W‑w
F-¶‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ N‑n-´‑m-I‑p-
H-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k‑n-t‑e‑m¬ s‑]-s‑´-
t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w. B-I-b‑mÂ
B k-t‑l‑m-Z-c‑n-k-`-b‑p-s‑S t‑\-X‑m-h‑p‑w
s‑s‑Z-h-¯‑n-s‑â H-c‑p A-s‑¸‑m-k‑v-X-e-\‑p-
a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑\ h-c‑p-¯‑n
{‑]-k‑v-X‑p-X i‑p-{‑i‑q-j \-S-¯-s‑¸-S‑p-h‑m³
R-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑h-e-¡‑mÀ B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¨‑p
X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. X-Z-h-k-c‑w d‑m-¶‑n-b‑n-
s‑e t‑b‑m-K‑w I-g‑n-ª‑v ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑mÄ
a‑p-X-e‑m-b-hÀ k‑n-t‑e‑m-W‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å
a-S-¡-b‑m-{‑X-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n s‑I‑m-Ã-¯‑v
F-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
R-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w k‑z-X-{‑´-
a‑m-b-t‑X‑m-S‑p-I‑q-s‑S‑, ]‑n.F‑w. k‑m-a‑p-t‑hÂ
k-t‑l‑m-Z-c-\‑p h‑n-t‑Z-i-t‑aÂ-t‑¡‑m-b‑v-
a C-Ã‑m-s‑X-b‑p-Å H-c‑p k‑z-X-{‑´
{‑]-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â B-ZÀ-i‑w s‑s‑Z-h‑w
a‑p-¶-s‑a \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
A-t‑±-l-h‑p‑w I‑o-s‑¡‑m-g‑q-c‑n B-b‑n-S-
b‑v-¡‑v F-g‑p-t‑¶-ä s‑]-s‑´-t‑¡‑m-k‑v-X‑p
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑n-I-f‑p‑w R-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-Ø‑m-
s‑s‑Z-h‑m-ß‑m-h‑v X-\‑n-¡‑p s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-
¯‑n. A-§-s‑\ I‑p-¼-\‑m-«‑v s‑I.k‑n.
D-½-¨-s‑â h-k-X‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑v t‑NÀ-¶‑v
(C-t‑¸‑m-g-s‑¯ s‑l-t‑{‑_‑m³-]‑p-c‑w‑)
I‑p-¼-\‑m-«‑v k-`-b‑p-s‑S B-c‑m-[-\-b‑v-
¡‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶
{‑]‑mÀ-Y-\‑m-s‑j-Í‑n h-¨‑v 1105 I‑p‑w-`‑w
23 (1930 a‑mÀ-¨‑v 6) ‑m‑w X‑o-b-X‑n h‑y‑m-
g‑m-g‑v-N F-\‑n-¡‑p s‑s‑I-h-¸‑p i‑p-{‑i‑q-j
\-S-¯-s‑¸-«‑p. I‑p-¼-\‑m-«‑v, ]‑q-h-¯‑qÀ‑,
d‑m-¶‑n a‑p-X-e‑m-b k-`-I-f‑n-s‑e h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑n-
I-f‑p‑w R-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-«‑p-t‑h-e-¡‑m-c‑nÂ
]-e-c‑p‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-{‑X-
b‑p‑w A-\‑p-{‑K-l-a‑m-b i‑p-{‑i‑q-j-b‑m-b‑n
A-X‑p \‑n-hÀ-¯‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. IÀ-¯‑m-h‑v
H-c‑p A-s‑¸‑m-k‑v-X-e-\‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v F-s‑¶
t‑\-c-s‑¯ h‑n-f‑n-¨‑v F-g‑p-t‑¶-e‑v-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶‑v i‑p-{‑i‑q-j‑m-k-a-b-¯‑v
s‑s‑Z-h‑m-ß‑m-h‑v ]‑m-ÌÀ t‑]‑m-f‑nÂ-¡‑q-s‑S
{‑]-h-N-\-a‑m-b‑n s‑N-b‑v-X‑p''.