CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

BIOSENSORS FOR CALCIUM DETECTION IN BLOOD, PLASMA,

URINE AND WATER SAMPLES

Presented to Presented by- Aman Paul

Dr. Sandeep Choudhary Sir Enrollment number- 2021BTBME001
 CALCIUM IN BLOOD
A normal range for adults is usually between 8.5 and 10.3 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
A normal ionized calcium level is generally between 4.6 to 5.3 mg/dL.

High calcium levels can be caused by: Disease related to calcium in blood
•Hyperparathyroidism •Hypocalcaemia
•Consuming too much calcium or vitamin D •Hypercalcemia
•Metastatic bone tumour •Irregular heart rhythm
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 CALCIUM IN PLASMA

Calcium in plasma exists in three forms:

•50%: Ionized, or the biologically active form
•45%: Bound to plasma proteins, mainly albumin
•5%: Complexed to phosphate and citrate

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 CALCIUM IN URINE
A normal level of calcium in urine is 100–300 milligrams per day (mg/day).
If a person's diet is low in calcium, the amount of calcium in their urine will be 50–150 mg/day.

High levels of calcium in urine Diseases related to abnormalities of calcium in

reasons: urine :
• Hypercalcemia. •Kidney stones
• Hypercalciuria. •Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypocalcemia. • Sarcoidosis
• Medications. •Nephrosis.
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 CALCIUM IN WATER
Calcium is a major inorganic cation in both freshwater and saltwater like calcium sulfate or calcium chloride in
water.
Calcium concentration in water varies depending on the source:
•Spring water: 21.8 mg/L on average
•Purified water: Negligible concentration
•Mineral water: 208 mg/L on average
•Rivers: 15 mg/L
•Groundwater: 1 mg/L to less than 500 mg/L

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 MATERIALS REQUIRED
• Whatman filter paper grade 1.
• Glass slides, double-sided tape. https://5.imimg.com/data5/SELLER/Default/2022/9/SU/
• Calcium determination kit (Precision Biomed). TD/RU/4281532/spectrophotometer-glass-cuvettes.jpg
• 2X Bradford’s reagent
• Arsenazo III reagent.
• ImageJ software.
• Spectrophotometer.
• Pipette.
• Cuvette
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 ARSENAZO III
Arsenazo III is a dye that can be used to measure calcium in samples. It's a indicator that changes color when it
forms complexes with calcium ions.

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 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
SMARTPHONE INTERFACE FOR CALCIUM DETECTION BY MICROPAD

• Device Fabrication
• Detection Procedure
• Preparation of Calibration Curve
• Validation With Sample
• Image Processing
• Analyzing the Effect of Temperature

Fig. 1.Schematics for the serum calcium

detection.

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 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Calcium Arsenazo III Colorimetric Method
• Assay conditions: Wavelength………650 nm cuvette…… 1 cm light path .
• Adjust the instrument to zero with distilled water.
• Pipette into a cuvette.
• Mix and incubate for 2 min at 37°C /15-25°C.
• Read the absorbance (A) of the samples .The color is stable for at least 1 hour.

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 CONCLUSIONS
SMARTPHONE INTERFACE FOR CALCIUM DETECTION
• Method is faster,
• More accurate,
• Relatively inexpensive,
• Has reagent stability

Fig. 2.(a) sample with a calcium concentration of 9 mg/dL reacted with Arsenazo III Fig. 3.Flowchart of the
in the absence of Bradford’s reagents. (b) Different serum samples with concentrations image-processing steps.
of 5, 8, and 10 mg/dL reacted with Arsenazo III in the presence of Bradford’s reagents.

Fig. 4.Standard calibration curve for calcium.

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