Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cotabato
Municipality of Makilala
MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Makilala, Cotabato
Module # :3
Course Number : CC 101
Course Title : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
Credits : 3 units (3 hours lecture; 2 hours laboratory)
Week :3
Instructor : Francis B. Itol

I. LEARNING OUTCOME(S):

1. Distinguish some inventions through the given images and descriptions;

2. Identify the invention of some of the most influential people in computing history;
3. Discuss how calculation was done during ancient times; and
4. Explain how important it is to understand the history of computers.

II. TOPIC(S):

i. History of Computers
ii. Four Generations of Computers

III. REFERENCES

a. ONLINE RESOURCES – Images

i. https://www.myutahparks.com/things-to-do/petroglyphs-pictographs
ii. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Ideographic+Writing
iii. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-east1/the-ancient-near-
east-an-introduction/a/cuneiform
iv. https://slideplayer.com/slide/13704467/
v. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/339458890640879685/
vi. https://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-344960386/making-of-papyrus-paper
vii. https://sites.dartmouth.edu/ancientbooks/2016/05/23/67/
viii. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinknudson/2016/04/28/use-your-fingers-the-abacus-just-might-improve-
your-arithmetic-abilities/#554d31b248cc
ix. https://www.biography.com/inventor/johannes-gutenberg
x. https://www.computerhope.com/people/john_napier.html
xi. https://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/Pioneers/Schickard.html

b. TEXTBOOK RESOURCES
i. Introduction to Computer. Antonio M. Andes Sr. 2013

IV. COURSE CONTENT

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

A. The Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.

1. Writing and Alphabets -- communication

 Petroglyths - signs or simple figures carved in rocks

 Ideographs - symbols to represent ideas or concepts

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  Cuneiform - the first true written
language and the first real information system developed
by the Sumerians in 3100 B.C.

CUNEIFORM'S EVOLUTION
 (2800 B.C. - 2500 B.C.) Pictographs were developed into actual cuneiform symbols.
 (2000 B.C.) Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true
alphabet)
 The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin
names to create the alphabet we use today.

2. Paper and Pens -- input technologies

 Sumerians' input
technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.
 About 2600 B.C. the Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant.

 Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on

which modern-day paper-making is based.

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 3. Books and Libraries -- output technologies
 Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"
 The Egyptians kept scrolls
 Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them
together.

4. The first Numbering Systems

 Egyptian System - the numbers 1 - 9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100
as a coiled rope, and the number 1000 as a lotus blossom
 The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 2000 A.D.
by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system.
 Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed.

5. The First Calculator: The Abacus

 The abacus was man's first recorded adding machine.
 It was invented in Babylonia, then popularized in China.
 It was an ancient computing device constructed of sliding beads on small wooden rods, strung on a
wooden frame.
 It was named the First Calculator.

B. The Mechanical Age: 1450 - 1840

1. The First Information Explosion

 Johann Gutenberg - invented the movable metal - type printing press in 1450.

2. The First General - Purpose Computers

 John Napier (1614) - introduced logarithms. Logs allow multiplication and division to be reduced to
addition and subtraction.

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  Wilhelm Shickard (1623) - invented the first mechanical calculator. It works with six digits, and
carries digits across columns.

 William Oughtred (1625) - invented the slide rule.

 Blaise Pascal (1642) - invented the mechanical calculation machine and called it Pascaline. It was
made out of clock gears, and levers, that could solve basic mathematical problems like addition and
subtraction.

 Gottfried Leibniz (1671) - invented the stepped reckoner that cold multiply 5 digit and 12-digit
numbers yielding up to 16-digit number.

 Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1801) - developed an automatic loom that was controlled by punched cards.

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  Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1820) - developed the Arithmometer - the first mass produced
calculator. This device performed the same type of computations as Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner, but
much reliable.

 Charles Babbage (1821) - invented the first modern computer design: a steam powered adding machine
called the "difference engine." In 1832, he also invented the "analytical engine": a machine that adds
data from punched cards to solve and print complex mathematical operations. These machines made
him earn the title "Father of Computers."

Difference Engine Analytical Engine

 Augusta Ada Byron (1842) - the Countess of Lovelace who wrote the first program for Babbage's
Difference Engine. She became the first computer programmer and a programming language ADA was
named in her honor.

C. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 – 1940

1. The Beginnings of Telecommunication

 Voltaic Battery - the first electric battery invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. It was consisting of a
stack of alternating discs of zinc and copper or silver separated by felt soaked in brine.

 Telegraph - Samuel F.B. Morse constructed a truly practical system in 1844 and built a line from
Baltimore to Washington.

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 Telephone and Radio

 Alexander Graham Bell (1876) - developed the first working telephone and transmitted his now
famous quotation "Watson, come here, I want you."

 Guglielmo Marconi (1894) - discovered that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an
effect far from the point at which they originated.

 George Boole (1852) - developed binary algebra. This became known as Boolean Algebra.

2. Electromechanical Computing
 Georg and Edvard Scheutz (1853) - completed their Tabulating Machine, capable of processing fifteen
- digit numbers, printing out results, and rounding off to eight digits.

 Dorr Felt (1885) - devised the Comptometer, a key - driven adding and subtracting calculator. In 1889,
developed the Comptograph containing a built-in printer.

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  Herman Hollerith (1890) - first person to successfully use punched cards. Punched cards provided
programmers with a new way to put information into their machines. Founder of the Tabulating
Machine Company, which later became the Computer Tabulating Recording Company. In 1921, he
retired but his company went to become the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

 Otto Steiger (1893) - invented the first efficient four - function calculator and called it The Millionaire.

 Lee De Forest (1906) - developed the

Vacuum tube which provided an electrically controlled switch; a
necessity for digital electronic computers.

D. The Electronic Age: 1941 – Present

 Konrad Zuse (1941) - built the first programmable computer and called it Z3. It is capable of following
instructions. It was presented in May 12, 1941 to an audience of scientists in Berlin.

 Howard Aiken (1942) - built the Mark I - the first Stored - Program Computer. It is 8 feet tall, 51 feet
long, 2 feet thick, and weighed 5 tons. It has about 750, 000 parts and 500 miles of wire. It can process
a calculation in 3-5 seconds.

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  John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (1942) - completed the first all-electronic computer called ABC
(Atanasoff - Berry Computer). It was the first computer to use electricity in the form of vacuum tube
and made electric computation possible. It was used for solving complex systems of equations.

THE FOUR GENERATIONS OF DIGITAL COMPUTING

A. THE FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS (1951 - 1958)

1. Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements

2. Punch cards to input and externally store data.
3. Rotating magnetic drum for internal storage of data and programs.
 Programs written in Machine Language and Assembly Language
 Requires a compiler

 Presper Eckert & John Mauchly (1945) - developed the first operational electronic digital computer called
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It is over 1000 times faster than Mark I and can
perform 5000 additions per second. It had 18, 000 vacuum tubes and took 1800 sq. feet of space. They
designed the UNIVAC - I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) in 1951 which became the first
commercially available electronic computer.

ENIAC

UNIVAC 1
 Magnetic Core Memory -
memory consists of tiny ferrite "donuts" that were arranged on a lattice of wires. It
was the fastest type of memory until late 1980's.

 IBM 701 (1953) - IBM's first electronic business computer.

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 B. THE SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS (1959 - 1963)

1. Vacuum tubes were replaced by Transistors as main logic element.

2. Magnetic tapes and disks began to replace punched cards as external
storage devices.
3. Magnetic cores strung on wire within the computer became the
primary internal storage technology.

 High - level programming languages.

 Example: FORTRAN and COBOL

 John Barden, Walter Brattain, William Shockley - invented the transistors.

Transistor is a small, solid-state component designed to monitor the flow of
electric current.

 Grace Hopper (1961) - found the first computer bug. She developed the
COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language).

 Ken Olsen (1964) - founded the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and PDP - 8
released the first minicomputer, the PDP-8.

 Thomas Kurtz & John Kemeny (1965) - developed the BASIC (Beginners All
Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

C. THE THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS (1963 - 1974)

1. Individual transistors were replaced by integrated circuits.

2. Magnetic tapes and disks completely replaced punch cards as external storage
devices.
3. Magnetic core internal memory began to give way to a new form, metal-oxide
semiconductors (MOS) memory.

 Integrated circuit is a single wafer or chip that can hold many transistors and
electronic circuits.
 Jack Kilby (1959) - invented the monolithic integrated circuit.
 Robert Noyce (1968) - founder of the Intel.

 ARPANET (1969) - was setup as a government military facility of the U.S

and later became the Internet.

 Brian Kernighan & Dennis Ritche (1972) - developed C programming language which is the used in
making the UNIX operating system.

D. THE FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS (1979 to present)

 Intel Corporation designed the first tiny computer on a chip and it was
called MICROPROCESSOR.

 Intel 4004 (1971) - the first microprocessor of Intel which contained 2300
transistors.

 Altair 8080 (1975) - the first PC produced by Micro Instrumentation

and Telemetry Systems

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  Bill Gates & Paul Allen (1975) - founded the MICROSOFT.

 Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak (1976) - founded

APPLE COMPUTERS.

 VisiCalc (1978) -
the first spreadsheet
program and it
made
microcomputers
useful to businesses.
Other modern
spreadsheets like Lotus 1-2-3 and Excel are descended from VisiCalc.

 Wordstar (1979) - the first microcomputer word processor.

 IBM enters the PC market with DOS operating system in 1981.

 IBM developed a one-million-bit RAM in 1984.

 Apple Macintosh debut in 1984. It features simple, graphical interface,

uses 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU and has a built-in 9-inch B/W
screen.

 Amiga (1985) - introduced the world to multimedia.

 Microsoft Windows 1.0 was released in November 1985.

 Windows 3 was launched in 1990. It was still 16 bit, but the user interface was completely revamped to
mimic the look of IBM's OS/2 with its 3D sculpted buttons.
 Apple announced the PowerMac Family in 1994. It was the first Macs based on PowerPC chip.

 Intel introduced Pentium Processor in 1993. It has 3.1 Million

transistors.

 Microsoft released Windows 95 on August 24, 1995.

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