Journal Published Title - Manora Fort, Thanjavur, India. - A Systematic Approach Towards Conservation and Restoration

Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930
Manora Fort, Thanjavur, India. -

A Systematic Approach Towards Conservation
and Restoration
1 2 3
Rajesh N , Sivanantham R , Dhinesh M
1
Assistant Engineer, Department of Archaeology, Tamil Valarchi Valaagam, Egmore, Chennai-600 008. Tamilnadu, India
2
Joint Director, Department of Archaeology, Tamil Valarchi Valaagam, Egmore, Chennai-600 008. Tamilnadu, India
3
Junior Engineer, Department of Archaeology, Palace Complex, Thanjavur-613 001. Tamilnadu, India
Abstract - Manora was built in commemoration of victory of the British over Napolean by Thanjavur Maratha King
Sarofoji-II in the year 1814 A.D. The word ‘Manora’ was derived from the word ‘Minar’. This hexagonal shaped eight
storeyed tower is 22 meters in height. The tower, surrounded by a rampart wall and a moat, looks like a fort. This tower
was also used as a light house. The heritage monument structure of 200 years old was built by using country bricks and
lime mortar on the sea shore of Bay of Bengal, which is affected by cyclones every year. The fort is a critical landmark
and a significant representation in the area. Conservation involves investigating, diagnosing and correcting deficiencies
and deterioration of any structure. The fort has been in constant use and disuse in the past, cracks and decay due to water
damages were identified and repaired using lime-based materials and other major serious conservation and preservation
works have been carried out since 2014. This case study brings out the brief history of the fort and demonstrates the
importance of the conservation efforts made in the past and recommend further research including possible alternative
conservation approaches to ensure the life of the fort structure.
KeyWords - Manora Fort, Heritage structure, Fort, Bricks, Lime mortar, Conservation, Preservation, Systematic
approach, Enhancing life of structures.
I. INTRODUCTION
India is rich with historic structures built with distinct functional requirements and heritage
architectural forms that represent the unique cultures and traditions of different eras. The
building styles for these ancient architects were a fusion of Turkish, Persian, Hindu, and Islamic
styles. Heritage buildings and monuments in any country are mute testaments of its glorious past
and also they represent the country’s history, culture, and traditions, and provide the citizens
pride in the nation’s development over generations. Heritage buildings and monuments create a
feeling of nostalgia and a sense of belonging for the locals, as the residents are able to identify
with their country’s evolved character. Furthermore, these gems of the past bring attention to the
unique architectural features of several historical eras, and consequently give us a better
understanding of the evolution of these complex societies. Preservation of these heritage
buildings and monuments is essential to facilitate historical research and public education.
Moreover, it serves as a visual reminder of the country’s shared history, as the edifices are
timeless pieces of art that evoke stories of courage, hardships, and triumph. The systematic
Volume XVI, Issue 3, 2024 Page No: 286

approach to deteriorated structure is necessary and also there should be a balance between
management, technology and economics. The analysis of historical masonry conservation is a
complex task that requires specific training. This includes experience in the field of architecture,
civil engineering, materials engineering, surveying, topographical science, geodesy, and
conservation. In addition, the person should have expertise in the analysis of masonry, including
estimating the quality and strength of the materials used for conservation, understanding the
physical properties and behaviour of masonry materials, and recognizing structural, material, and
design issues. Analyzing historical masonry constructions can also involve measuring,
calculating, surveying, and interpreting physical features of the structure to form a complete
understanding of its condition. It is also important to be able to recognize key elements of the
building that will help to better understand the cause of various potential problems.
Conservation and preservation is highly recommended for age-old buildings showing
signs of decay and save human lives from failure. The first step is to document existing structural
conditions, which includes doing a visual evaluation, such as checking for any visible signs of
decay, cracking or other damage. Additionally, a professional conservationist should be
consulted to make sure the heritage structure is structurally sound and to determine if any repairs
are needed. Structural elements should be evaluated, and the existing foundation, walls, roof,
windows, and doors should be examined for any areas of deterioration. Decayed materials should
be replaced or repaired and some general improvements should be made.
The next step is preventive conservation, which includes regularly inspecting the building
and identifying potential problems before they become serious. Regular cleaning and
maintenance should be carried out to reduce deterioration from dirt and dust. Paint and other
materials can be used to protect the building from rain and sun damage. Monitoring of
environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, is important for preserving antique
structures.
The last step is replacement, which is necessary when there is no other option. For
example, if a building has severe rot, certain portions of the frame may be beyond repair and
have to be replaced with new materials. Using a combination of conservation and preservation
techniques for age-old buildings
As the decay and degradation of these forts takes place due to various reasons, it is
necessary to conserve them before its failure and to extend the service life of a structure. The
deterioration of the structures takes place due to aging, weathering action, fire, earthquake, flood,
tsunami, cyclones, landslides, pollutions, human vandalism, these monument structures are
vulnerable to damage resulting from water logging, cracks, increased traffic flow and population

in the forms of industrial and residential constructions. Due to their importance to the
monuments, it is essential to conserve and preserve these structures. Unique measures should be
considered for the conservation and preservation of monument structures in particular, careful
attention should be paid to their original designs and same material selection.
The focus of this paper is on the inspection and conservation works of the Manora Fort at
Sarabendrarajapattinam Village in Pattukkottai Taluk of Thanjavur, India. The fort is an
excellent representation of memorial tower built during the past with special styles and
techniques. Even though significant innovations in terms of analysis, design, and construction of
fort structures have been made by the engineering profession. The loading, environment, and
materials that constitute these historic fort necessitate unique conservation and preservation
approaches. In particular, depending upon the look of the parent structure it is necessary to select
the right material for the conservation. New material should be compatible to the existing
material in the fort structure. But care should be taken that the aesthetic of the monument should
not be changed. This paper will help to know the available materials that can be adopted for the
conservation and preservation of the monuments so that its aesthetic look is not changed.
The application of this method of treating bricks with red oxide solution should be done
after conducting a detailed analysis of the existing structure to identify areas which require
preservation and protection. A professional opinion by an experienced structural engineer should
also be considered before embarking on any treatment. The application of the treatment should
also be carried out in a systematic manner and adjustments made after successive treatments to
achieve satisfactory results [1].
To carry out the rehabilitation of St. Lourdes Church at Tiruchirapalli, conservation
experts and professionals used local materials such as bricks and lime mortars during the
restoration process. This enabled them to bring back its ancient glory. In addition, they also
recommended complete waterproofing of the roof vaults plaster surfaces, in order to reduce
water-related deterioration of heritage structures and enhance their functional life. This involved
waterproofing the roof, walls, windows, doors, and other building components, and ensuring that
there were no water leaks. Additionally, damaged components were compulsorily replaced with
equivalent local materials and any obsolete additions to the building were removed. They also
suggested the installation of improved drainage systems around the building to prevent water
from seeping into the walls and foundation of the building. With these measures, the experts
hoped to extend the life of the building and assured its long-term conservation [2].
The research studied the microstructural properties of the sample as well as the porosity,
compressive strength, and modulus of rupture of a variety of brick specimens manufactured

using different production methods and burning temperatures. The porosity of both traditional
and modern bricks did not differ much, but the compressive strength was significantly higher for
modern bricks than for traditional bricks and this was attributed to the production methods
employed and associated with the burning temperature. For the compressive strength, specimens
of traditional brick required more pressure to be crushed than modern machines. The influence of
burning temperature was also found to be significant for increasing compressive strength
performance. The modulus of rupture was highest for specimens manufactured using the
traditional technique which appears to be the most appropriate approach for the manufacture of
durable, heat-resistant bricks. Overall, the research concluded that brick compressive strength
tests represent the best criterion for expectant durability, and that traditional handmade brick
production is still the most suitable process for producing heat resistant materials [3].
The macroscopic analysis yielded evidence that corroborated the previous assumption of
abnormalities and loss of structural integrity due to endogenic and exogenic factors. Primary
causes indicated vandalism, seismic events, weathering, and destruction due to airborne particles,
mainly sand and gravel particles. Superficial analysis of material fragments also showed
morphological and structural changes, suggesting destruction due to other physical phenomena
such as flash flooding or wind erosion. The in-depth physical-chemical analysis of the deposits
and edaphic turbulence remained inconclusive, since it was not possible to define whether they
were caused by natural phenomena or human interference. Further laboratory tests and analysis,
as well as additional geological surveys, are required in order to definitively identify the precise
cause of the destructions [4].
In this regard, the Danish Fort of Tranquebar needs to be conserved using the latest
scientific methods such as Non-destructive testing, building material characterization, model
studies for establishing safety. The interventions should be done with eco-friendly materials
meant for conservation purposes like natural aggregates, stucco, etc. This could help in
conserving the existing structure, making it useful and durable for the future generation. The
conservation process should include the involvement of local stakeholders, such as craftsmen,
artisans, local communities, who have their roots in the place and have the traditional knowledge
for taking up public participation in the conservation process. The public participation will help
in providing insights into the socio-cultural implications of the structure in the region and help in
bringing about the cultural spirit of the place. This will also help to build a strong bond between
the modern and the traditional users of the Fort. The conservation of Danish Fort in Tranquebar
can provide us a platform to streamline the scientific approach of conservation of such kinds of

ancient brick structures. It will further help to design and construct modern sustainable structures
with reduced environmental impacts [5].
The need to regulate and reduce the expansion of urban structure in the context of
heritage requires various measures to be taken. Legislation can play an important role in
protecting heritage sites, by requiring that local and national management plans are in
accordance with the relevant laws and regulations. It is also necessary to ensure that planning
permission to build on or near a heritage site is conducted in a way that does not infringe on or
diminish its integrity. This can involve implementing controls, such as buffer zones, and
encouraging development to take place outside of the immediate area by providing incentives.
Additionally, it is important to make sure that the needs of surrounding communities and the
ecosystem are taken into account when any development is considered. This can be done by
including local people in decision-making processes, providing education, and consulting with
community leaders and experts. Finally, governments and other relevant stakeholders should
recognize that heritage sites can have economic, cultural, and environmental values, which
should be safeguarded before any development is allowed to occur. This includes creating policy
and legal frameworks to protect heritage sites, as well as investing in programs that preserve and
protect them, while also providing sustainable economic and social benefits to local communities
[6].
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive study of repair and rehabilitation of heritage
buildings, with the focus on its existing problems and their reported solutions. A review of
literature will be presented, combining the knowledge acquired in the field of structural
engineering with approaches proposed in social sciences. With the learned insights, an effective
and appropriate solution to the problems of repair and rehabilitation, in terms of cost, lifetime
and adaptability of the building, will be formulated. The study of repair and rehabilitation of
heritage buildings is a complex issue that needs to be carefully considered in the context of the
context of the environment, culture, regulations and other factors. This paper firstly explores the
nature of heritage buildings, the house as an example being used as a representation for a
building with a long history. The importance of preserving and protecting the house due to its
special characteristics and values is explained. The paper then evaluates the problems associated
with the repair and rehabilitation of heritage buildings, including degradation issues caused by
natural factors (such as climate change) and human action (such as vandalism). Possible
solutions for the repair and rehabilitation are explored, including strengthening with anchors,
waterproofing, cleaning and replacing of the materials, among others [7].

The first step towards conservation and maintenance of the fort would be to conduct a
detailed conservation assessment and develop a conservation and management plan, which will
be the foundation for the development of the site. A Historic Environment Conservation Plan
(HECP) can be developed that identifies important archaeological, architectural and
environmental features along with a detailed description and plan of the site. This plan should
incorporate any relevant research, conservation objectives and management action to protect and
preserve the site from further deterioration. Further steps towards conservation and maintenance
can include the following: (a) Protection of significant features: This would involve periodic
monitoring and inspection of the fort's structures and identifying and addressing any potential
and existing threats. (b) Maintenance and improvement of drainage and other basic
infrastructure: This would involve maintaining and improving drainage, such as gutters and
culverts, and other basic infrastructural work, such as improving access pathways for visitors. (c)
Improved visitor experience: This would involve improving and diversifying the visitor
experience, incorporating story telling tours, creating an engaging area for visitors, and
implementing an effective interpretation strategy. (d) Develop educational activities and
interpretive programs: This would involve developing a range of activities, from talks and
lectures to volunteer programs, school visits etc complete [8].
The Subramanyaswamy Temple of Mamallapuram was rediscovered in 2004 after being
buried under sand and sea for 10 centuries. The ancient temple was preserved in an unusually
good condition due to the use of unique construction material and technology. The mortar used
during the construction of the temple was made with lime stones and shells, which had a high
degree of binding capacity. The shells, in particular, have been found to have kept the mortar
from degrading over time, creating a protective layer that prevented it from being dissolved by
sea water and prolonging its durability even in conditions of high humidity. Furthermore, altars
and sculptures were found to be intact and exquisitely carved with precise detail. The panels of
the temple complex were made with sandstone and granite that had been processed to have fine
surface finishes and layered using plaster to provide insulation against the harsh elements of
seawater. This fine finish and strong material used in the construction has allowed the temple to
remain structurally sound for so long [9].
It focuses on such problems and methodology to handle these problems while respecting
conservation of heritage structure with the help of a case study. It also seeks to highlight the need
for a greater awareness and the need to take precautionary measures of the immediate effects,
and of the long-term management issues of heritage structures [10].

The objective for this paper is to provide an overview of the site, its cultural significance,
current conditions, and conservation needs. This paper will include an assessment of soil erosion,
vegetation distribution, wildlife habitats, cultural relics, archeological sites, and other related
topics. It will also discuss the existing planning, design strategies, and public access issues.
Social and economic impacts will be considered when assessing the existing site conditions and
proposed restoration works. Finally, this paper will discuss the potential benefits of conservation
and restoration of cultural heritage sites.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE FORT
Manora fort tower, the memorial monument is situated at Sarabendrarajapattinam in

Thanjavur District near Pattukottai (Fig. 1).
The word Manora is derived from the word “Minar”. It is like Trajan at Rome, according
to fergusson. The hexagonal shaped beautiful Manora is 22 meters height and contains eight
storeys. There is a moat around the tower and a rampart wall was also constructed around the
Manora. It looks like a Fort in shape. Maratha king Serfoji II visited this Manora with his family
and stayed here. It is also used as lighthouse. The main purpose for erecting this edifice is
inscribed in four languages; they are Tamil, Telugu, Maratha, and English.
Fig. 1. Picture of Manora Fort before the 2001 Conservation work

The Manora consists of one central column of 22 meters height in eight stories. The top
most floor called as Upparigai. The conservation project comprises of intervention in the
damaged structure of the tower, consolidation of the structure members and fixing new masonry
so as to retain the same aesthetic feel of the tower as it was long years back. The tower has been
stabilized by providing bricks with lime mortar intumescent fire coating at the upper most part of
the tower. The walls, arches and floors of the damaged chambers are made with new heritage
bricks, lime mortar and plastering is done with lime plaster. The floors of the chambers are also
made with lime mortar. The lime plaster and mortar used are highly breathable to help conserve
the structure for longer periods. The external façade of the tower is repainted with lime wash so
as to give it an heritage look. Finishings of the stairs, ramps and all the interior chamber elements
are done. The permanent plinth protection works like rubble masonry, brick structures are also
constructed. Due to its prolonged exposure to sea wind and frequent visits of the people, the
structure got damaged at some places and developed minor cracks. The plasterings in the inner
sides of the tower and chamber walls are mostly damaged. While taken over; the top floor of the
tower i.e. ‘upparigai’ was also damaged and was in dangerous condition. Similarly, flooring and
wall brickwork also found damaged at some places here and there.
Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
Front View before Conservation Front View after Conservation

Fig. 4. Fig. 5.
Entrance moat view before Conservation Entrance moat view after Conservation
Fig. 6. Fig. 7.
White eggs used in lime mortar for mughal Traditional hand grinding of lime mortar
plastering
Fig. 8. Fig. 9.
Lotus Leaf covered in teakwood planks Laying special type of brick floor tiles

Fig. 10. Fig. 11.
Fig. 12. Fig. 13.

Fig. 14. Fig. 15.
Fig. 16. Fig. 17.
Fig. 18. Inscription in language English Fig. 19. Inscription in language Tamil

Fig. 20. Inscription in language Telugu Fig. 21. Inscription in language Maratha
Fig. 22. Front Elevation Fig. 23. Cross Section
Fig. 24. Plan Fig. 25. Ist Floor Plan
Fig. 26. IInd Floor Plan Fig. 27. IIIrd Floor Plan

Fig. 28. IVth Floor Plan Fig. 29. Vth Floor Plan
Fig. 30. VIth Floor Plan Fig. 31. VIIth Floor Plan
Fig. 32. VIIItIh Floor Plan
III. DISCUSSIONS
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has asked INTACH to prepare guidelines to
relax some of the stringent conservation laws that govern the structures in the country so that
some decent facilities and infrastructure can come up around them. Heritage is not only about
preserving, but caring for it as well. To involve local residents in the conservation effort, the very
conservation effort is made in adaptive reuse of this site for educational purposes. The fort site is

an existing heritage structure, but care is to be given to restoring and conserving the heritage
value without severely affecting the environment. Guidelines prepared by INTACH will help to
achieve this goal whilst also protecting the site from damage [11]. Central Public Work
Department, Government of India, Guides on The building should be evaluated on the basis of
its historical, architectural and cultural significance. The focus should be on features that are
significant from the point of view of esthetics, function and craftsmanship. Aesthetic qualities
may be related to form, proportion, colour, detail, scale and texture. Function may be analysed in
terms of the original use of the building or its current use. However, all historic buildings cannot
be considered individually important. It is important that a scheme of conservation be prepared
before any intervention is undertaken. “Adaptive reuse of buildings has a major role to play in
the sustainable development. When adaptive reuse involves historic buildings, environmental
benefits are more significant, as these buildings offer so much to the environment, landscape,
identity and amenity to the communities to which they belong” [12]. This essay utilizes two case
studies of tourist destinations in the United States and Kochi Fort, Kerala, India, to compare and
contrast their methods and results of using tourism to preserve historic buildings and revenue
from tourism to fund and sustain conservation efforts. The essay first examines the methods and
results of tourist destinations using tourism to preserve historic buildings in the United States. It
then moves on to the case of Kochi Fort and its historic buildings. Through the examination of
these case studies, the essay argues that a more contextualized approach to historic preservation
is necessary in order to properly contextualize and understand the impact of tourism on historic
buildings and regions [13]. They observe that, “Restoration involves investigating, diagnosing
and correcting deficiencies and deterioration of any structure. Identification of common defects
and problems faced in old structures and devising a systematic approach towards handling these
issues is civil engineer’s obligation” [14]. They observed that Kanchipuram district is rich in
archeological sites and monuments, which are of a great importance for the history, heritage and
culture of the people of the state. It is considered as one of the seven districts founded by the
great poet and Sri Vaishnavite saint, Sri Ramanuja. The committee noted with concern that a
large number of archeological sites and monuments in the district are under threat, with a lack of
proper care and maintenance. The committee observed that due to negligence from various
sections of the society and the government, a large number of these sites are in a deteriorated
condition. The committee recommended that the Government of Tamil Nadu take measures to
conserve and maintain the archeological sites and monuments in the district. It is also
recommended that the district administration take steps to create awareness among the public
about the importance of these sites and monuments [15]. The results of this study help in

developing a better understanding of the sedimentary rock found in the area and the possible
origins of the clays and limes that would be used in the construction industry. Additionally, the
findings suggest the need for further research into the sedimentary rocks found in the area in
order to better understand their composition and how they have formed [16]. The study clarified
that, when a brick is in compression, the majority of the stress is applied in the middle of the
brick. This indicates that the natural strength of a brick is not very efficient when it comes to
distributing stress. It is also noted that talcum powder significantly reduces the strength of bricks,
particularly when they are in compression [1].
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The Manora Fort serves as more than just a tourist attraction. It is also a source of
historical research and knowledge. Being close to a research institute, it provides researchers and
students with valuable resources to help them understand the intricate history of Thanjavur and
its glorious past. In addition, various educational activities and seminars are conducted here to
promote tourism and educate people about the various aspects of Thanjavur fascinating culture,
thus helping to preserve the heritage of this city. The Fort is also often used for cultural events
and special occasions, thereby bringing people together and providing a sense of unity in the
city.
Some of the common NDT methods used today include ultrasonics, radiography, eddy
current, visual testing, penetrant testing, and magnetic particle testing. Each of these tests offers
unique advantages, such as being fast and cost-effective, and often requiring minimal setup or
facility disruption. Ultrasonic testing can be used to detect surface-breaking flaws in materials,
while radiography can aid with the identification of objects and materials in difficult-to-reach
areas of the production environment. Eddy current testing can be used to prove the flatness of a
product or measure the thickness of a material in just seconds, making it a viable option for
quality assurance/control programs. Visual inspection is still the most cost-effective way to
identify corrosion, cracks, liquid penetration, and other flaws in materials without the need for
expensive equipment. And penetrant and magnetic particle testing techniques make use of
magnetic, fluorescent, or visible chemical solutions that can be applied to materials in order to
detect subsurface flaws.
After detail study of various documents, reports and our site visits and investigation, it
was found that the manora fort is an example of the brick construction using binding materials as
lime mortar. The fort is made up of mainly brick walls, which are held together with a lime
mortar, and are strengthened by solid bastions. The walls are thick and high, and the bastions are

large and well-preserved. The fort has unique features such as its water-resistant and fire-
resistant construction, which are the result of the use of lime mortar.
The use of foundation, bricks, lime mortar and random rubble stone as part of the
architecture of the manora fort provides an excellent opportunity for heritage tourism, allowing
visitors to explore and appreciate the architecture and design of the structures, while learning
about its history and significance. Additionally, this type of masonry is of great interest to
academics and researchers, providing a valuable resource and subject for study.
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***, Hand Book of Conservation of Heritage Buildings - A Guide, Directorate General
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Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930

Manora Fort, Thanjavur, India. -

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II. DESCRIPTION OF THE FORT

Manora fort tower, the memorial monument is situated at Sarabendrarajapattinam in

Fig. 1. Picture of Manora Fort before the 2001 Conservation work

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Fig. 10. Fig. 11.

Fig. 12. Fig. 13.

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Fig. 14. Fig. 15.

Fig. 16. Fig. 17.

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Fig. 22. Front Elevation Fig. 23. Cross Section

Fig. 24. Plan Fig. 25. Ist Floor Plan

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Fig. 32. VIIItIh Floor Plan

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[1] N. Rajesh, S. Suppiah, P. Purushothaman, Assessment of Strength Characteristics of a

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[11] June 08; Volume: 2/13 (year/issue number), INTACH (2012)

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