ME-406 Software LAB Manual - 1710572459

SOFTWARE LAB (ME-406) -1-
CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE
LABORATORY MANUAL
Software Lab
(ME 406)
ME
IV SEM
Department of Mechanical Engineering

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

INDORE (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms……………………………………………………………… with RGTU
Enrollment No. 0832 ..…………………………..has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in
…………………….……………………………………………...………laboratory, as prescribed by Rajiv
Gandhi Proudhyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal for ……… Semester of the Mechanical Engineering
Department during year 20….…  ....
Signature of
Faculty In-charge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

20 -
List of Experiments
Student Name: Enrollment No.:
Expt. List of Experiments Date of Staff Signature

No. submission
1. Role of computers in design and manufacturing
2. Various Types of CAD software
3. Current developments in CAD
4. CAD graphics standards
5. Geometric modeling
6. Introduction to Solid-Works software
7. Introduction to extrude & revolve commands
8. Sweep and loft feature in Solid-Works
9. Mirror, Fillet, and pattern features.
10. Assembly Feature in Solid-Works.

EXPERIMENT NO. - 1. ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING.
AIM: To study the basic of Computer-Aided Drawing/Design
THEORY:
In as much for speed to customers desires change and large completion that describe day world. To lead
technology and operations technology to form general, to achieve competitive advantage and special form
design technology is master key to determine nature and form product, and what tolerable quality levels
that work fit product to uses and all of features and preferences determine through design technology. For
the importance CAD/CAM subject, we introduce in this research that offers primary components to CAM
system, and styles this system to achieve detailed work steps and details design steps. From within
complete program in (AutoCAD) system with details steps to how to design transportation to
manufacturing operations to series achieve to desired product. With offer conclusions that fitness between
CAD and CAM to introduce direction communication between design and manufacturing lead to mistakes
reduction to large ratio.
The drawing and design software represents the most prominent concerns of developers of computer
systems and was the development of software that fall within the design concept computer (Computer-
Aided Design), which is referred to as short-term CAD. It was this software with two, including directions
what general, including what is a specialist in one of the engineering fields such as mechanical or electrical
or electronic, construction and architecture, some of which is advanced in the adoption of the principle of
geometric modeling.
In the same direction, there was an important development in the software means and which fall within
the concept of manufacturing computer (Computer-Aided Manufacturing), which is referred to by the term
CAM for short. The concept of manufacturing computer includes all the activities involved in the planning
and control of production in different factories, such as digital control computer (Computer Numerical
Control: CNC) and the leadership of human industrial automation (Industrial Robotics) and planning of
production processes (Process Planning) and the overall layout of the plant, including so planning tables
productivity and material requirements planning and production capacity
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

The computer-aided design an electronic system for the design of parts or products new already have, and
allows the designer treatment precise geometric shapes and can of innovation fees and see it from all
angles on the display and can calculator that simulates the reaction of one part against tests strength and
stress. Through the use of design data stored in memory, the user can or beneficiary obtain printed copies
of the drawing and specifications relating to any part or product quickly. lowers the (CAD) of the cost of
creating the product and reduces sharply from the time of marketing products new, and learn the (CAD) at
present is an essential requirement for designers since the number of its investors is growing fast and that
the budgets allocated to it in many companies over Makin in 2000 three times, and go larger amounts of
software calculators and through Pro-Engineer put the United States clear concept of the standard national
and confirms that the existence of several alternative designs provided by the database system enables a

good study of the possibilities and determine what is best standards design and put several advantages
(CAD) are:
1 Improving the quality of design and products manufactured from them.
2 Systems (CAD) are strengthening communication and stimulate innovation in multi-functional design
teams through the provision of interactive visual focus on the debate.
3 Leads to improve every stage of stages of product design to shorten the time and cost.
4 Contributing to the achievement of contact between the designer and supplier through electronic
communication between them through the screens visible to a computer.
5 Provides a database managed storage and retrieval of design data at any time and quickly.
6 Treatment after the details of the design and promotion of design flexibility is largely due to changes
that can be made quickly on a design.
7 Hurt in achieving all priorities competitiveness (quality, flexibility, speed, and cost).
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

From the standpoint of (Evans), the calculator-aided manufacturing includes calculators control over the
manufacturing process, as in the calculation tool movements and cutting speeds, and possesses the (CAM)
prefer advantages on traditional manufacturing concepts in many cases, especially when:
- Is produced by several different parts of the requirements of a changing or periodically.
- Are permanent changes to the design?
- Be a complicated manufacturing process.
- Doubling mechanism processes are taking place on one part.
- Expert operator skills and control are required.
The systems (CAD / CAM) integrated design with the manufacturing process by turning the final
specifications for the design to detailed instructions for the machine for the manufacture of any substance
and longer (CAD / CAM) is the fastest and least likely to commit errors of rights and avoid getting cloning
between engineering and manufacturing.
The-advantages-of-CAD/CAM-integrated:
There are many benefits to computer design systems, little of which can be measured. Some of these
benefits are intangible, reflected on the improvement of the quality of work, and there are tangible
benefits, but it does not seem obvious in the design stages, but can be observed in the production-stages.
We can mention some of these benefits are as follows:
1. Increase the productivity of the designer and this is achieved by the computer helps the designer
introduced product.
2. Improve the quality of the design: The computerized design system allows the designer to a deep and
accurate analysis of the design as well as provides a large number of alternative designs that can be
tested, and the design errors less because of the high precision provided by the system.
3. Improve the exchange of ideas: engineering drawing international language transcends barriers
translator and that the use of the system leads to charges having standard specifications and reduce-
errors.
4. Provide the database for manufacturing. and computerized design system benefits especially in terms of
the manufacturing process using a database CAD / CAM for production planning and control. These benefits
can play a role in the following areas:
1. Fixings and design tools are required for manufacturing.
2. Programmable digital control machines.
3. Planning for computer-aided production.
4. User complexes (formed by a computerized design system) for production.
5. Planning robots (robots).
6. Less time to manufacture and through the development of good schedules.
7. Computer-examination (Computer-Aided Inspection).
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is CAD?
Ans. Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a Aided Design.
2. Who discovered CAD?
Ans. 60 years ago, the “Father of CAD,” Dr. Patrick Hanratty created the first numerical control system,
which would later become Computer-Aided Design or CAD.
3. How is CAD used today?
Ans. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design,
improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing.
4. How many types of CAD are there?
Ans. The five types are 2D CAD (flat drawings of product), 2.5D CAD (Prismatic models), 3D CAD (3D
objects), 3D wireframe and surface modeling (skeleton-like inner structure), and solid modeling (solid
geometry).
5. What are the advantages of CAD?
Ans. Following are the advantages of CAD:
 Increases Productivity.
 Higher Quality of Designs.
 Reuse and Easy Modifications in Designs.
 Easier to Read.
 Design files can be easily shared.
6. What are the 3 disadvantages of CAD?
Ans Following are the disadvantages of CAD-
 Work can be lost because of the sudden breakdown of computers.
 Work is prone to viruses.
 Work could be easily “hacked”
 Time taking process to know how to operate or run the software.
7. What are the applications of CAD?
Ans It is used by engineers, architects, and construction managers, CAD has replaced manual drafting.
It helps users creating designs in either 2D or 3D so that they can visualize the design.
8. What is CAM?
Ans. CAM Stands for Computer-Aided Manufacturing.
9. What is geometric modeling?
Ans. Geometric modeling is the field that discusses the mathematical methods behind the modeling of
realistic objects for computer graphics and computer-aided design.
10. What is scaling?
Ans. Scaling is a kind of transformation in which the size of an object is changed.
*****

EXPERIMENT NO. - 2. VARIOUS TYPES OF CAD SOFTWARE
AIM: To study the different types of CAD software.
THEORY:
CAD or Computer-Aided Design software was introduced in the late 1960s to expedite the engineering
drawing process. While CAD is used mainly in engineering drawing and construction architecture, it can also
use for other purposes.
There are various types of CAD software available today and there are different methods of classifying them.
Types of CAD Software

2 Dimensional CAD (2D CAD)
2D CAD is the pioneer of CAD software and was developed in the early 70s. At that time, major automobile,
aerospace, and other engineering companies developed in-house tools to automate repetitive drafting
requirements. 2D CAD relies on basic geometric shapes like lines, rectangles, circles, etc. to produce flat
drawings. These types of software have been first developed way back in the 1970s.Autodesk is one of the
pioneering companies that has played a significant role in developing CAD software.
3 Dimensional CAD (3D CAD)

3D CAD is a step up from the 2D CAD software of yesteryears. As the processing power of computers increased
and the graphic display capabilities improved, 3D CAD has become an increasingly popular design tool. 3D CAD
allows the creation of realistic 3D images. These images are called 3D models as they can be viewed and
rotated in any direction – X, Y, or Z. You can also display views from a 3D model, such as isometrics or
perspectives, from any angle using 3D CAD. 3D CAD tools were introduced in the 1980's by a partnership
between IBM-Dassault. 3D CAD quickly became popular because of enhanced visual capability.
The rapid advancement of 3D software today has helped quick turnaround in product design, giving birth to
the concept for product lifecycle management (PLM). A few of today's leading 3D CAD software include Solid
Edge and Solid Works. Of course, with the vast array of tools, professional training is needed to master these
tools.There is yet another way of classifying CAD software - in terms of its operating parameters. Once you
understand these parameters, you can optimize the CAD software properly. A little training should help you go
a long way!
Single-file-mode systems - This type of CAD software allows only a single user to work on a single file at a
time.
Referenced-file-mode systems - In this type of CAD software, users can work on their files with the files of
other users attached as a background. This enables users to leverage other users' work as background data.
Collaborative-mode systems - These CAD systems take the referenced-mode system to the next level. They
allow a team of users to collaboratively work with each other's data and see the changes other users make to

the data as they go. And of course, the giants in this field (for example AutoCAD) can be used in different
modes of operation.
3D CAD can be further classified as:
Wire-frame models – they create skeletons like models with lines and arcs. Since they appear to be made of
wires, and everything in the background is visible, they are called wire-frame models. They are not very
popular anymore.
Surface models – unlike wireframes, these models are created by joining 3D surfaces. Since nothing in the
background is visible, the surface models are quite realistic.
Solid models – they are considered to be the most useful CAD models. Although they appear to be the same
as surface models, they also have additional properties like weight, volume, and density, just like actual
physical objects. These models are commonly used as prototypes to study engineering designs.
The CAD Solvers
Increasingly, there is a gap between the design prowess of new CAD software – be it AUTO CAD, CATIA, Pro-E,
Solid Edge, HYPER MESH, ANSYS, etc. – and the students/professionals that are expected to use them.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a wireframe model?
Ans. A wireframe model is an edge or skeletal representation of a real-world 3D object using lines and
curves. Wireframe models consist only of points, lines, and curves that describe the edges of the object.
2. What is meant by solid modeling?
Ans. Solid modeling (or modeling) is a consistent set of principles for mathematical and computer
modeling of three-dimensional solids. Solid modeling is distinguished from related areas of geometric
modeling and computer graphics by its emphasis on physical fidelity.
3. What is meant by Surface modeling?
Ans. Surface modeling is a more complex method for representing objects than wireframe modeling but is
not as sophisticated as solid modeling. Surface modeling is widely used in CAD (computer-aided design) for
illustrations and architectural renderings.
4. What is Solid Works?
Ans. Solid Works is a computer-aided design tool or software that runs on Microsoft Windows.
5. What is AutoCAD?
Ans. AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. Developed
and marketed by Autodesk.
6. List out the major difference between AutoCAD and Solid Works?
Ans The significant difference between the Solid Works and AutoCAD is that AutoCAD was designed and
developed as a 2D package and later evolved into a 3D package while Solid Works is developed as 3D
7. List out the major or basic components of the Feature Manager Design tree?
Ans The basic components of the Feature Manager Design tree includes
Part
Subassembly
Flexible Subassembly

SOFTWARE LAB (ME-406) - 10 -
8. What is the extension for part files in solid works?
Ans. The extension for part file in solid works is SLDPRT.
9. What is the SLDASM extension?
Ans. A SLDASM file is a three-dimensional assembly created with Solid Works CAD software. It typically
contains several Solid Works Part (. SLDPRT) files organized into a single assembly.
10. Can Solid works open CAD files?
Ans. To open a third-party native CAD file in SOLIDWORKS: Click Open (Standard toolbar) or File > Open. In
the dialog box, in Files of type, select the third-party native CAD file. Click Options.
*****

EXPERIMENT NO. - 3. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CAD
Aim: Study of current developments in CAD.
Theory:
CAD (Computer Aided Designing) is a methodology in which computer technology is used for creating designs
that can be leveraged in various fields and industry verticals. Using it, numerous products can be designed
with accurate measurements and the design process can be also be adequately documented.
Computer-Aided Designing has evolved as one of the best-computerized designing methodologies and
facilitates a wide array of manufacturing processes by transferring the comprehensive diagrams easily to a
manufacturing and designing system. With its help, both 2D and 3D diagrams can be produced, and these
diagrams can be rotated at any angle to view the details from a particular perspective. Once the design is
complete, specialized plotters or printers are used for printing the design renderings.
The Many Uses of CAD

Computer-Aided Designing software can be used for -
 Producing 2D or 3D detailed engineering designs of physical components of products being manufactured

 Creating conceptual designs, product layouts, carrying out dynamic and strength analysis of the
manufacturing processes and assembly
 Preparing environmental impact reports and designs which can then be used for producing a rendering of
the exterior and interior look when new structures are constructed
The Latest Trends in CAD technology

As technology keeps evolving, Computer-Aided Design trends are also changing at a fast pace. Here are the
top design trends which are expected to dominate the design industry in the years to come:
1. Upstart Technology
Like every technology-based solution, CAD software is also changing at an accelerated pace to adapt itself
to the ever-changing world of digital technology. A lot of enterprises worldwide have released cutting-
edge collaborative and cloud-based solutions which offer a whole new range of functionalities. Enterprises
and organizations of all sizes are indulging in innovating and enabling Computer-Aided Designing with new
capabilities which can be leveraged for better designing of products, machines, and other entities. Upstart
technical firms are among the significant contributors to such new design trends.
A plethora of design experts believes that computer-aided designing technology as we know it today
needs an upgrade, to deliver better services. Therefore, it is safe to expect that this technique will undergo
a complete transformation in the years to come.
2. Internet of Things

The IoT (Internet of Things) refers to the network of connected devices which are capable of interacting
with their surroundings and collecting data. Connected objects in IoT networks are capable of interacting
with each other and sending signals. Most of these devices are either the part of a home, an office, a
factory, or a car. To plan, design, and personalize marketing strategies, IoT is amongst the latest trends in
computer designing which is catching the attention of various people.
It has been estimated by Cisco, that by 2020, over 50 billion devices worldwide will be online and be a part
of some of the other IoT networks. This will certainly change the way we work and dramatically complete
our day-to-day tasks. While everyone on the planet would be affected and impacted by these devices, but
the person who will be affected the most will be engineers. Once the manufacturing units, factories, and
facilities will come online, massive new efficiencies will be introduced. Thus, computer-aided designing will
evolve as one of the most preferred ways to design newer machines that can interact and deliver
incredible performance.
3. Mobile Access to CAD
Mobile access and mobility have become two of the most vital aspects that organizations and people look
for in almost every technology. Thus, mobile access is going to be one of the top trends in the coming
years.
As per a survey, close to 30% of computer-aided designing developers are currently deploying some means
of accessing the data on mobile platforms and this number is expected to grow by 8-10 percent every
year. Mobile access allows people to access tools, apps, and other relevant data anywhere and anytime.
This implies increased productivity and that's why the tech experts are looking out for innovative ways
using which computer-aided designing can be made mobile.
4. 3D Printed Buildings
Among the evolving trends in CAD, technology is 3D printed buildings. Now a 3D printer can support the
creation of an entire building. Many tools and 3D printers are being used for the construction of entire
apartment blocks. This method is much more eco-friendly, cost-effective, and time-efficient in printing
buildings than the other conventional methods.
In the future, 3D printers using such technology will make it much easier to develop housing in highly
populated areas. It is expected that construction firms in the coming years will catch up with this
technology facilitating innovation in design.
5. CAD and the Cloud are expected to Grow Together
One of the latest trends in computer-aided design technology, which is expected to change the way we
access tools and use them, is the growth of computer designing in the cloud. Rapid advancements in cloud
technology have become a great way for organizations worldwide to access vital information on the go
and to make the data, tools, and much more available to people anywhere and at any time. Today, the
power of the cloud is driving Computer Aided Technology as well, allowing developers and designers to
save their work on cloud platforms which can then be accessed from anywhere. The benefits which such

software offer include higher mobility, ease of updating the software, increased storage capacity, and
more importantly, significant cost reductions.
Feature-Based Modeling:
Feature-based modeling refers to the construction of geometries as a combination of form features. The
designer specifies features in engineering terms such as holes, slots, or bosses rather than geometric
terms such as circles or boxes.
Features can store nongraphic information as well. This information can be used in activities such as
drafting, NC, finite-element analysis, and kinematic analysis. Furthermore, feature-based packages
frequently record the geometric construction and modification sequences used in building the model.
Old method: Define slot as the Boolean difference between the part and space.
The problem: Lengthening the part geometry turns the slot into a blind hole.
Feature method: Through-hole feature understands that it must pass through the part, no matter how
the part changes
Design by features
A product model can be built by using (design) features; this is known as design by features or feature-based
modeling. One can start either with a more or less complete geometric model and define form features on it,
or one starts from scratch by combining form features from a standard library. Design with pre-defined form
features can reduce the number of input commands substantially. This is especially advantageous in re-design.
The parametric representation of features provides a powerful way to change features for their dimensions.
Features can serve as functional elements to designers. Design features often differ from "downstream"
application features. The possible causes of obtaining manufacturing features in a CAPP system are indicated.
The features are either similar to the "downstream" application features, in which case no special actions are
required, or the design features differ from the manufacturing features in which case feature mapping or
feature recognition are necessary. In the figure, the mapping functionality has been identified as part of the
CAD functionality while feature recognition has been identified as part of CAPP functionality. This has historic
reasons. Initially, (academic) feature-based design systems were equipped with mapping functionality for
linkage with downstream applications. Process planning systems were equipped with feature recognition
modules to be able to transform CAD models into appropriate chunks of manufacturing information. Feature
mapping need not necessarily be part of feature-based design systems and equally, feature recognition and
feature identification need not necessarily be part of process planning systems.

Figure 3.1 -Ways of obtaining manufacturing features in CAPP
Viva Questions :
Q.1-What is 3-D Printing?
Answer. 3D printing or additive manufacturing is the process of making three-dimensional solid objects from a
digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process, an
object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created.
Q.2-What file format is needed for 3D printing?
Answer. STL is the most common file format for 3D printing. STL stands for STereoLithography
Q.3-What is the Internet of Things?
Answer. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-connected objects that can
collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention.
Q.4-What is Cloud computing?
Answer. Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services that including servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation,
flexible resources, and economies of scale.
Q.5-What is meant by Conventional modeling?
Answer. In conventional modeling, in the mapping of the conceptual model (Entity/Relationship) to the
logical model (Relational) conversion rules are applied.
Q.6-What is a feature in a model?
Answer. A feature, in computer-aided design (CAD), usually refers to a region of a part with some interesting
geometric or topological properties.
Q.7-What is meant by Feature-based Modeling?
Answer. Feature-based modeling refers to the construction of geometries as a combination of form features.
The designer specifies features in engineering terms such as holes, slots, or bosses rather than geometric
terms such as circles or boxes.
Q.8-Which one is an example of feature-based Modelling?
Answer. Three-dimensional CAD systems based on feature-based solid modeling techniques have been widely
used for product design.

Q.9-What is Product Layout design?
Answer. A Product Layout Design requires that materials be moved in one direction along the assembly line
and always in the same pattern. The major concern for the Product Layout Design is balancing the assembly
line so that no one workstation becomes a bottleneck and holds up the flow of work through the line.
Q.10-What is CAPP?
Answer. Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is the use of computer technology to aid in the process
planning of a part or product and manufacturing.
*******

EXPERIMENT NO. - 4. CAD GRAPHICS STANDARDS
Aim: Study of various CAD graphics standards.
Theory:
Portability, the ability to move programs easily from one computer to another, is important for CAE
software. Although it has long been possible to make a computational program code portable by using
standard programming languages, this was not previously possible for CAE software because of the lack of
graphics standards. A proposed 3D graphics standard (CORE), introduced to the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), was superseded by the adoption in 1985 of the 2D Graphical Kernel System (GKS) as an
international standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
A new 3D device-independent graphics standard, the Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics
System (PHIGS), was proposed by ANSI in 1985 and adopted as an international standard by ISO in 1988.
Where possible, the concepts and nomenclature of
GKS have been used in PHIGS.
The principal limitation to CAE software portability has been the wide variety of graphics hardware and
the direct dependence of CAE software on this hardware. Both GKS and PHIGS give the programmer device-
independent graphics primitives and coordinate systems as well as a set of logical graphics input devices to
replace the wide variety of input hardware. For example, the pick action (selection of a graphics entity on the
screen) could be physically accomplished by a light pen, a cursor, and tablet, or a mouse. Using graphics
standards, the CAE programmer will always specify a logical pick device regardless of the physical device used
to achieve the pick.
PHIGS has several important advantages over GKS for CAE software. It is a full 3D system for viewing
and modeling transformations and allows both graphics and non-graphics data to be stored in its data
structure. The data structure can invoke other structures and store transformations as attributes. The result is
a hierarchical graphics data structure well suited for animation and representation of entities with multiple
components. Several extensions to PHIGS, called PHIGS PLUS (PHIGS+), were adopted as a separate
international standard in 1990. PHIGS+ provides support for most of the rendering models and some of the
geometric models in a CAE program. PHIGS+ routines address lighting, shading, hidden surface elimination,
transparency, non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curves, and surfaces, and improved user interaction and
control. PHIGS and PHIGS+ were merged into a single international standard, PHIGS, in 1997.
The emergence of PHIGS+ was in response to dramatically improved computer graphics hardware
capabilities in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and that was rapidly being incorporated into the new breed of
CAE workstations. Vendors did not wait for international committees to address these new capabilities in their
standards but deployed their proposed extensions in the interim. While this made these new capabilities
available to the CAE software developers, it also prevented the CAE software from easily being ported from
one hardware platform to another, which is the main purpose of a standard.
Taking advantage of this noncompliance to the adopted international standard and the slow rate at
which new technologies and capabilities were addressed by these standards, an industry consortium was
established in 1992 to support a new graphics standard known as OpenGL. OpenGL aims to provide a timely

integration of new technologies and capabilities as they emerge and to avoid the problem of partial
conformance to the standard. GKS, PHIGS, and other standards have been plagued by partially conforming
deployments, which makes portability between platforms difficult and defeats a key purpose of standards. The
OpenGL Architecture Review Board, which draws its membership from nine leading computer graphics
hardware vendors, avoids this problem by permitting only the term OpenGL to be applied to products that
conform completely to the OpenGL standard. OpenGL is today the most widely used and supported 2D and 3D
graphics application programming interface (API).
INTEGRATION OF CAE SOFTWARE
Frequently, all of these CAE tools are needed together with specialized CAE applications programs to solve a
single engineering problem. The integration of these tools or the communication of data between them is a
challenging problem. To successfully integrate these programs, a centralized database is necessary. Data from
the various CAE tools are processed into and retrieved from this database through a database management
system. If the CAE software is proprietary and the data structure not easily accessible, the proprietary
programming interfaces may be used, or, sacrificing functionality and interactivity, a data interchange
standard may be used.
The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) was developed under the leadership of the National Bureau
of Standards (today is known as the National Institute of Science and Technology) and was accepted as a
standard by ANSI in 1981 (Y14.26M-1981). The goal of IGES is to allow the transfer of geometric data between
dissimilar CAD systems. IGES is widely available and is generally capable of providing the translation of a
snapshot of the model in one CAD system into a static model that cannot be edited in another CAD system.
The standard for the exchange of product model data (STEP) has been adopted as an international
standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 10303). STEP aims to provide a neutral,
computer-interpretable representation and description of product data throughout the life cycle of a product
that is independent of any particular system. It can be used for both data exchange and for archiving data over
time. The latter is an important issue when the product life cycle exceeds the life span of the software and
hardware that created the product data. Given this extremely broad objective, ISO 10303 is not a single
standard but a collection of interrelated documents that form multipart standards. A number of these
documents have been adopted as an international standard, while many others are still in development. The
table lists some of the documents that have been adopted as part of ISO 10303.
The software industry's support for adopted ISO 10303 documents has been significantly slower than was the
case for PHIGS (graphics standards). In the case of STEP, the software vendors have been hesitant to support
the standard, both because of the high upfront cost associated with complying with the complexity of the
standard, and because of their desire to provide a comprehensive yet proprietary solution for the customer in
whom the customer's data is locked into. Thus far, it is primarily the large mechanical CAD/CAM/CAE vendors
serving the automotive industry that has given in to customer pressure and competition to provide support for
STEP (AP 203, AP 214). Recently it appears that AP 210 and AP 212 have also started to receive some initial
vendor support.
Viva Questions:

Q.1-What are graphics standards?
Answer. It is a group of agreed specifications that define the common interfaces between computer systems
or subsystems.
Q.2-What are the different CAD standards?
Answer. CAD Standards are a set of guidelines for the way Computer-aided design (CAD) drawings should
appear, to improve productivity and interchange of CAD documents between different offices and CAD
programs, especially in architecture and engineering.
Q.3-What is CORE?
Answer. The 3D Core Graphics System (a.k.a. Core) was the very first graphical standard ever developed. A
group of 25 experts of the ACM Special Interest Group SIGGRAPH developed this "conceptual framework".
Q.4-What is PHIGS?
Answer. PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) is an application programming
interface (API) standard for rendering 3D computer graphics, considered to be the 3D graphics standard.
Q.5-What is a Nurb curve?
Answer. NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines), are mathematical representations of 3D geometry that can
accurately describe any shape from a simple 2D line, circle, arc, or curve to the most complex 3D organic free-
form surface or solid.
Q.6-What is the difference between the Bezier curve and the B-spline curve?
Answer. B-Spline curves are a result of the use of an open uniform basis function whereas the Bezier curve
generally follows the shape of a defining polygon.
Q.7-What is meant by ISO?
Answer. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental, non-
profitable, worldwide organization which develops and publishes international standards. It provides a
standard for products and services. These standards are accepted worldwide and provide a surety that the
products and services are safe, reliable, and of good quality.
Q.8-What do you mean by IGES?
Answer. The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) (pronounced eye-jess) is a vendor-neutral file
format that allows the digital exchange of information among computer-aided design (CAD) systems.
Q.9-What is a 3D STEP model?
Answer. The STEP 3D file format is a data exchange format applied in the computer-aided design (CAD)
industry. It is primarily used to transfer real-world mechanical and architecture designs between different CAD
software tools.
Q.10-What is the difference between IGES and STEP?
Answer. IGES is the most widespread standard and is supported by nearly all major CAD systems worldwide
whereas STEP is a newer standard and is therefore not as widespread as IGES. However, most major CAD
programs recognize STEP and its ubiquity is steadily growing as the standard improves.
*******

EXPERIMENT NO. - 5. GEOMETRIC MODELING
Aim: Introduction to Geometric Modeling
Theory:
Geometric modeling is defined as the complete representation of an object that includes both graphical and non-
graphical information. In computer-aided design, geometric modeling is concerned with the computer-
compatible mathematical description of the geometry of an object. The mathematical description of the
geometry of an object to be displayed and manipulated on a graphics terminal through a signal from the CPU of
the CAD system. The software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for efficient use
of both the computer and the human designer. To use geometric modeling, the designer constructs the graphical
image of the object on the CRT screen of the IGS system by inputting three types of commands to the
computer. The first type of command generates basic geometric elements such as points, lines, and circles. The
second command type is used to accomplish scaling, rotation, or other transformations of these elements. The
third type of command causes the various elements to be joined into the desired shape of the object being
created on the ICG system. During this geometric modeling process, the computer converts the commands into
a mathematical model, stores them in the computer data files, and displays it as an image on the screen. The
model can be subsequently being called from the data files for review, analysis, or alteration. The most
advanced method of geometric modeling is solid modeling in three dimensions. This method uses solid
geometry shapes called primitives to construct the object.
There are three types of modeling, they are

a. Wireframe Modeling
b. Surface Modeling
c. Solid Modeling
Wireframe Modeling-
This is the basic form of modeling; here the objects drawn will be simple but more verbose, a geometric model
that can be used to represent it mathematically in the computer. It is sometimes referred to as a stick figure or an
edge representation of the object. A typical CAD/CAM system provides users with possibly three modes to
input coordinates: Cartesian, Cylindrical or Spherical. Each mode has explicit or implicit inputs. Explicit input
could be absolute or incremental coordinates. Implicit input involves user digitizes. A wireframe model consists
of points, lines, arcs, circles &curves. Early wireframe modeling techniques developed in the 1960s were 2-
dimensional. They are not centralized &associative. Later in the 1970s, the centralized, associative database
concepts enabled modeling of 3D objects as wireframe models that can be subject to 3-dimensional
transformations.
Figure-5.1 Wireframe Modeling

WIREFRAME ENTITIES
Wireframe Entities are divided into 2 types are:
a. Synthetic Entities- Splines & Curves
b. Analytic Entities- Points, Lines, Circles, arcs, conics, fillet, chamfer
Applications:
1. Two-dimensional drafting.
2. Numerical control tool path generation.
Advantages:
1. It is simple to construct a model.
2. Less computer memory to store the object.
3. CPU time to retrieve, edit or update a wireframe model is less.
4. Does not require extensive training.
Disadvantages:
1. It is an ambiguous representation of a real object.
2. It lacks visual coherence and information to determine the object.
3. User or terminal time needed to prepare & or input data increases with the complexity of
Object.
4. Inability to detect interference between components.
5. No facility for automatic shading.
6. Difficult in calculating Physical properties like Mass, surface area, the center of gravity
Etc.,

SURFACE MODELING:
A surface model of an object is a more complete and less ambiguous representation than its wireframe model. It
is also richer in associated geometric contents, which makes it more suitable for engineering and design
applications. The surface model takes one step beyond wireframe models by providing information on surfaces
connecting the object edges. Creating a surface has some quantitative data such as point & tangents & some
qualitative data like desired shape & smoothness. Choice of surface form depends on the type of application.
Figure-5.2 Surface modeling

Surface Entities-
Similar to wireframe entities, existing CAD / CAM systems provide designers with both analytic and synthetic
surface entities. Analytic entities include plane surface, ruled surface, the surface of revolution, and tabulated
cylinder. Synthetic entities include the bicubic Hermite spline surface, B – spline surface, rectangular and
triangular Bezier patches, rectangular and triangular Coons patches, and Gordon surface. The mathematical
properties of some of these entities are covered in this chapter for two purposes. First, it enables users to
correctly choose the proper surface entity for the proper application. For example, a ruled surface is a linear
surface and does not permit any twist while a B – spline surface is a general surface. Second users will be in a
position to better understand CAD/CAM documentation and the related modifiers to each surface entity
command available on a system. The following are descriptions of major surface entities provided by
CAD/CAM systems
Application:
1. Calculating mass properties.
2. Checking for interference between mating parts.
3. Generating cross-sectioned views.
4. Generating finite element mesh.
Advantages:
1. They are less ambiguous than the wireframe model.
2. Surface model provides hidden line and surface algorithms to add realism to the displayed geometry.
2. Surface model can be utilized in volume and mass property calculations, finite element modeling, NC path
generation, and cross-section &interference detections.
3. Change in finite element mesh size produces more accurate results in FEA.
Disadvantages:
1. Surface models are generally more complex and thus require more terminal and CPU time and computer
storage to create than wireframe models.
2. Surface models are sometimes awkward to create and may require unnecessary manipulations of wireframe
entities.
3. It requires more training to create.
4. It does not provide any topological information.
Solid Modeling-
A solid model of an object is a more complete representation than its surface model. It is unique from the
surface model in topological information it stores which potentially permits functional automation and
integration. Defining an object with the solid model is the easiest of the available three modeling techniques.
The solid model can be quickly created without having to define individual locations as with wireframes. The
completeness and un-ambiguity of solid models are attributed to the information that is a related database of
these models stores (Topology-- It determines the relational information between objects.)
To model an object completely we need both geometry & topological information. Geometry is visible, whereas
topological information is stored in the solid model database is not visible to the user. Two or more primitives
can be combined to form the desire solid. Primitives are combined by Boolean Operations.
Different Boolean operations are:
1. Union (U)
2. Intersection (n)
3. Difference (-)

Figure-5.3 Solid modeling

SOLID ENTITIES
There are a wide variety of primitives available commercially to users. However, the four most commonly used
are the block, cylinder, cone, and sphere. These are based on the four natural quadrics: planes cylinders, cones,
and spheres.
Viva Questions:
Q.1-What is Geometrical Modeling?
Answer. Geometric modeling is a branch of applied mathematics and computational geometry that studies
methods and algorithms for the mathematical description of shapes.
Q.2-What is Topology CAD?
Answer. A CAD model consists of different types of topological entities such as solids, faces, edges, or
vertices. A designer should be aware of this topology since it will have an impact on how the mesh is generated.
Q.3-What are the requirements of geometric modeling?
Answer. Requirements of Geometric Modeling are
 The cross-section, hidden lines, dimensions are needed for Graphical Visualization.
 At the time of parts Inspection, an Interchangeable manufacturing tolerance analysis is required.
 There should be an automatic assembly of the model in Checking interference, modeling, etc.
Q.4-Which type of geometrical modeling technique is used for analysis?
Answer. Solid modeling is the most widely used geometric modeling in three dimensions, and it serves the
following purpose: Solid modeling supports stress analysis, heat conduction calculations, dynamic analysis, and
system dynamics analysis.
Q.5-What is a wireframe in CAD?
Answer. In CAD, a technique for representing 3D objects, in which all surfaces are visibly outlined in lines,
including the opposite sides and all internal components that are normally hidden from view.
Q.6-What is the advantage of wireframe modeling?
Answer. The 3-dimensional solid objects are complex, but wireframe models can be viewed in 1 dimension,
improving comprehensibility.
Q.7-What is surface Modeling used for?
Answer. Surface modeling is a mathematical method usually provided in computer-aided design applications
for displaying solid-appearing objects. Surface modeling makes it possible for users to look at the specific
object at specific angles with solid surfaces.
Q.8-What is Solid modeling?
Answer. Solid Modeling is the computer modeling of 3D solid objects. The objective of Solid Modeling is to
ensure that every surface is geometrically correct.
Q.9-What is the difference between surface modeling and solid modeling?
Answer. Solid models can intersect, join and subtract objects from one another to create the desired results as
far as shape and form. Surface modeling focuses more on the external aspects of an object. It develops an object
by stretching a surface over it with 3D curves created by the designer.
Q.10-What are the advantages of solid modeling?
Answer. A solid model of an object is a more complete representation than its surface (wireframe) model. It
provides more topological information in addition to the geometrical information which helps to represent the
solid unambiguously.
*******

EXPERIMENT NO. - 6. INTRODUCTION TO SOLID-WORKS SOFTWARE
Aim: Study of various 2D commands in Solid-Works.
Theory:
Solid Works is a powerful 3D modeling program. The models it produces can be used in several ways to
simulate the behavior of a real part or assembly as well as checking the basic geometry. First students will learn
the basics of creating solid features needed to build the major functional parts and assemble them. In later
sessions, students will generate engineering drawings and experiment with animation and 'photo-realistic
rendered views too. This should give you the knowledge needed to create more complex designs as the student
explore the enormous functionality of Solid Works.
STARTING A NEW SESSION OF Solid Works 2013:
To start a new session of Solid Works 2013, choose

Start > Programs > Solid Works 2013SP0.0 > Solid Works 2013 SP0.0 from the Start menu or double-click
on the SolidWorks2013 SP0.0 icon placed on the desktop of your computer.
Solid-works opening Window
Figure 6.1: Solid works 2013

Starting a new document in Solid Works 2013:
To start a new document in Solid Works 2013, choose the New Document option from the Getting Started
group of the Solid Works Resources Task Pane. The New Solid Works Document dialog box will be displayed,
as shown in Figure 6.1. We can also invoke this dialog box by choosing the new button from the Standard
toolbar. The options provided in this dialog box are discussed next.
Figure 6.2: Solid works Startup Dialog Box
Part
The Part button is chosen by default in the New Solid Works Document dialog box (Figure 6.2).
Choose the OK button to start a new part document to create solid models or sheet metal
components.When you start a new part document, you will enter the Part mode
Assembly
Choose the Assembly button and then the OK button from the New Solid Works Document dialog
box to start a new assembly document. In an assembly document, you can assemble thecomponents
created in the part documents. You can also create components in the assemblydocument.

Drawing
Choose the Drawing button and then the OK button from the New Solid Works Document dialog
box to start a new drawing document. In a drawing document, you can generate or create the drawing
views of the parts created in the part documents or the assemblies created in the assembly
documents.
The Sketching Environment:
Whenever we start a new part document, by default we are in the part modeling environment. But, we need to
start the design by first creating the sketch of the base feature in the sketching environment. You can invoke the
sketching environment using the Sketch tool available in the Standard toolbar.
We can also choose the Sketch button from the Command Manager (Figure 6.3) to invoke the Sketch Command
Manager.
Figure 6.3:Sketching Environment in Solid works
When we choose the Sketch button from the Standard toolbar or choose any tool from the Sketch Command
Manager; the Edit Sketch Property Manager is displayed and you are prompted to select the plane on which the

sketch will be created. Also, the three default planes available in Solid Works 2013 (Front Plane, Right Plane,
and Top Plane) are temporarily displayed on the screen, as shown in Figure 6.4.
Figure 6.4: Planes displayed in Solid Works

Exercise:
1. Draw the following figures by using various 2D commands in Solid-Works:
Figure 6.5: 2D-Exercise

Viva Questions:
Q.1-What is SolidWorks?
Answer. SolidWorks is a solid modeling computer-aided design and a computer-aided engineering computer
program that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows.
Q.2- What industries use Solidworks?
Answer. Solidworks serves various industries like, Aerospace & Defence. Agricultural machinery. Alternative
energy. Automotive & Transport. Construction. Consumer. product design. Engineering. services. Electronics,
etc.
Q.3- What language is Solid Works written in?
Answer. Solid Works is written in C++.
Q.4- What is Solid Works PDM?
Answer. Solid Works PDM is a document management product based on the client/server architecture known
formerly as Solid Works Enterprise PDM.
Q.5- What is a design tree?
Answer. The design tree on the left side of the Solid Works window provides an outline view of the active part,
assembly, or drawing. This makes it easy to see how the model or assembly was constructed or to examine the
various sheets and views in a drawing.
Q.6- What is Command Manager in Solid works?
Answer. The Command Manager is a context-sensitive toolbar that dynamically updates based on the toolbar.
By default, it has toolbars embedded in it based on the document type.
Q.7- What is Part?
Answer. The 3D part is the basic building block of the Solid Works mechanical design software.
Q.8- What are the features in Solid Works?
Answer. Features are the individual shapes that, when combined, make up the part.
Q.9- What is the Status bar in Solid-Works?
Answer. The status bar at the bottom of the Solid Works window provides information related to the function
that the user is performing.
Q.10-What is the extension for the assembly file in Solid-works?
Answer. The document name extension for assemblies is .sldasm.
*******

EXPERIMENT NO. - 7. INTRODUCTION TO EXTRUDE & REVOLVE COMMANDS
Aim: Study of various commands like extrude and revolve Command in Solid-Works.
Theory:
Extrude tool is used to extend a sketched profile in one or two directions as either a thin feature or a solid
feature. An extrude operation can either add material to a part (in a base or boss) or remove material from a
part.
Extruded Boss Feature
Extruded Boss feature adds material to the part model. To create an extruded boss:
1) Sketch a profile for the extruded boss.
2) Select Extruded Boss/Base on the Features toolbar or select Insert, Base, Extrude on the menu bar
Figure 7.1: Extrude feature command manager
Extruded Cut Feature

The extruded cut feature removes material from the part. The End Condition, Draft, and Thin Feature options
are the same as described in Extruded Boss/Base. To create an extruded cut:
1) Sketch the profile for the cut.
2) Click Extruded Cut on the Features toolbar or select Insert, Cut, Extrude on the menu bar.
3) Select an End Condition.
4)Examine the preview and if necessary
5) Click OK

Figure 7.2: Extrude Cut Feature command manager

Revolve Feature
By using this tool, the sketch is revolved around the revolution axis. The revolution axis could be anaxis, an
entity of the sketch, or an edge of another feature to create the revolved feature. Note that whether you use a
centerline or an edge to revolve the sketch, the sketch should be drawnon one side of the centerline of the
edge.
After drawing the sketch, as we choose this tool, we will notice that the sketching environment is closed and the
part modeling environment is invoked. Similar to extruding the sketches, the resulting feature can be a solid
feature or a thin feature, depending on the sketch and the options selected to be revolved. If the sketch is closed,
it can be converted into a solid feature or a thin feature. However, if the sketch is open, it can be converted only
into a thin feature.
(a) 2D sketch of the piston (b) Revolve property manager (c) 3D view of the piston after revolve
Figure 7.3: Revolve Feature

After completion of drawing and dimensioning the closed sketch and converted it into a fully defined
sketch, choose the Revolved Boss/Base button from the Features toolbar. We will notice that the view
is automatically changed to a 3D view, and the Revolve PropertyManager is displayed. Click the
green mark and the revolve feature is done.
Exercise:
1. Draw the following figures on Solid works by taking proper dimensions as given below in
drawing:
Figure 7.4: Exercise-1
2. Draw the following figures on Solid works by taking proper dimensions as given below in
drawing:

Figure 7.5: Exercise-2
Viva Questions:
Q.1-What is an extruded feature in Solid-works?
Answer. Extrude tool is used to extend a sketched profile in one or two directions as either a thin feature or a
solid feature.
Q.2-What does the cut tool do?
Answer. A cut is a feature that removes material from a part or an assembly.
Q.3- What is the extension name for the part file in Solid-works?
Answer. The document name extension for assemblies is .sldprt.
Q.4- What are parent and Child relations in Solid-works?
Answer. Features are normally built upon other existing features. For example, a designer creates a base
extrude feature and then creates additional features such as a boss or cut extrude. The original base extrude is
the parent feature; the boss or cut extrude is a child feature. The existence of a child feature depends on the
parent.
Q.5- What is meant by exploded drawing?
Answer. An exploded-view drawing is a type of drawing, that shows the intended assembly of mechanical or
other parts. It shows all parts of the assembly and how they fit together.
Q.6-What does the Revolve feature do?
Answer. Using this tool, the sketch is revolved around the revolution axis. The revolution axis could be an
axis, an entity of the sketch, or an edge of another feature to create the revolved feature.
Q.7- What is a Solidworks design checker?
Answer. Solid Works Design Checker verifies design elements such as dimensioning standards, fonts,
materials, and sketches to ensure that Solid Works documents meet pre-defined design criteria.
Q.8- What is spline in Solid Works?
Answer. A Spline sketch is defined by its continuously changing curvature. Points are placed to shape the
curve. Unlike standard geometry, it is common to leave Splines under defined in sketches.
Q.9- What does it mean if something is Over defined in Solid Works?
Answer. Over-defined means that the dimensions or relations are in conflict or are redundant. When you insert
dimensions, they are assumed to be driving dimensions. To have two dimensions driving the same geometry is
invalid. Over Defined Dimension.
Q.10-What is Draft in Solid-works?
Answer. The draft is a taper that you apply to specified faces of a feature. Use Draft to cant one or more faces
on a part so that you can retrieve it from a mold. When designing features for molded or cast parts, you can
apply draft by specifying a positive or negative taper angle for an extrusion.
*******

EXPERIMENT NO. - 8. STUDY OF SWEEP AND LOFT FEATURE IN SOLIDWORKS
Aim: Study and draw the 3-D Profile of given drawing by Sweep and loft feature in Solid-works.
Theory:
Sweep Features
Sweep creates a base, boss, cut, or surface by moving a profile (section) along a path. A sweep can be simple or
complex. To generate the sweep geometry, the software creates a series of intermediate sections made by
replicating a profile at various positions along the path. The intermediate sections are then blended. Additional
parameters can be included in the sweep feature such as guide curves, profile orientation options, and twist to
create a wide variety of shapes.
Figure 8.1:Sweep feature in Solid works

Depending on the sweep feature, you can choose one of the following profiles:
 A Sketch Profile creates a base, boss, cut, or surface sweep by moving a 2D profile along a 2D or 3D
sketch path.
 A Circular Profile creates a solid rod or hollow tube along a sketch line, edge, or curve directly on a
model, without having to sketch the profiles.
 A Solid Profile creates a cut sweep using a tool body and path, for example, to create a cut around a
cylindrical body.

LOFT FEATURE
The loft feature in SOLIDWORKS allows you generate complex geometry in a single feature. It does this
by interpolating surfaces between various cross-sections
cross sections of a model. These cross-sections
cross can be sketches,
faces, or edges. In the loft interface, these cross-sections
cross are considered “Loft Profiles”.
Loft creates a feature by making transitions between profiles. A loft can be a base, boss, cut, or surface.
You create a loft using two or more profiles. Only the
the first, last, or first and last profiles can be points. All
sketch entities, including guide curves and profiles, can be contained in a single 3D sketch.
To create lofts:
1. Do one of the following:
 Click Lofted Boss/Base (Features toolbar) or Insert > Boss/Base > Loft.
 Click Lofted Cut (Features toolbar) or Cut > Loft > Insert.
 Click Lofted Surface (Surfaces toolbar) or Insert > Surface > Loft.
2. Set the options in the Property Manager.
3. Click
4. Determines the profiles used to create a loft. Select sketch profiles, faces, or edges to connect. Lofts are
created based on the order of profile selection.
5. Select a Profile and adjust the profile order.
6. Select guide curves to control the loft.
Figure 8.2 : Profile and guide curve for Loft Feature Figure 8.3: Final 3D View by using Loft Feature

Exercise:
1. Design an Allen key by using the sweep feature and taking the path and profile shown in Figure 8.4.
Figure 8.4:3D view of Allen key
2. Design a hammerhead as shown below in Figure 8.5 by using loft command in Solid-Works:
Figure 8.5: Hammerhead by using loft Command

Viva Questions:
Q.1-What is the Loft tool?
Answer. With the Loft tool, we can create complex objects by specifying cross-sections made from faces and
profiles of closed sketches, which guide how our object should look like.
Q.2-What are the minimum profile for the loft feature?
Answer. Minimum profile required a parabola scribed between the first and last profiles. The tangency from
this parabola drives the loft surface, which results in a more predictable and natural loft surface when matching
conditions are not specified.
Q.3-What Is Convert Entities And Where It Is Used?
Answer. Convert entities are used in solid works to sketch with reference to any feature of a part.
Q.4-What is the sweep command?
Answer. The 2D sub-object or object is swept along an open or closed path to create a 3D surface or solid using
the sweep command.
Q.5-What is the difference between sweep and extrude?
Answer. Extrude is most used for applying volume perpendicular to a 2d plane such as a box, cylinder
while sweep is mostly for applying volume along a path.
Q.6-What is a guide curve in Solid-Works?
Answer. Guide curves may meet at a common point, which is the apex of the swept surface. We can use any of
the following items as a guide curve: sketched curves, model edges, or curves.
Q.7-What are the requirements for the sweep feature?
Answer. For the sweep feature, a sketch is required as a profile and another sketch 2D or 3D as a path along
which the profile sketch sweeps.
Q.8-What is the difference between sweep and loft?
Answer. The loft tool is designed to follow a path that has differently shaped cross-sections throughout, unlike
the sweep which can only handle one cross-section.
Q.9-What Is Suppressing Tool In Solidworks?
Answer. Suppressed part in solid works is just like a deleted part in an assembly that is easy to undo. When a
part is suppressed all dependencies from that part are also suppressed (features, mass, BOM).
Q.10-What is needed to revolve a feature?
Answer. A revolved feature is an axis-symmetric shape that is created by revolving an open or closed section
view by a specified angle around a central axis.
*******

EXPERIMENT NO. - 9. STUDY OF MIRROR, FILLET, AND PATTERN FEATURES.
FEATURE
Aim: Study of Mirror, Fillet,, and Pattern features and create the given 3-D
3 D Model in Solid-Works
Solid by using
these features.
Theory:
Mirror Feature-
The mirror tool copies the selected features or all features, mirroring them about the selected plane or face. In
parts, it is possible to mirror
or faces, features, bodies and in
i assemblies, it is possible to mirror assembly features.
If the original feature (seed feature) is modified then the mirrored copy will be updated to reflect the changes.
Steps to open this Mirror Tool:
 In a part, click Mirror (Features toolbar) or Insert > Pattern/Mirror > Mirror.
Mirror
 In an assembly, click Assembly Features (Assembly tab on the Command
Com Manager) and
click Mirror , or click Insert > Assembly Feature > Mirror (as shown in Figure).
Figure 9.1: Mirror Feature
Pattern Feature-
The pattern repeats the selected features in an array based on a seed feature.
Types of Pattern:
1. Linear Pattern- linear patterns are used to create multiple instances of one or more features that we can
space uniformly along one or more linear paths.
Steps to create a linear pattern:
 Create one or more features to replicate.

 Click Linear Pattern (Features toolbar)
to or Insert > Pattern/Mirror > Linear Pattern.
 Set the Property Manager options.
 Click
Figure 9.2: Steps to Create Linear pattern of holes.
2. Circular Pattern-Circular
Circular patterns are used to create multiple instances of one or more features that we
can space uniformly around an axis. Pattern instances inherit the feature color of the original feature when
the:
a. The pattern is based on one feature.
b. The color of the pattern or any faces on any pattern instances have not been changed.
Steps to create a circular pattern:
 Create one or more features to replicate.
 Click Circular Pattern (Features toolbar) or Insert > Pattern/Mirror > Circular Pattern.
 Set the Property Manager options.
 Click
Figure 9.3: Steps to create a circular pattern of different features

Fillets-
Fillet/Round creates a rounded internal or external face on the part. A designer can fillet all edges of a face,
selected sets of faces, selected edges, or edge loops (as shown in Figure 9.4)
Figure-9.4-Types of Fillets
Steps to create a fillet:
1. Click Fillet (Features toolbar) or Insert > Features > Fillet/Round.

2. Set the Property Manager options. For constant radius fillets only, you can use the FilletXpert to add or
modify fillets and to manage fillet corners.
3. Click
The chamfer tool creates a beveled feature on selected edges, faces, or vertex.
Chamfer-The
Steps to create a chamfer:
1. Click Chamfer (Features toolbar) or Insert > Features > Chamfer.

2. Under Chamfer Parameters, select an item and set parameters (as shown in Figure 9.5).
9.5)
3. Click .

Figure 9.5- Steps to create a chamfer
Exercise:
1. Create a model by using the given dimensions (as shown in Figure-9.6) with the help of Mirror, Pattern, and
Fillet Features in Solid works.
Figure 9.6- Exercise-1

Viva Questions:
Q.1-What does the command Trim Entities do?
Answer. The Trim Entities tool is mainly used to remove unwanted parts or portions in the sketch. The
trimming is just like removing unwanted parts using scissors.
Q.2- What does the command Convert Entities do?
Answer. The Convert Entities tool allows users to make a copied projection of a given sketch, face or set of
edges onto the active sketch plane.
Q.3- What is the use of mirror tools in Solid-Works?
Answer. The ability to mirror can be found in part and assembly files and allows you to mirror sketch entities,
features, faces, bodies, and components.
Q.4- What does it mean for a pattern to be linear?
Answer. If the plotted points make a pattern, then the coordinates of each point may have the same relationship
between the x and y values. A linear pattern is said to exist when the points examined form a straight line.
Q.5- What is Linear Pattern in Solid-Works?
Answer. Linear patterns are used to create multiple instances of one or more features that we can space
uniformly along one or two linear paths.
Q.6- What is Circular Pattern in Solid-Works?
Answer. Circular patterns are used to create multiple instances of one or more features that we can space
uniformly around an axis. Pattern instances inherit the feature color of the original feature.
Q.7- What are the requirements to apply mirror features in Solid-Works?
Answer. To create the mirrored part, we have to select the face or the plane we want to mirror the part about, or
else the command will not be activated.
Q.8- What is Parent-Child Relation in Solid-Works?
Answer. Features are normally built upon other existing features. A parent feature is an existing feature upon
which others depend or the existence of a child feature depends on the parent.
Q.9- What does the Fillet feature do?
Answer. Fillet/Round creates a rounded internal or external face on the part. A designer can fillet all edges of a
face, selected sets of faces, selected edges, or edge loops.
Q.10- What does the Chamfer feature do in Solid-Works?
Answer. The chamfer tool creates a beveled feature on selected edges, faces, or vertex.
*******

EXPERIMENT NO. - 10. STUDY OF ASSEMBLY DESIGN MODE IN SOLIDWORKS.
Aim: Study of assembly design mode and create an assembly of Plummer block in Solid-works.
Theory:
An assembly design consists of two or more components assembled at their respective work positions
using parametric relations. In Solid Works, these relations are called mates. These mates allow you to
constrain the degrees of freedom of the components at their respective work positions. To proceed to
the Assembly mode of Solid Works, invoke the New Solid-works Document dialog box and choose
the Assembly button (as shown in Figure 10.1). Choose the OK button to create a new assembly
document; a new Solid-works document will be started in the Assembly mode.
Figure 10.1-Assembly Mode
Adding Components to an Assembly
When you place a component (either an individual part or a subassembly) in an assembly, the
component file is linked to the assembly file. The component appears in the assembly, the
component data remains in the source component file. Any changes you make to the component file
update the assembly.
Editing Assembly Components
From an assembly, you can open a component in a separate window to make changes. When you
switch back to the assembly window, you rebuild the assembly to incorporate the changes.
To insert components:
1. Do one of the following to open the Property Manager:
 Create an assembly document by clicking New (Standard toolbar) or File > New.
 In an existing assembly, click Insert Components (Assembly toolbar)
or Insert > Component > Existing Part/Assembly.
2. Select a part or assembly from the list, or click Browse to open an existing document.
3. Do one of the following:
 Click in the graphics area to place the component.
 Rotate the component to the desired orientation and click in the graphics area to place
the component.
 Click to place the component origin coincident with the assembly origin.
Figure: 10.2-
10.2 Inserting components in Assembly
Mates
Mates create geometric relationships between assembly components. As you add mates, you define
the allowable directions of linear or rotational motion of the components. You can move a
component within its degrees of freedom, visualizing the assembly's behavior.
Steps to open the Mate Property Manager in an assembly:
 Add a mate by clicking Mate (Assembly toolbar), or Insert > Mate.
 Edit a mate by expanding the Mates folder in the Feature Manager Design Tree. Right-
click one or more mates, and selects Edit Feature (as shown in figure 10.3).
10.3)

Figure 10.3 Assembly after Mate

Exercise:
1. Create an assembly of Plummer Block with given Dimensions:
Figure 10.4: Half Sectional Front view and top Figure 10.5 Sectional Front View and top view of Bearing
view of Cap Block Base
Figure 10.6: Sectional Front View and Side view of Bearing Top & Bottom half

Viva Questions:
Q.1- What is assembly?
Answer. Assembly is the process of putting parts together to make a machine or other product. All the
components were made and ready for assembly.
Q.2-What is sub-assembly?
Answer. When an assembly is a component of another assembly, it is referred to as a subassembly.
Q.3- What does it mean when a component in an assembly is “fixed”?
Answer. In an assembly, if the position of a component is fixed then it cannot move concerning the assembly
origin. By default, the first part in an assembly is fixed.
Q.4- What are mates?
Answer. Mates create geometric relationships between assembly components. As you add mates, you define the
allowable directions of linear or rotational motion of the components.
Q.5- What are degrees of freedom?
Answer. It is the number of independent motions that are allowed to the body or, in the case of a mechanism
made of several bodies, the number of possible independent relative motions between the pieces of the
mechanism.
Q.6- How are degrees of freedom related to mates?
Answer. Mates are used to constraining motion by removing various degrees of freedom. For example, a
concentric mate removes two translational degrees of freedom and two rotational degrees of freedom between
two rigid bodies.
Q.7- What is a section view?
Answer. A section view is a view used on a drawing to show an area or hidden part of an object by cutting
away or removing some of that object.
Q.8- What do you mean by exploded view?
Answer. An exploded view shows an assembly's components spread out but positioned to show how the
components fit together when assembled.
Q.9- What is the design methods used in Assembly?
Answer. In Assembly, the following design methods are used:
1. Bottom-up design, 2. Top-Down design, 3. Combination of both methods
Q.10- What is a Bill of Materials?
Answer. The Bill of Material (BOM) lists all parts and part parameters in the current assembly or assembly
drawing. The BOM also comprises a breakdown and a summary of the report.
******

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SOFTWARE LAB (ME-406) -1-

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

This is to certify that Mr./Ms……………………………………………………………… with RGTU

Enrollment No. 0832 ..…………………………..has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in

…………………….……………………………………………...………laboratory, as prescribed by Rajiv

Department during year 20….…  ....

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Expt. List of Experiments Date of Staff Signature

2. Various Types of CAD software

3. Current developments in CAD

4. CAD graphics standards

6. Introduction to Solid-Works software

7. Introduction to extrude & revolve commands

8. Sweep and loft feature in Solid-Works

9. Mirror, Fillet, and pattern features.

10. Assembly Feature in Solid-Works.

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AIM: To study the different types of CAD software.

Types of CAD Software

3 Dimensional CAD (3D CAD)

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Aim: Study of current developments in CAD.

The Many Uses of CAD

 Producing 2D or 3D detailed engineering designs of physical components of products being manufactured

The Latest Trends in CAD technology

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Figure 3.1 -Ways of obtaining manufacturing features in CAPP

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

There are three types of modeling, they are

Figure-5.1 Wireframe Modeling

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Figure-5.2 Surface modeling

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Figure-5.3 Solid modeling

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Aim: Study of various 2D commands in Solid-Works.

STARTING A NEW SESSION OF Solid Works 2013:

To start a new session of Solid Works 2013, choose

Figure 6.1: Solid works 2013

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Figure 6.2: Solid works Startup Dialog Box

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The Sketching Environment:

Figure 6.3:Sketching Environment in Solid works

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Figure 6.4: Planes displayed in Solid Works

1. Draw the following figures by using various 2D commands in Solid-Works: