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First Year Studies

Design Research 1
Enhancing Workspace Productivity Through Ergonomic Design and
User-Centric Customization

Author: Vidhi Poddar

Student, Atlas SkillTech University, Mumbai, India
Mentor: Mrs Arpita Purohit
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Table of Contents

Serial No. Contents Page Number

1. Abstract

2. Declaration of original work

3. Acknowledgement

4. Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background of the topic

1.2 Significance and Value
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Scope of Study
1.5 Limitation of Study

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Book summary

2.2 Research papers
2.3 Articles
2.4 Media

5. Chapter 3: Research Methods

3.1 Research Approach/Method (with justification)

3.2 Primary Research
3.2.1 Selection of Respondent
3.2.2 Creation of Questionnaire
3.2.3 Conducting Interviews
3.3 Secondary Research
3.3.1 Literature Review
3.3.2 On Looking Book
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6. Chapter 4: Discussions of the Research findings

4.1 Qualitative Findings

4.2 Quantitative Findings
4.3 Interpretation of the Findings

7. Conclusion

8. References

1. Abstract
This research investigates the intersection of workspace design, user productivity, and well-
being, synthesizing both qualitative insights from interviews and quantitative data obtained
through a comprehensive questionnaire. The primary objective is to explore the impact of
ergonomics and user-centric customization on optimizing workspace productivity. Incorporating
findings from research, it navigates through multifunctional workspaces, emphasizing their
preference in the post-pandemic era.
We recognize the impact of environmental factors on employee satisfaction, team dynamics, and
overall productivity. Noise and acoustics, which are often overlooked, as ambient stressors,
influencing physiological and psychological health. The dual effect of biophilia and nature views
on mental well-being and increased productivity. Climate-active bricks, sustainable material
choices, and biophilic interiors emerge as crucial elements in the life cycle of materials, aligning
with the broader discourse on environmentally conscious workspace design. Thermal comfort,
indoor air quality, and their implications on productivity and health are examined. Besides
highlighting the most common trends, the study sheds light on the long-term benefits of
customized workspaces for worker productivity and well-being. This analysis provides a
reference point for businesses navigating a period of changing work arrangements by providing
information that directs the development of motivating and uplifting work spaces.
Overall, this research provides comprehensive guidelines for designing work environments that
support a culture of well-being, contentment, and increased productivity in addition to fulfilling
the practical needs of users.

2. Declaration of original work

I Vidhi Poddar, student from Atlas SkillTech University would like to declare that this research
paper titled ‘Enhancing Workspace Productivity Through Ergonomic Design and User-Centric
Customization’ is my original work. Every secondary and primary information has been cited in
APA style and due credits have been mentioned. I declare that no plagiarism exists in this paper
and I am extremely thankful to every contributor for my research. I declare that this research
paper will be submitted to Atlas SkillTech University as a part of my design research 1 course.
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3. Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Atlas SkillTech University for giving me this opportunity to pursue a
Design Research course. This paper would not be possible without my mentor Dr. Arpita
Purohit. I am extremely grateful to Dr. Arpita Purohit for her support, discussions, feedback and
guidance for my research. I thank my peers for participating in my research and sharing their
valuable thoughts. Many research articles and content from online platforms have been cited in
this paper, I have acknowledged them and their contributions. Lastly, I am grateful to my family
and peers for supporting me throughout the course and always encouraging me.

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the topic
This research will focus on ergonomics and user centric customization and their need in effective
design. Ergonomics is defined as the science of fitting a workplace to the user’s needs,
ergonomics aims to increase efficiency and productivity and reduce discomfort.This design
approach acknowledges the diversity of the workforce, considering factors such as height, body
type, and physical limitations, to create an inclusive and comfortable environment for all users.
User-centric customization builds upon ergonomic principles by allowing users to personalize
their workspaces to better suit their individual preferences and work habits. Together, the
combination of ergonomic design and user-centric customization is a powerful strategy for
optimizing workspace productivity. It not only enhances physical comfort but also contributes to
a positive work culture that values user well-being and individuality.

1.2 Significance and Value

This research topic is highly relevant because in today's competitive business or even educational
landscape, companies and universities are continually seeking ways to optimize their operations.
Maximizing productivity is a critical objective, and the workspace plays a pivotal role in
achieving this goal. Beyond the immediate benefits to individual well-being, the research topic
aligns with a broader trend towards employee- centric organizational cultures.
The research stands to add value to society by prioritizing the physical and psychological well-
being of individuals, organizations and educational institutions that can create environments that
foster optimal performance and learning experiences. If applied, this study benefits not only
specific workers and students but also the larger professional and academic communities, paving
the way for a more wealthy and successful future for everybody.

1.3 Research Objectives

The objectives of the research include;

1. Examining the impact of ergonomic design while exploring workspace flexibility
2. Assessing user-centric customization strategies and role of technology
3. Understand the impact of aesthetics on workspace choices
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1.4 Scope of Study

The findings can contribute to the development of comprehensive guidelines for designing work
and study environments, incorporating ergonomic principles and user-centric customization to
optimize productivity and well-being. This research could transform work and study
environments, fostering productivity, well-being, and user satisfaction in diverse settings, from
businesses to educational institutions and beyond.

1.5 Limitation of Study

The limitations for the study include:

1. Privacy concerns while collecting data on individuals' workspace preferences and habits
may impact the depth of information obtained and participant willingness to share.
2. Subjective perceptions and personal biases
3. Generalizability
4. Limited sample size and diversity

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Book summary
Alexandra Horowitz's exploration of selective attention in "Seeing: Not Seeing" from the book
“On Looking- A Walkers Guide to the Art of Observation” prompted a departure from
conventional observation in design. Her emphasis on strategically guiding user behavior and
establishing focal points was particularly resonant. Her directive to "look up, look down, look all
around" underscored the importance of capturing architectural nuances, hidden patterns, and
subtle textures. This revelation becomes an instrumental means for designers to curate visual
narratives, infusing depth and character into creations. Furthermore, the chapter advocated a
holistic approach, urging consideration of functional and sensory elements. This broadened
perspective facilitated the crafting of environments that engaged on multiple sensory levels,
enriching the overall user experience. Horowitz's insights extended to the dynamic interplay
between human interaction and spaces, encouraging designers to create environments that
fostered meaningful experiences. (Horowitz, 2014)

Ron Friedman's "The Best Place to Work'' focused on psychological and motivational aspects in
the quest to enhance workspace productivity. Aligning with Horowitz's holistic approach,
Friedman explored autonomy, mastery, and purpose as key elements for creating inspirational
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workspaces. His insights into user-centric customization emphasized fostering a sense of control
and mastery, catering to individual preferences. Additionally, Friedman delved into ergonomic
considerations, highlighting the importance of purposeful work and meaningful connections.
This book contributed depth to the discourse on workspace design by integrating psychological
principles, promoting environments that not only supported productivity but also inspired and
engaged employees. (Friedman, 2014)

Jonathan Chapman's "Emotionally Durable Design" introduced a framework centered on lasting

emotional connections in the context of workspace productivity. The book's emphasis on
materials that age well aligned with Horowitz's directive to observe hidden patterns and textures,
providing valuable insights for crafting enduring work environments. Chapman's principles
extended to user-centric customization, urging designers to consider the emotional impact of
design choices. By combining ergonomic design and emotionally durable elements, the book
advocated for workspaces that not only prioritized physical well-being but also catered to the
emotional needs of users, resulting in a more fulfilling and productive work experience.
(Chapman, 2005)

2.2 Research papers

The preference for multifunctional environments has become pronounced in the post pandemic
work landscape. This shift recognizes the need for adaptable spaces that cater to the diverse
demands of modern work scenarios. Addressing the challenge of limited natural light, interior
designer Sara Cosgrove advocates a strategic combination of sheers, window coverings, and
mirrors. Her insights underscore the importance of leveraging design elements to optimize
illumination in areas with constrained access to natural light.
The significance of lighting extends beyond mere brightness. Active light, as delineated into
three categories, plays a crucial role in enhancing productivity. Standard light, focusing on visual
comfort, ensures optimal working conditions within normative minimum requirements. Limbic
light introduces an emotional element, fostering balance and positive emotions that contribute to
the joy of working. Human-centric lighting, with its biological influence, aligns with the human
circadian rhythm, promoting both healthy sleep patterns and increased productivity during
working hours. Artificial lighting, strategically employed, serves as a tool for delineating zones
within workspaces. This intentional use of lighting not only enhances functionality but also
contributes to the overall aesthetic and design coherence of the environment. In the realm of
material study, understanding the life cycle of materials—from feasibility and design to building,
operation, and destruction—is crucial for sustainable workspace design. Climate-active bricks,
natural stone materials, biophilic interiors, terracotta, and ceramics emerge as pivotal
components in fostering environmentally conscious and sustainable workspaces. (Batchu, 2022)
The concept of thermal comfort, influencing the satisfaction of individuals within a workspace,
is measured by the number of discomfort complaints. Dissatisfaction in thermal comfort not only
results in productivity loss but also adversely impacts the overall performance of users. The
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quality of indoor air is intricately linked to the prevalence of Sick Building Syndrome.
Recognizing this correlation is vital for creating workspaces that prioritize the health and well-
being of occupants. Numerous studies have delved into the direct links between environmental
design in workspaces and employee performance. Individual performance is profoundly affected
by various environmental conditions, including lighting, visual elements, temperature, humidity,
ergonomic furniture, spatial layout, and acoustics. These elements not only influence the
satisfaction of employees but also play a pivotal role in team dynamics and performance.
The impact of noise and acoustics on workspace productivity cannot be understated. Noise acts
as an ambient stressor, affecting both physiological and psychological health. Prolonged
exposure increases the likelihood of developing cardiovascular and sleep disorders, hypertension,
and psychiatric issues. Minimizing noise levels is directly associated with creating an
environment conducive to better work. Biophilia, the integration of nature into the workspace,
serves as a catalyst for maximizing occupant functioning and creativity. Nature views have the
dual effect of regulating occupants' mental well-being, reducing anxiety and stress, while
simultaneously increasing overall productivity.
The design of contemporary workspaces goes beyond aesthetics, emphasizing functionality and
the well-being of occupants. Multifunctionality, strategic lighting, sustainable material choices,
thermal comfort, indoor air quality, and considerations for noise and biophilia collectively
contribute to creating work environments that not only satisfy the diverse needs of individuals
but also enhance overall productivity and work satisfaction. (Farahat & Alaeddine, 2020)

2.3 Articles
In the ever-evolving realm of modern workplaces, the emphasis on the design of physical
workspaces has reached a pivotal juncture. The Vice President of Workplace Solutions at Capital
One has presented a compelling perspective, asserting that individuals are not just willing but
eager to prioritize workplace design over other critical factors. This profound insight acts as a
potent catalyst, compelling companies to reassess and invest in the intricate design of their
workspaces, recognizing the pivotal role it plays in shaping employee experiences and
organizational success.
Capital One's comprehensive studies have illuminated a noteworthy paradigm shift in the
priorities of professionals. A staggering 66% of respondents express a clear preference for
prioritizing workplace design over the geographical location of their workplace. This change in
emphasis highlights a break from traditional thinking and reflects a rising recognition of the
significant influence that the physical work environment has on worker performance, well-being,
and satisfaction. Moreover, the research underscores the critical importance of flexibility in
workspace design. An overwhelming 83% of respondents agree that flexibility in the design of
their workspace directly contributes to generating better ideas. This correlation between a
dynamic, adaptable environment and increased creativity emphasizes the need for organizations
to embrace and implement flexible design solutions that not only accommodate diverse working
styles but also foster a culture of innovation. (Shapiro, 2019)
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Delving deeper into the evolving nature of work arrangements, the research unveils fascinating
insights into the preferences of users in flexible office spaces. Presently, individuals distribute
their work across various locations, with 40% of their time spent at the office, 55% at home, and
5% in other places. However, the future holds a distinct vision, with users expressing the intent
to spend 50% of their workday in the office and 45% at home—a substantial 19% reduction in
alternate locations. This anticipated shift signifies a clear demand for improved office spaces,
recognizing the essential role they play in fostering increased productivity, collaboration, and
professional engagement.

Figure 2.1: Booths for taking phone calls or private conversations are vital to providing a flexible workplace – As
demonstrated by Capital One’s Plano, Texas facility. (Image Courtesy Pascale Photography)

Source: Clutch (2018)

The aspiration to allocate more time to the office is indicative of a collective desire for enhanced
workspace utilization. Users express the intent to increase their office utilization to half of their
workday, reflecting a steadfast belief in the transformative potential of a well-designed and
functionally optimized workspace. This aspiration is rooted in the understanding that a
thoughtfully crafted workspace is not merely a physical backdrop for professional activities but a
dynamic force capable of positively influencing daily tasks, job satisfaction, and overall well-
being. (Boonshoft, 2022)

2.4 Media
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The evolving landscape of workspaces challenges the conventional notion of "one-size-fits-all,"

with a growing emphasis on multifunctional environments that adapt to diverse needs. The
integration of high-range WiFi and wireless charging solutions has become imperative to
facilitate the seamless functionality of these dynamic workspaces. There is an increasing
recognition of the importance of elements like smart boards featuring institution-wide messaging
and alerts, fostering a sense of belonging among users. A notable illustration of this trend is
observed at eBay's Silicon Valley campus, where a 15-foot interactive installation not only
displays daily sales but also incorporates clickable features to provide users with additional,
pertinent information. This innovative approach enhances the visual appeal of the workspace and
serves as an engaging platform for accessing real-time data. Creating boundaries within shared
multifunctional spaces emerges as a critical consideration, especially when confidentiality is
required. These boundaries, though intangible, need to be noticeable. This can be achieved
through various means, such as adding different levels, incorporating plants, waist-level railings,
or introducing changes in floor patterns. (Sharma, 2022)
A striking shift in leadership seating arrangements is observed in modern workspaces, with
CEOs opting for open seating to promote the concept of a flat hierarchy. This deliberate choice
reflects a broader cultural shift toward fostering a more inclusive and collaborative work
environment.

Figure 2.2: Alphasights offices use of floor patterns to add boundaries in their workspace (Image Courtesy: Veoneer)

Source: Zyeta (2022)

Research findings from Gallup stress the importance of the 4Cs— connection, collaboration,
creativity, and culture—as integral elements in effective workspace design. Recognizing these
factors not only enhances the physical layout but also contributes to a conducive atmosphere that
nurtures productivity and employee satisfaction. (Aktion Health, 2022)
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Insights from Clutch's research indicate a significant preference for workspace flexibility, with
53% favoring adaptability over the 47% who prioritize special perks. This preference
underscores a broader trend where the ability to tailor the workspace to individual needs and
tasks takes precedence over traditional workplace incentives. Furthermore, agility emerges as a
key determinant of business success in the contemporary landscape. The ability to swiftly adapt
to changing needs and embrace innovative workspace solutions is becoming a defining factor for
organizations striving for sustained growth. (Ballau, 2018)
Intriguingly, studies by Figari highlight that a substantial 27% of individuals base their choice of
workspace on office appearances and suitability. This finding underscores the importance of
aesthetics and functional design in influencing individuals' decisions on where and how they
work. (Lazaro, 2020)

Chapter 3: Research Methods

3.1 Research Approach
For this study, a dual research approach encompassing both primary and secondary methods has
been adopted. The chosen methods collectively address the research objectives, enabling a
holistic exploration of workspace dynamics.

3.2 Primary Research

Primary research involves in-depth interviews and the distribution of questionnaires. Interviews
facilitate insights into ergonomic design impact, user-centric customization, and the role of
technology. The questionnaires aim to gather analytical data, aligning with the research
objectives.

3.2.1 Selection of Respondents

Respondent selection for the interviews primarily targeted design faculty and students, drawing
on their specialized insights within the field. This deliberate focus ensures a deep and nuanced
exploration of ergonomic design, user-centric customization, and the role of technology within
the context of design-centric workspaces. In contrast, for the questionnaire phase, a broader
spectrum of participants was chosen to capture diverse perspectives. This inclusive approach
aimed to gather a wide array of opinions, particularly valuable for the analytical data sought
through the questionnaire.

3.2.2 Creation of Questionnaires

In order to formulate objective and well-defined research questions, the first step was to pinpoint
the precise data points that were necessary to address the research objectives. These data points
included everything from ergonomic feature preferences to perceptions of user-centric
customization and the incorporation of technology in workspaces. Sections were dedicated to
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exploring the respondents' perceptions of ergonomic design, preferences in user-centric

customization, and the influence of technology on their workspace choices.

3.2.3 Conducting Interviews

The necessity for a qualitative investigation into the effects of ergonomic design, user-centric
customization, and the function of technology in workspaces led to the choice to employ
interviews instead of other methods. A semi-structured format was used for the interview process
to allow for a balance between participant spontaneity and guided exploration; this allowed for
consistency in the interviews as well as the flexibility required to explore individual perspectives
and experiences.

3.3 Secondary research

Secondary research involves an extensive review of books, blogs, articles, and research papers.
This method ensures a comprehensive understanding of existing knowledge on aesthetics,
ergonomic design, and workspace productivity.
By synthesizing existing knowledge and conceptual frameworks, the literature review served as a
crucial foundation for the study. Among the books covered were: - "Emotionally Durable
Design," which offered a profound examination of the emotional connections people form with
designed objects, shedding light on the long-term impact of design choices on user experiences; -
"The Best Place to Work," which provided insightful information about the factors influencing
workplace satisfaction and productivity.
The review's main source material was a wide range of articles and blogs from reliable sources in
the fields of design, psychology, and workplace studies. These sources helped to contextualize
theoretical concepts within the dynamic and rapidly changing practical realms. Research papers
from databases like JSTOR, Research Gate, and Google Scholar provided rigorous academic
perspectives on topics related to ergonomic design, user-centric customization, and the impact of
aesthetics on workspaces.
A distinctive feature of the literature review was the incorporation of a specific book chapter,
"Seeing; Not Seeing" from Alexandra Horowitz's "On Looking". The reading strategy for these
chapters entailed a careful examination of the narrative's contribution to the understanding of
observation skills. This chapter, in particular, enhanced the review by providing a distinct
viewpoint on how people observe and interpret their surroundings, depth to the investigation of
aesthetic influences on workspace choices.

Chapter 4: Discussions of the Research findings

The research findings provide insight into the effects of ergonomic design on workspace
flexibility, the importance of user-centric customization for productivity levels, and the influence
of aesthetics on workspace preferences.
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4.1 Qualitative Findings

In this phase of research, interviews were conducted to gain insights into participants
perspectives on workspace design.
The following represent key quotes from the interviews that summarize the perspectives of the
participants concerning their workspaces:
Participant 1:
“My room, which is also my creative studio at home, exudes ME. I work best in environments
that inspire me to be the person I want to be and remember who I am.”
Participant 2:
“The lack of facilities, sluggish wifi, and privacy concerns associated with cafes are some of
their main downsides; if my college had provided better workplaces that would have increased
my productivity.”
Participant 3:
“My present workspace, which is my college campus, encourages peer learning and provides
more opportunities for collaboration and work. In my opinion, it also fosters a co working
culture and increases productivity in terms of work and communication.”
Across the interviews, several recurring patterns emerged. Participants consistently expressed a
need for personalized and inspiring environments to enhance their overall work experience.
Commonalities also surfaced regarding the desire for improved seating, air circulation, lighting
and quieter surroundings.
However, there were instances where participants diverged in their responses. While majority
cited the lack of infrastructure and tailored workspaces as reasons for their current choice of
workspace being at home, a minority found comfort and reduced distractions as the primary
factors in favor of home- based workspaces.

4.2 Quantitative Findings

This phase involved distribution of questionnaires to collect numerical data to analyze and
interpret.
The following are visual aids to represent the quantitative data collected, to help illustrate the
trends and patterns data:
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Figures 4.1,4.2: Graphs showing relationship between workspace design and physical health

Figures 4.3, 4.4: Graphs highlighting current workspace vs future workspace choices
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The majority, 65.9%, prefer working from home/hostel, indicating a strong inclination towards
personal spaces. Preferences for libraries and cafes are noticeably lower, at 14.6% and 12.2%,
respectively, indicating a desire for controlled settings.
A substantial 68.3% express a definite willingness to move to workspaces tailored to their needs,
demonstrating a demand for customized environments. This is in line with the 82.9% who
believe that workspace design improves overall health, revealing a strong correlation between
environment and well-being.
The similarities between comfort and focus show an interwoven relationship between these
elements.

4.3 Interpretation of Findings

Relating our quantitative findings to existing literature, parallels can be drawn with an emphasis
on multifunctional workspaces. The positive correlation between lighting and productivity
echoes the insights from Harsha Batchu’s work on the significance of active light in enhancing
work conditions. The quantitative insights carry practical implications for workspace design,
especially in terms of fostering well-being and productivity. Designing spaces that prioritize
elements like thermal comfort, air quality, and noise reduction becomes imperative, aligning
with the well-established link between environmental factors and occupant well-being.
The convergence of participant preferences with literature insights emphasizes the importance of
multifunctionality, optimal lighting, and sustainable materials in creating work environments that
enhance both physical and psychological aspects of user experience. Recognizing the subjective
nature of comfort and productivity, institutions should adopt an inclusive approach, allowing for
varied experiences within shared workspaces.

Conclusion
The importance of workspace design in the dynamic modern work environment goes beyond
aesthetics to become a critical factor impacting individual well-being, productivity, and the
overall success of organizations. This research reveals a multifaceted narrative concerning the
challenges of designing workspaces that satisfy the varied needs and preferences of the modern
workforce. This conclusion summarizes the findings, considers their relationship to previous
research and identifies gaps in the literature. The results of this study are relevant and applicable
in the context of existing knowledge, as evidenced by the shift towards adaptable spaces that
recognize the variety of demands of modern work scenarios. Sara Cosgrove's insights into
addressing limited natural light through strategic design interventions find a compelling echo in
the concerns expressed by participants about the significance of lighting in their workspaces.
The quantitative data indicates that the primary workspace of choice is most often either home or
a hostel. This preference is consistent with previous research that highlights the need for flexible
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designs that can accommodate changing work arrangements. Additionally, the willingness of
participants to transition to customized workspaces indicates that institutions need to adjust to
the changing preferences of the youth demographic. Subsequently this presents an opportunity
for organizations to invest in spaces that meet the needs and aspirations of their workforce. A
compelling picture of the potential impact of thoughtful workspace design on both individual and
organizational outcomes can be seen by the intersection of our findings with the literature.
Participants' belief that workplace design directly affects overall health highlights the need for
holistic considerations in design decisions. This has profound implications for institutions
seeking to create workspaces that not only enhance productivity but also contribute to
individuals' overall well-being.
Applying the theoretical framework of user-centric customization and ergonomic design, our
findings underscore the importance of considering individual preferences and needs in
workspace design. The convergence of our empirical data with theoretical underpinnings
contributes to a comprehensive understanding of workspace optimization. The practical
implications extend far beyond the immediate need for functional designs, resonating with the
broader organizational and individual wellness.
The findings advocate for a paradigm shift in institutional thinking. The implications go beyond
the immediate and practical and into the core of employee satisfaction, health, and overall
organizational prosperity. In an era of dynamic work arrangements, the lessons learned from this
study can act as a compass, pointing organizations in the direction of workspaces that not only
meet the diverse needs of individuals but also cultivate a culture of increased productivity and
satisfaction. By incorporating these insights into organizational strategies, institutions can design
spaces that genuinely inspire and empower the workforce of the future.

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Batchu, H. (2022, 9). MULTIFUNCTIONAL LIVING AND WORKSPACE INTERIORS FOR
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Chapman, J. (2005). Emotionally Durable Design. Routledge.
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Farahat, B. I., & Alaeddine, H. O. (2020). Towards Improving the Quality of Workspaces for a
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