UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

BIOMEDICAL DESIGN II

PROJECT TITLE: MENSTRUAL CRAMP RELIEVING BELT

Name Id

ALI KASSAW GUR/00779/10

DAGMAWE ZEWENGEL GUR/03182/11
ERKYIHUN TESGAYE GUR/03604/11
MATHIAS MEHARI GUR/03553/11
YODIT ZENEBE GUR/02918/11

Submitted to: Mr. Yemikru

Submission date: 17/04/23

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We offer our heartfelt gratitude and sincere acknowledgement to God for His endless blessings
and guidance throughout our academic journey. We recognize His grace and wisdom, which
have enabled us to reach this momentous milestone .We also extend our sincere appreciation to
Mr. Yemikru instructor of Biomedical engineering, and staff at the University of Gondar for their
unwavering support, encouragement, and mentorship. Your relentless dedication to education
and commitment to our success have been invaluable, and we are forever grateful for the
generosity of your time and resources.

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 ABSTRACT

This project aimed to develop a prototype for a menstrual pain reliever belt using solid work
software and to generate a bill of materials. Menstrual cramps are a common issue amongst
women, which can impact their daily activities. The proposed solution utilizes far IR waves to
penetrate the skin and increase blood flow, ultimately leading to the relaxation of the uterine
contraction and alleviation of menstrual pain. The bill of materials includes carbon fibers,
electrical components, and other materials required for the construction of the belt. The proposed
device is a potentially effective solution for menstrual pain relief, and the prototype can be
further developed and optimized for improved functionality and comfort.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................................V
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................................VI
ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................................VII
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 General introduction..........................................................................................................................1

1.2 Problem statement............................................................................................................................2

1.3 Mission statement.............................................................................................................................3

1.4 Time plan...........................................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................5
2. BACK GROUND INFORMATION................................................................................................................5
2.1 Conceptual design summery.............................................................................................................5

2.2 Product specification.........................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................................8
3. EMBODIMENT DESIGN............................................................................................................................8
3.1 Product input and output relation.....................................................................................................8

3.2 Product architecture..........................................................................................................................9

3.3 Product configuration......................................................................................................................10

3.3.1 Electrical components...............................................................................................................10

3.3.2 Mechanical components...........................................................................................................14
3.4 Material selection............................................................................................................................16

3.5 Assembly constraint or space constraints........................................................................................17

CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................18
4. DETAIL DESIGN AND DESIGN VALIDATION.............................................................................................18
4.1 Mechanical design...........................................................................................................................18

4.2 Electrical design...............................................................................................................................18

4.3 Dynamic analysis..............................................................................................................................19

4.3.1 Heat system..............................................................................................................................19

4.3.2 Vibration system.......................................................................................................................20
4.4 Electrical analysis.............................................................................................................................20

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 4.5 Bill of material.................................................................................................................................21

CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................22
5. PROTOTYPE AND SIMULATION..............................................................................................................22
CHAPTER SIX..............................................................................................................................................24
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................................................24
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................25
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................26

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1 Free hand sketch of the menstrual cramp reliever belt................................................................6

Figure 3. 1 Product input and output relation..............................................................................................8
Figure 3. 2 Product architecture.....................................................................................................................9
Figure 3. 3 Vibrating Motor.........................................................................................................................10
Figure 3. 4 Light-emitting diode (LED)......................................................................................................10
Figure 3. 5 Battery.......................................................................................................................................11
Figure 3. 6 Power button..............................................................................................................................11
Figure 3. 7 Thermostat.................................................................................................................................12
Figure 3. 8 Potentiometer.............................................................................................................................12
Figure 3. 9 Carbon fiber...............................................................................................................................13
Figure 3. 10 Op amp....................................................................................................................................13
Figure 3. 11 Solid work of the strap............................................................................................................14
Figure 3. 12 Solid work of front side...........................................................................................................15
Figure 3. 13 Solid work of back side...........................................................................................................15
Figure 4. 1 Electrical design.........................................................................................................................19
Figure 5. 1 Vibration mode..........................................................................................................................22
Figure 5. 2 Temperature control mode........................................................................................................22
Figure 5. 3 proteus simulation when the temperature normal value............................................................23
Figure 5. 4 Proteus simulation when the temperature above normal value.................................................23

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. 1 : Mission statement....................................................................................................................3

Table 1. 2: Gant chart..................................................................................................................................4
Table 2. 1 Product specification................................................................................................................7
Table 3. 1 Material selection and Selection criteria...................................................................................17
Table 3. 2 Assembly constraint..................................................................................................................17
Table 4. 1 Over all power consumption of the device...............................................................................20
Table 4. 2 Bill of material...........................................................................................................................21

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ACRONYMS

A Ampere

ACN Acrylonitrile

Cm Centimeter

0
C Degree Celsius

DC Direct current

G Gram

GC Gregorian calendar

IR Infrared

J Joule

LCD Liquid crystal display

LED Light emitting diode

mA Milliampere

Min Minute

mm Millimeter

PAV poly Acrylonitrile

PWM Pulse width modulation

RPM Revolution per minute

W watt

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General introduction

Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that happens as part of a woman's monthly
cycle. Many women have painful periods, also called dysmenorrhea .Menstrual cramps happen
when a chemical called prostaglandin makes the uterus contract (tighten up). The uterus, the
muscular organ where a fetus grows, contracts throughout your menstrual cycle. During
menstruation, the uterus contracts more strongly. If the uterus contracts too strongly, it can press
against nearby blood vessels, cutting off the supply of oxygen to muscle tissue and feel pain
when part of the muscle briefly loses its supply of oxygen. In this period women experience
cramping or pain in the lower abdomen, low back pain, pain spreading down the legs, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, fainting, or headaches lot of pains that it will be difficult
for them to do their day to day activities [1].

A menstrual pain reliever belt, provides heat to facilitate flow of blood and give comfort to
women during menstruation. To acquire this it uses the principle Electric current stimulates the
carbon fibers with in the belt to release & radiate far IR waves into our body. This wavelength
has the ability to penetrate skin down to what is called the subcutaneous tissue layer where our
blood vessels are found. The body responds by opening and dilating the blood vessels, increasing
blood flow which helps in relaxation of uterine contraction and healing [2].

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1.2 Problem statement

The issue of menstrual pain has been with us since the start of the human race and for a lot of
years it has not gotten any attention in the medical sector and was considered as a portion of life
for women all over the world. A research done on the number of women affect showed that
menstrual pain was reported by 84.1% of women, with 43.1% reporting that pain occurred during
every period, and 41% reporting that pain occurred during some periods [3]. Menstrual pain is
usually felt as painful muscle cramps in the tummy, which can spread to the back and thighs. The
pain sometimes comes in intense spasms. It may also vary with each period. Some of the
solutions put in place are less effective and could be an agent for other side effects that can arise
from repeated administration like drugs and traditional treatment which is performed on instinct.

Menstrual pain is a very common problem, but the need for medication and the inability to
function normally occurs less frequently. Nevertheless, at least one in four women experiences
distressing menstrual pain characterized by a need for medication and absenteeism from study or
social activities.

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1.3 Mission statement

Table 1. 1 : Mission statement

Product description  Is a transcutaneous electrical stimulation that provides

warmth/muscle stimulation based on the demand of the user? It is
easy to use and relief
lower back and abdomen pain caused during menstruation?
Benefit proposition  Decrease monthly consumption of painkillers.
 Decrease the number of girls staying home from school due to
menstruation.
 Help women to function in their best ability in their day to day light.
Key business goal The product will be introduced in mid-2025 GC
 40% gross margin
 50% share of the menstrual cramp reliever belt by 2027GC
Primary market  Pharmaceutical companies and distributers
Secondary market  Individual retailer
 Associations
Assumption  Easy to use
 Material could be found locally
 It will be rechargeable
 It will be produced in every size
 Damage due to overuse
 Connection issue with the legging and application that controls it
 Lack of availability of raw material in a large scale
 It will have a mobile application that could control the spectrum of
electrical stimulator
Stake holder  User and distributors
 Manufacturers

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1.4 Time plan

Table 1. 2: Gant chart

April May
Activities 1-7 8 -14 15 -21 22-28 1-5 6 -12 16 19

Introduction
Back ground information
Embodiment Product input output
relation
design

Product architecture

Product configuration
Material selection and
specification

Assembly constraint
Detail design Mechanical design
and design
validation Electrical circuit

Static and or dynamic

analysis

Electrical analysis
Bill of material

Prototype and
Simulation

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. BACK GROUND INFORMATION

2.1 Conceptual design summery

As we want to design a menstrual cramp reliever belt that can help women when they are in
their menstruation that they will experience menstrual pain that will last 3 to 4 days. we want to
interview women that are found on our campus and also women staff members in a hospital to
know what problems they are facing and we gather information from biomedical professionals
by using questioners while we were interviewing them we got an insight to the current pain
relief methods that they use and how much effective the current pain reliever methods are.
From the data collected the techniques may vary but most are not as effective as needed and the
ones that are come with their own side effects.

After identifying the customer need we are able to identify the relative importance of the needs
and then we went to competitive bench marking for different companies on the market which is
comparing the product of different companies based on customer satisfaction and metrics. We
set the ideal value which is the values we really want to achieve and the marginal value which
is the value which is acceptable internationally in the market for our design.

Then we generate different concepts that can solve the problems of our target groups (women)
needs. While generating the concepts we first understand the problem deeply and we
decompose the problems with diagram to get a clarification for the problems then we explore
different solutions for the sub problems and we combined the solution for sub problems and we
generate six concepts.

Based on different selection criteria we are able to select four concepts from six concepts which
fulfill the criteria. When we select them the concepts which fulfill the criteria gets “+” which
do not fulfill gets “-” so the concepts which get more “+” were selected with the reference of
“0”. And combine the two concepts to get better solution then we score the concepts based on
criteria’s further screening and choose the concept which get the higher rank on scoring
process. One concept was selected.

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Finally, the selected concept was rechargeable battery that is used as power supply and
different potentiometer which have different purpose like adjustable knob and it has different
out puts like vibration, heat in infrared form and LED. The selected concept for the mechanical
part is selected and configured into the menstrual cramp relief to adjust its size.

Figure 2. 1 Free hand sketch of the menstrual cramp reliever belt

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2.2 Product specification

Table 2. 1 Product specification

NO Component Metrics Units Value

1 Vibrator motor Operation voltage V 3-4.5
Operation current mA 125
2 Lithium Battery Operation voltage V 12
Discharging capacity Ah 14.4 — 14.6V
Rated capacity Wh 1200
Max discharge current A 100
3 Carbon fiber Specific Heat Capacity J/g°C 1.00 - 1.20
Thermal Conductivity W/mK 0.220 – 400
Maximum Service °C 71.0 – 300
Temperature
Minimum Service °C -59.0 - 10.0
Temperature
4 lycra fabric Fabric composition - Polyether-polyuria
copolymer
Fabric breathability - High
Stretch ability Cm 6 times its original
value
Operating Voltage V 12
Operation temperature 0
C 25~70
5 Push button
Storage temperature ℃ 30~80
Dimension mm 6*6.5*7
6 LED Operating voltage V 1.2-3.6
7 Op amp Operating voltage V 5

8 Overall Weight of the product G 900

9 Power consumption of the W 1.5-2.1
device
10 Response time Min 5
11 Total Size, dimension(l*h*w) Cm 20x9x5

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. EMBODIMENT DESIGN

3.1 Product input and output relation

The device has an input electrical energy which converts in to an output mechanical energy and
heat energy like vibration and infrared ray in a form of heat. The input materials for the device
were adjustable knob and it gives green LED notification which is the device at works as an
output material and it also has a potentiometer as a controller that give an output signal for the
device.

Input output

Power (+12v) Heat (infrared light)

Menstrual
(41-58 degrees)
cramp
relief
Material (Adjustable knob) vibrates (1.8-2.1k)

Rpm

Figure 3. 1 Product input and output relation

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3.2 Product architecture

The power supply and all the other elements have energy flow from the power supply to other
elements. The potentiometer sends the signal to the vibrator motor and carbon fiber send signals
to the output elements (heater, buzzer, vibrator, LED) to do a specific task.

Power supply

User interface
Power switch LED
Output element

Input element

Potentiometer
Vibrator

Potentiometer
Heater

Buzzer

Key

Energy flow

Figure 3. 2 Product architecture

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3.3 Product configuration

The design has an electrical and mechanical component which helps the device to work properly

3.3.1 Electrical components

Vibrating Motor
This is the type of DC vibration motors used in mobile phones. It requires a voltage supply of
3V to 5V with current around 125 mA. This type of motors can be programmed to control its
speed by using the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) method. It vibrates when piezometer send
a signal to it [4].

Figure 3. 3 Vibrating Motor

Light-emitting diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the
form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.
White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor
on the semiconductor device [5].

Figure 3. 4 Light-emitting diode (LED)

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Battery
An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells
with external connections for powering electrical devices.it works by the principle of changing
chemical energy to electrical energy. Its actual voltage is ranges from 11.5 to 12 volts
depending upon technology [6].

Figure 3. 5 Battery
Power button

The power button is a round or square button that powers an electronic device on and off. The
menstrual cramp reliever belt powers on when a user presses the button and powers off when
they press it again [7].

Figure 3. 6 Power button

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Thermistor
The main use of a thermistor is to measure the temperature of a device. In a temperature
controlled system, the thermistor is a small but important piece of a larger system. A temperature
controller monitors the temperature of the thermistor [8].

Figure 3. 7 Thermistor

Potentiometer
A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals. Two of the terminals
are connected to the opposite ends of a resistive element, and the third terminal connects to a
sliding contact, called a wiper, moving over the resistive element [9].

Figure 3. 8 Potentiometer

Carbon fiber

Carbon fiber is a fiber made of carbon atoms, which takes up 90% or more of the elements in
carbon fiber. Carbon fiber is produced from organic fibers such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or
synthetic resin fibers, with the carbonization process at high temperature under an inert gas
condition to separate elements other than carbon. A carbon fiber infrared heater works by
emitting infrared radiation, and it heats up in the same way as a normal electric heater. When
subjected to
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electrical current it release heat in form of infrared. Using captured carbon dioxide, the process
acrylonitrile (ACN), which is a building block for carbon fiber this gives the carbon fiber a
unique feature that can absorb IR and also emit it in a focused area due to the greenhouse effect
of carbon the energy from the input is converted in to photon and this photo stores heat mainly in
the form of IR and after which the absorbed energy is released in the form of vibration and
mostly infrared heat [10].

Figure 3. 9 Carbon fiber

LM324 Quad Op-Amp

An LM324 circuit is an operational amplifier that you can use on various types of circuits. It
features a broad range of power supply, uptake of small static power, and compatibility to a
single power supply [11].

Figure 3. 10 Op amp

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3.3.2 Mechanical components
The strap

The back side of the belt is made of Lycra fabric which is very stretchy synthetic fabric. That
means all of these can expand 5 to 8 times more than their normal size. Lycra is a polymer
made of long monomer chains, and these chains are linked using a special acid typ e Lycra
is also smooth, resistant to wrinkles, lightweight, and moisture absorbent. Because of its
flexibility, it is durable and easy to maintain.

Figure 3. 11 Solid work of the strap

The front side

The front side of the belt is made of Polybenzimidazole fiber that is a synthetic fiber with a
very high decomposition temperature. It does not exhibit a melting point, it has exceptional
thermal and chemical stability, and it does not readily ignite. It was first discovered by American
polymer chemist Carl Shipp Marvel in the pursuit of new materials with superior stability,
retention of stiffness, toughness at elevated temperature. Its stabile, polybenzimidazole is used
to fabricate high-performance protective apparel have high heat resistance and didn’t transfer
heat.

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 Figure 3. 12 Solid work of front side

The back side

The back side is made of Lycra fabric which is soft and comfortable to wear. Like other
polyurethane materials, Lycra fabric is a polymer, which means that it is composed of long
chains of monomers that are connected with a special type of acid. Unlike many other types of
synthetic fabrics, Lycra is highly resistant to heat.it is Lightweight and breathable that allows air
to flow and the best chance to cool off and for the fabric to dry faster, which helps eliminate
sweat stains.

Figure 3. 13 Solid work of back side

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3.4 Material selection

The materials for different component of the design are different and also have different
selection criteria as follow:

The front side

The front side should be attractable, light weight and heat resistance that can resist the heat
generating from heater and block any heat so it won’t pass through it. So we use
polybenzimidazole that is used to fabricate high-performance protective apparel have high heat
resistance and didn’t transfer heat.

Density 1.30 g/cc

Water Absorption 0.50 % 24 hour immersion

Heat resistance 600 °C

The back side

The back side should be very soft so that it will be comfortable when the women uses it
.and also it has to be water resistance ,washable and easy to dry, heat resistant(200C),
breathable because there could be sweat and stain because of that . So Lycra fabric is used.

The strap

Strap has to be stretchable that means all of these can expand 5 to 8 times more than their
normal size. Lycra is a polymer made of long monomer chains, and these chains are linked
using a special acid type Lycra is also smooth, resistant to wrinkles, lightweight, and
moisture absorbent. Because of its flexibility, it is durable and easy to maintain.

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Table 3. 1 Material selection and Selection criteria
No Component Material selection Selection criteria

1 Front side Polybenzimidazole Light weight

Water resistance
Heat resistance
Attractive
Not fragile
2 Back side Lycra fabric Water resistance
Heat resistance
Comfortable
Breathable
Resistant to wrinkles
3 Strap Spandex Durability
Tensile Strength
modulus of elasticity
Resistant to wrinkles
Flexible

3.5 Assembly constraint or space constraints

Table 3. 2 Assembly constraint

N0
Assembly Component 1 Component 2 Component 3 Component 4
constraint
1 Mate Front part with Strap with the Back side with Lycra fabric with
hinges hinge hinges back side
2 angle The same as the Ranges from 90 No angle between No angle between
back side to 180 degrees the front but varies the back
in regard with the
strap
3 Tangent The curve of the To the front at At 90 degrees with
belt different angels the straps
4 Insert Led display Drilled screw holes
opening, two and external cover
adjustable knobs
,turn on button
and the charger
port
5 Symmetry Varies at various To the other side Similar dimensions With the back side
points of the strap only with the front but of
differing in different content
texture and type

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 of material but
is of the same
dimension and
thickness
6 Contained Push button, Has screws Only the fabric
LED, charger covering the drilled
port and holes
adjustable knob

CHAPTER FOUR

4. DETAIL DESIGN AND DESIGN VALIDATION

4.1 Mechanical design

The mechanical design of the menstrual cramp reliever belt is as shown below. When the
woman wants to use the belt she can simply place it on the abdominal part of her body. She can
start it by pressing the on button and adjust the temperature and vibration of the system by the
potentiometer. The length of the strap is very stretchable that can fit in any size. The length of
the belt is 20 cm the average of most girl’s waist size portion that can be used to treat the pain.
The height is 9cm which is relative to the comfortableness when placed on the body .the width
size 5cm which is comfortable and also hold the electronic components.

Figure 4. 1 The solid work design of menstrual cramp relief when all part are combined

4.2 Electrical design

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 Figure 4. 2 Electrical design

4.3 Dynamic analysis

4.3.1 Heat system

The maximum heating capacity that will be achieved by the device is 650c and it will be adjusted
by using a potentiometer.

1 rev =50c

H = 580c

So we will get 11 rev for 580c.

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4.3.2 Vibration system
The maximum heating capacity that will be achieved by the device is 35 Hz and it will be
adjusted by using a potentiometer

1 rev =7 Hz

V = 35 Hz

V= 5 rev

So we will get 5 rev for 35 Hz.

4.4 Electrical analysis

Over all power consumption of the device

To calculate the power consumption of the device we need to know the current rating of all the
devices. The current rating of each electrical component is listed below.
Table 4. 1 Over all power consumption of the device

Electrical components Current ratings(mA)

Power button 50
LED 10
Vibrating motor 125
Buzzer 32
Thermostat 100
Potentiometer 24
Total sum of current 347
Power consumption= total current*voltage

Power consumption = 347mA*6v= 2,082mW

Therefore over all power consumption of the device is 2.082W.

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Battery discharge time

Used hour (hr.) = discharge capacity (Ah)/applied current (A)

discharge capacity of Lithium Ion 12V Battery is 10Ah and the overall applied current is 347mA
so the used hour is :

h=10Ah/0.347A

h= 20.81hr = 1day and 2hr

Therefore the battery will work 1 day and 2hr after charging.

4.5 Bill of material

Table 4. 2 Bill of material

NO Component Material specification quantity Price per Price(birr)
unit
1 Battery 12V Lithium rechargeable 1 312 312
Battery
2 Thermostat 1 50 50
3 Buzzer 3V to 5V Piezo buzzer 1 70 70
4 LED 5mm LED diode 3 10 30
5 Vibration motor 3V DC motor vibration 3 100 300
6 Lycra fabric combination of polyester 1 250 250
and polyurethane
7 Carbon fiber Toray T300 1 200 200
8 Op amp NE5532P Dual Low Noise 1 120 120
OP Amplifier, 38 mA
9 Power button 50mA max current 1 250 250
Production expenses 1582

Profit 2600-1582=1018

Total price 1582

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5. PROTOTYPE AND SIMULATION

In the proteus simulation when the push button is on the system will start working based on the
mode selected using the potentiometer adjustment. It has two potentiometer the first one is used
to adjust the vibrator motor and the second potentiometer is used to adjust temperature level
(both modes are shown in the figure below).

Figure 5. 1 Vibration mode

Figure 5. 2 Temperature control mode

The normal temperature value to deliver the body is below 60 oc. The proteus simulation shown
in the figure below shows that the values of temperature level show 49 oc which is below 60 oc,

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so it is normal level satisfy the condition which indicates green LED light. And the vibration
motor starts working.

Figure 5. 3 proteus simulation when the temperature normal value

The proteus simulation shown in the figure below shows that the values of temperature level 67
which is above 60 oc so it does not satisfy the normal condition and the RED LED indicates red
light which indicates over heat alarm case. And vibration motor starts working.

Figure 5. 4 Proteus simulation when the temperature above normal value

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 CHAPTER SIX

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In conclusion, menstrual cramps can significantly affect a woman's day-to-day activities due to
the pain and discomfort they cause. However, a menstrual pain reliever belt may provide relief
by using electric current to stimulate carbon fibers and facilitate the flow of blood. By increasing
blood flow and relaxing uterine contractions, women can experience less pain and discomfort
during menstruation. It is important for women to have options like this available to help manage
their menstrual pain and allow them to carry out their daily activities as comfortable as possible.
The mechanical component is comfortable.

We recommended that the system can upgraded by adding the features like LCD display
that can display the values of the temperature and the vibration.

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REFERENCES

[1] Christine Aurich,Marc Yeste, "The normal menstrual cycle in women," Animal Reproduction
Science, vol. 124, no. 3-4, pp. 229-236, 2011.

[2] Shannon M. Hawkins, Martin M. Matzuk, "The Menstrual Cycle and Adolescent Health," Annals of
the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1135, no. 1, pp. 713-798, 2008.

[3] "WHO statement on menstrual health and rights," World health organization, 08 10 2022. [Online].
Available: https://www.who.int/news/item/22-06-2022-who-statement-on-menstrual-health-and-
rights. [Accessed 1 04 2023].

[4] Jung-kyu Choi; Hak-in Lee; Seong-yeol Yoo; Myounggyu D. Noh, "Analysis and Modeling of a
Voice-Coil Linear Vibration Motor Using the Method of Images," IEEE explore, vol. 18, no. 11, pp.
4164 - 4167, 2012.

[5] "Innovative advances in LED technology," Microelectronics Journal, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 129-137,
February 2005.

[6] R. V. Noorden, "The rechargeable revolution: A better battery," Nature, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 26–28 ,
2014.

[7] Jason M. Spruell, Walter F. Paxton, John-Carl Olsen, "A Push-Button Molecular Switch," ACS
publication, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 131-132, 2009.

[8] Klaus Mosbach, Bengt Danielsson, "An enzyme thermistor," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) -
Enzymology, vol. 364, no. 11, pp. 140-145, September 1974.

[9] Jeffrey S. Meisner, Masha Kamenetska, "A Single-Molecule Potentiometer," ACS Publication, vol.
11, no. 4, pp. 1575-1579, 2011.

[10] Jean-Baptiste Donnet, Roop Chand Bansal, "Carbon Fibers," Tylor and Francies group, vol. 12, no.
1, p. 584, 2014.

[11] J. Solomon, "The monolithic op amp: a tutorial study," IEEE Journal of Solid-State, vol. 9, no. 6,
pp. 314 - 332, 1974.

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APPENDIX

Solid work structures

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